abstract: In the mid-1990’s, in Mexico, a group of novelists emerged during a public appearance at a literary venture aimed to go against predominant forms of aesthetics, canon, groups or literary ‘mafias’ prevalent during that time period. The group of five young writers called themselves “El grupo crack,” (The crack group). They brought with them the crack manifesto (1996) where each member of the group wrote to plea for a renovation of the novel with the assurance of having literary works that would challenge the reader as much as the literary status quo. Along with the manifesto, each one of them presented a novel. A few years after the presentation, the members of the group received many literary prices and accolades, inside and out of academic circles. One of the primary objectives of this work is to expose the poetic proposal of the literary grupo crack as it relates to previous movements, groups, and literary trends. Among the five writers of the group, Jorge Volpi has shown a significant growth in his literary corpus in a very short period of time. Aside from the great recognition he has received for his novel En busca de Klingsor (1999), (In search of Klingsor), Volpi has been a motive of study, mostly, for his narrative, leaving behind his essays. There are two collections of political-cultural essays that are well hidden in the early Jorge Volpi bibliography. The first one is titled La imaginación y el poder. Una historia intelectual de 1968 (1998), (Imagination and Power. An Intellectual history of 1968), and the second, La guerra y las palabras. Una historia intelectual de 1994 (2004), (War and Words. An intellectual history of 1994). Both works have been ignored in the bibliography of the grupo crack. To analyze both works it was necessary to contextualize Mexican history of the years 1968 and 1994, respectively. The analysis shows the interaction and coexistence between the intellectual class and the Mexican political class in an authoritarian regime, same symbiosis that Vargas Llosa would once refer to as “the perfect dictatorship.” / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Spanish 2015

En este trabajo vamos a analizar la representación de la memoria, individual y colectiva, en la novela Amuleto (1999) del novelista y poeta chileno Roberto Bolaño, con la finalidad de mostrar la importancia de la memoria para la construcción de la novela. La investigación está dividida principalmente en dos apartados: un análisis narratológico y un análisis sobre teorías de la memoria. En la primera parte del análisis se colocarán los diferentes actantes en un esquema actancial para evidenciar sus respectivas funciones e importancia dentro del texto. En la segunda parte se analizarán más en profundidad algunos apartados de la novela a partir del esquema actancial, con la ayuda principalmente, de las teorías e ideas sobre la memoria de Maurice Halbwachs, Paul Ricoeur y Márcio Seligmann-Silva. Hemos llegado a la conclusión de que Auxilio, la protagonista de la novela,  construye, con la ayuda de su memoria individual, una representación histórica de México de los años sesenta y setenta. A partir de ello, la novela de Bolaño se presenta como una narración importante, puesto que está en contraste con otras versiones de un hito en la historia mexicana. / In this paper we will analyse the representation of memory, individual and collective in the novel Amuleto (1999) by Chilean novelist and poet Roberto Bolaño, with the intention of showing the importance of memory for the construction of the novel. The investigation is primarily divided into two parts: a narratological analysis and an analysis of theories regarding memory. In the first part the different actants will be placed in an actancial model to evidence their function and importance in the text. In the second part we will do an in-depth analyses of some passages of the novel, according to the actancial model with the help of theories on memory presented by among others Maurice Halbwachs, Paul Ricoeur, Márcio Seligmann-Silva and Héctor Schmucler. We have come to the conclusion that Auxilio, the protagonist of the novel, constructs a representation of the history of Mexico in the sixties and the seventies. Accordingly, the novel by Bolaño is an important narration seeing that it represents a contrast to other versions of a milestone in Mexican history.