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The thesis has been carried out as a part of the Master of Science in mechanical engineering at Karlstads University. The purpose of the study was to evaluate how different variables affect the tearing resistance in a multi-ply paperboard. The paperboard’s final quality is dependent on several different process – and recipe variables and has, in this study, been analyzed with respect to ply grammage, ply composition and refining energies. This was investigated by manufacturing of anisotropic sheets consisting of four plies and isotropic sheets consisting of single-ply sheets. The multi-ply sheets were manufactured where one variable at a time were tested at different values. The single-ply sheets were manufactured of pure pulps with the refining energy being varied. A total of nineteen unique multi-ply sheets and twelve unique single-ply sheets were manufactured. All sheets were tested with respect to the properties including tensile strength, bending stiffness, tear strength and delamination strength. The study shows that an improvement in tearing resistance is obtained when the amount of CTMP-pulp in the center plies 2 and 3 decreases simultaneously as the amount of broke-pulp and unbleached chemical pulp in the same plies increases. The consequence of this improvement is reduced thickness and thereby reduced bending stiffness. The study also shows that several pulps has an optimal degree of refining for maximizing tear strength in paperboard. The major source of error is believed to be the method of manufacturing. It is also possible that the amount of test points has been too few to be able to see any clear trends for several variables.

In order to improve the performance of the outlet louver for the cooling system used in the Combat Vehicle CV90, the manufacturing company BAE System Hägglunds AB recently came out with a new design. This project deals with the possible modifications of the new design to achieve a higher performance in terms of air flow resistance without losing any protection capabilities. 18 versions of BAE Systems Hägglunds AB new design were modeled using Creo Parametric 3.0 3D CAD-software. These versions were modeled with respect to the requirement of protection, when several possible threat scenarios  were carefully reviewed and studied.    The air flow through each one of these designs was CFD-simulated using ABAQUS/CAE 6.14 CFD-code, the pressure drop received in each CFD-model was compared to the pressure drop over the currently used design of the outlet louver. The concept called concept Arrows RD shows the lowest pressure drop, which is nearly 50 % lower than the pressure drop over the original design, showing that the new design could be a reasonable replacement to the currently used design.

The automotive industry is constantly developing and manufacturing industry is facing modernisation and need for increased efficiency which implies that the automotive industry is facing changes for assembly training. To minimise quality errors and save time computerbased training virtual training can be used to practice on product knowledge, variants and sequences. Currently in traditional training in automotive industries, the operators practice on psychical products. The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to obtain knowledge of the effects of virtual training with cycle times longer than five minutes by evaluate the virtual training methods at Scania in Södertälje, Sweden. To achieve the purpose of the thesis the objective is to create a basis of the advantages and disadvantages. Scania is part of the Volkswagen Group and is a world leading supplier in the automotive industry which develops custom made and high-quality products with short lead times. Scania’s core products are heavy trucks, buses and engines for marine and industrial applications. Scania has 46 000 employees in 100 countries. Today Scania use standardised work and Job Instructions Training tools for learning the assembling processes which could be time consuming, ineffective and resource-intensive. Therefore, Scania’s vision with virtual training is to shorten the learning time on-line by implementing virtual training to practice off-line. The main objectives are to reduce the time for training simultaneously as the product quality increases. To obtain reliable information to reach the purpose a qualitative approach has been used in the study. To obtain primary data the methods have been semi-structured interviews, observation and questionnaires that have been performed and literature studies have been used to collect secondary data to obtain a broad knowledge of the subject. Through this the bachelor thesis resulted in recommendations that will contribute to Scania’s decision of future work with virtual training. The recommendations have been based on the previous accomplished studies, results and obtained comments which together were connected in the discussion and by the recommendations the authors believe that Scania can use virtual training with success.

