This paper explores the effect of internet market and merchant characterics. Product retail price is not only a major revenue-driven factor for the seller, but also a key decision factor for the buyer. This research investigates how online retailing prices are affected by maket types and merchant characteristics. A dataset of 3,811 retail price quotes collected from 245 product items at 14 categoris from 880 onlline shopping or auction merchants is collected and analyzed. Major findings are below: 1. The average prices in the B2C market are significant higher than that in the C2C markets. No significant price difference is found between C2C markets that charge fees and free C2C markets. These implies that the auction market reduces product prices but whether the market maker charge service fees has no effect on product pricing. 2. Competitive intensity of a market is found to have significant positive effect on the price dispersion rate. This is consistent with prior research findings but is in conflict with the signle price theory in economics. This is because some vendors may intentionally lower their prices to attract customers, which results in a higher dispersion rate. 3. The reputation of a merchant has significant positive effects on its price dispersion in the B2C market. In auction markets, reputation has positive effect on price dispersion in the higher range, but has negative effect in the lower range. In both markets, merchant size has a positive effect on price dispersion in both markets. 4. Finally, price dispersion and effect of market types and product characteristics vary for different product categories.

The thesis discusses the restrictions of photovoltaic industrial market and technical characteristics, and the reactions of Japanese government and photovoltaic industry. Furthermore, this thesis studies what are the Japanese government industrial policies and Japanese photovoltaic enterprises¡¦ global strategies for the correction of photovoltaic market failure status. First of all, the thesis discusses the limitations of photovoltaic industrial market and technical characteristics. After realizing the market and technical characteristics of photovoltaic industry, the dissertation discovers the corrections that Japanese government and Japanese enterprises made to response the market and technical characteristics of photovoltaic industry. To realize the corrections that Japanese government and Japanese enterprises made, the thesis discusses the Japanese government photovoltaic industrial policies from 1970s and the worldwide strategies of Japanese photovoltaic enterprises. Under the market failure status of photovoltaic industry, how do the policies of public sectors and the strategies of private sectors interact in addition.

Yield and marketing characteristics of set of ware potatoes species were evaluated in this diploma thesis. Samples of potatoes, on which was the measurement executed, were forked out on the field in Košetice in Vysočina region. This region is typical potatoe area and has significant share on the national production of ware potatoes, starch potatoes and seed potatoes with different lenght of vegetation season. The inception of major phenological phase of growth, the quantity of plants on area, the quantity of stalks of a single plant and the overall appereance of growth were valuated in the vegetation process of individual species. The quantity of tubers on one plant, the quantity of tubers on one stalk and the average weight of one tuber were evaluated after the harvest. Then was defined the overall yield of tubers, the yield of marketing tubers and their overall revenue share. The appearence of tubers, their health condition and the amount of mechanical damage was discribed in detail for every species. The final results were processed to charts and graphs and they were statistically evaluated. The medium late and the semi-early species had achieved the best results for growing. The very early and the early species had lower yield and larger share of waste.

The objective of the thesis “Critical Analysis of the new retail and estimation of its future development” is to present a close overview about retail real estate issue in Czech Republic. First chapters are focused on theoretical issues of the retail. The practical part is focused on space-time analysis of market characteristics in the Czech Republic, which provides theoretical insights and diffusion process of expansion of shopping centers. The outcome of this paper is an estimation of the future development of the new retail from the optimistic, realistic, and pessimistic views of the market characteristics, and a definition of the competitive parameters of the retail development.

In recent years, companies have increasingly built their businesses around network effects. Furthermore, ingredient branding has become a frequent occurrence in which companies develop their business model by incorporating their product into other products. During contact with the Swedish company Twiceme Technology and after investigating these phenomenon deeper, it appeared to be unique to have both network effects and ingredient branding in the company’s offering. That's where it was discovered a gap in the existing literature and the decision to learn more about how they're related by empirically studying companies that use network effects or ingredient branding in their business models. The overarching aim of the study is to look at characteristics among these phenomenon and analyze how network effects affect ingredient brands, and how they can be connected together. There were several phases in the empirical analysis method. A case sample group of four companies was analyzed in order to obtain a better understanding of the topic in practice. Following that, based on the previous results, the company Twiceme was evaluated as an ingredient brand with network effects. In order to address the research questions, the data extracted from the case sample group and Twiceme were analyzed and compared to theory.  From the study, it was found that achieving a strong market position for network effect companies is highly dependent on reaching the certain network size where the value of the network starts having an exponential increase. High brand equity in terms of brand awareness and reputation is needed to achieve a strong market position accelerated by network effects. Ingredient brands with network effects can generate synergy effects, allowing the network value to potentially grow even faster as a result of the increased brand equity from ingredient branding.  Based on the conclusions of the study and the proposed evaluation framework, this thesis aims to be useful for managerial decision-making and understanding of network effects and ingredient branding, and when they should explore new market opportunities. It also contributes to academia by presenting a novel research perspective in this field and provides material for future research to continue to investigate this subject. / Under de senaste åren har företag i allt högre grad byggt sina företag kring nätverkseffekter. Dessutom har ingrediensvarumärken blivit en vanlig förekomst där företag bygger sin affärsmodell på att integrera sin produkt i andra företags produkter. Under kontakten med det svenska företaget Twiceme Technology och efter att ha undersökt dessa fenomen, påvisades det vara unikt att både vara ett ingrediensvarumärke och ha nätverkseffekter i företagets erbjudande. Där upptäcktes ett gap i den befintliga litteraturen och beslutet att lära sig mer om hur de kan relateras till varandra genom att empiriskt studera företag som använder nätverkseffekter eller ingrediensvarumärkning i sina affärsmodeller. Studiens övergripande mål var att titta på egenskaper hos de bägge och analysera hur nätverkseffekter påverkar ingrediensvarumärken samt hur de kan sammankopplas. Det fanns flera faser i den empiriska analysmetoden. En fallgrupp med fyra företag analyserades för att få en bättre förståelse för ämnet i praktiken. Efter det, baserat på de tidigare resultaten, utvärderades företaget Twiceme som ett ingrediensvarumärke med nätverkseffekter. För att besvara forskningsfrågorna, analyserades data från fallprovgruppen och Twiceme och jämfördes med teorin. Från studien kan det konstateras att uppnå en stark marknadsposition för nätverkseffektföretag är mycket beroende av att uppnå en viss nätverkstorlek där företagets värdeerbjudande börjar öka exponentiellt. För att uppnå en stark marknadsposition som accelereras av nätverkseffekter behövs högt varumärkesmedvetenhet och anseende. Ingrediensvarumärken med nätverkseffekter kan generera synergieffekter, vilket gör att värdeerbjudandet potentiellt kan växa ännu snabbare till följd av det ökade varumärkeskapitalet från ingrediensvarumärken. Baserat på slutsatserna från studien och det föreslagna ramverket, syftar denna uppsats till att vara användbar för ledningsbeslut och förståelsen för nätverkseffekter och ingrediensvarumärkning, samt när de bör utforska nya marknadsmöjligheter. Det ämnar också till att bidra till akademin genom att presentera ett nytt forskningsperspektiv inom detta område och ge material för framtida forskning att fortsätta att undersöka detta ämne vidare.