Sliperiet vid Konstnärligt campus driver ett projekt som heter +Project. +Project drivs tillsammans med en rad olika partners och sponsorer. Ett av målen med projektet är att vidareförädla biofibrern genom att använda fibrerna som fyllnadsmassa till 3D-printing. Biofibrer har idag en väldigt låg förädlingsgrad då mycket av den som blir en restprodukt ifrån olika industrier går till deponi eller förbränning. 3D-printing fungerar så att ett fyllnadsmaterial som i det här fallet är biofibrer appliceras på en yta tillsammans med ett bindemedel och kan därmed konstruera strukturer. Biofibrer är något som det finns god tillgång av. Ett av problemen med att transportera biofibrer i en luftström är att biofibrern har en tendens att fastna i varandra och växa sig större. Detta är inte önskvärt då man vill ha en jämn blandning av luft och biofibrer i luftströmmen för att bindemedlet skall kunna appliceras på biofibrern så bra som möjligt. I detta arbete har det gjorts en undersökning över befintliga tekniker samt rangordning av deras lämplighet för projektet. Rangordningen visade att ett rörsystem med en luftström som genereras av en lövblås skulle vara lämpligast. En prototyp ritades upp via SolidWorks och tillverkades därefter. Prototypen tillverkades i plast ur brandsäkerhetssynpunkt. Prototypen fick ett portioneringssystem bestående av en hink och en tratt vars syfte var att föra ned materialet i transportröret och luftströmmen. Prototypens matningssystem fungerade inte som planerad. Istället för att biofibrern åkte ned i hinken och vidare genom matarröret så kastade den upp materialet. Provkörningarna gjordes istället direkt via luftintaget på lövblåsen och det kunde konstateras att rörsystemet fungerade tillfredställande vid låga flöden av material, vid högre flöden gick det inte att undersöka då portioneringssystemet inte fungerade tillfredställande. / Sliperiet at Konstnärligt campus runs a project called +Project. + Project is runned together with a couple of partners and sponsors. One of the cases with the project is to further improve the biofibres by using the fibers as a filler for 3D-printing. Biofibres today have a very low degree of refinement, when the biofibres that’s a residual product from different industries goes to waste or combustion. 3D-printing works so that a filler material, in this case biofibres, is applied to a surface together with a binder and thus can construct structures. Biofibres are something that is easy to access and from some industries it’s a residual product. One of the problems of transporting biofibres in an air stream is that the biofibres tends to get tangled up in each other and grow larger. This is not desirable if you want a smooth mixing of air and biofibres in the air stream so the binder can be applied to the biofibres as good as possible. In this work, an investigation has been made of existing techniques and ranking of their suitability for the project. The ranking showed that a pipe system with an air stream, generated by a leaf blower would be the most suitable fit. A prototype was drafted through SolidWorks and then manufactured. The prototype was manufactured in plastic from a fire safety perspective. The prototype got a portioning system consisting of a bucket and a funnel that was supposed to bring down the material in the transport pipe and air flow. The prototypes feeding system did not work as planned. Instead of the biofibres dropping into the bucket and further down the feed tube, it threw up the material. The test runs were instead made directly through the air intake on the leaf blower and it was found out that the pipe system worked satisfactorily at low flows of material, higher flows of material was unable to investigate when the portioning system wasn’t working satisfactory.

The purpose of the project is to design, develop and evaluate an automatic ball throwing machine for floorball practice. The functions for the machine are automatic aim, shoot with different speeds, ball passing and chip pass. The machine will also supply floorball balls automatically from a storage. This report covers the design of the storage with automatically provider, build a protective frame, design and programming for the pass and the chip pass and overlook possibility to have an automatic detection for the goal. Similar products already exist in other sports like football, tennis and baseball. For throwing the ball the machine uses 2 motors that rotate two wheels. The distance between the wheels enable the ball too pass through but just by so much so the wheels get in contact with the ball and can accelerate it. The project has been done in the Umeå University’s facilities with access to workshop and school programs and computers. The system is controlled by a Raspberry PI model 3 and the programing is done in Codesys.  The tests that were made achieved the requirements and will be seen as successful. The test and evaluations have also been done in the schools facilities. Ideas and inspirations have come from other similar products for other purposes such as tennis, baseball and football. The tests have been evaluated for possible changes and improvements. The project is a first prototype and its purpose is to find functions and possibilities and not build a product.

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A large part of electricity in Sweden is produced by hydropower plants, which are a safe and pollution-free source for electricity production. In the cold season, when the temperature of water decreases to below zero, water can be frozen and different types of ice will be generated. Frazil Ice is one type of ice that is made by turbulent water. This type of ice flows into rivers and blocks trash racks. Trash racks prevent the entrance of different things such as leaves, woods, stones and fishes into the turbines, but when they are blocked by the ice, water cannot go through them, thus turbines cannot work. Träbena is a hydropower station located at the Ätran River in south Sweden, and it suffers from frazil ice problems during the winter. To solve this problem, a heating system has been installed on the trash rack to melt frazil ice. Currently, the heating system works manually, but for energy saving, an automatic switch has been designed with a capacity sensor to detect the frazil ice thus turning the heating system either on or off. A test rig should be designed to test the sensor’s performance as well as to discover the best program for that sensor. In this research, following certain constraints such as cold store and trash rack dimensions, a test rig has been designed to test the frazil ice detector, using different variables such as temperature and water flow. The model of the test rig has been evaluated by static analysis, and water flow has been simulated to show how the water becomes turbulent in the test rig.

This report covers a project conceived by and performed for Aspervall Instruments AB in collaboration with Vimex AS. It is a part of the course degree project of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering, MSGC17, at Karlstad University, the faculty of health, science and technology. The overflow protection for primary tanker vessels has been on the market for many years, and it is viewed as unique and dependable construction. The product measures and indicates the level of liquid petrochemical products, and the most common model has three levels of indication: 95 – 98,5 – 99  %. During the last few year other manufacturer from Asia have started competing with cheaper products. Due to this, Vimex who sell the products have to reduce the prices to be able to compete. A design update have therefore been launched by Vimex with the objective to reduce production costs with 20%. This degree project aim to investigate how much the new design would cost. The project also involve looking at the whole value chain during manufacturing, and how this can be streamlined. The project passed four different stages. The first was project planning with a time chart, risk management and description of organization. The second and third were current and future design and production. During these stages information regarding design and production were collected and a future scenario was sketched. The economic parts were calculated and compiled. Last stage assembly were focused on the assembly. As a conclusion the cost reduction target of 20 % is almost achieved with the new design, but during the project it appeared that Vimex wants to reduce the cost another 10 %. To accomplish this more changes have to be done, both in design and manufacturing process.