We present the techniques for the calculation of one- and two-loop integrals contributing to the virtual corrections to 2→2 scattering of massless particles. First, tensor integrals are related to scalar integrals with extra powers of propagators and higher dimension using the Schwinger representation. Integration By Parts and Lorentz Invariance recurrence relations reduce the number of independent scalar integrals to a set of master integrals for which their expansion in є = 2 — D/2 is calculated using a combination of Feynman parameters, the Negative Dimension Integration Method, the Differential Equations Method, and Mellin-Barnes integral representations. The two-loop matrix-elements for light-quark scattering are calculated in Conventional Dimensional Regularisation by direct evaluation of the Feynman diagrams. The ultraviolet divergences are removed by renormalising with the MS scheme. Finally, the infrared singular behavior is shown to be in agreement with the one anticipated by the application of Catani's formalism for the infrared divergences of generic QCD two-loop amplitudes.

abstract: In this thesis, we present the study of several physical properties of relativistic mat- ters under extreme conditions. We start by deriving the rate of the nonleptonic weak processes and the bulk viscosity in several spin-one color superconducting phases of quark matter. We also calculate the bulk viscosity in the nonlinear and anharmonic regime in the normal phase of strange quark matter. We point out several qualitative effects due to the anharmonicity, although quantitatively they appear to be relatively small. In the corresponding study, we take into account the interplay between the non- leptonic and semileptonic weak processes. The results can be important in order to relate accessible observables of compact stars to their internal composition. We also use quantum field theoretical methods to study the transport properties in monolayer graphene in a strong magnetic field. The corresponding quasi-relativistic system re- veals an anomalous quantum Hall effect, whose features are directly connected with the spontaneous flavor symmetry breaking. We study the microscopic origin of Fara- day rotation and magneto-optical transmission in graphene and show that their main features are in agreement with the experimental data. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Physics 2013

Donoghue's effective field theory of quantum gravity is extended to include the interaction of massless particles. The collinear divergences which accompany massless particles are examined first in the context of QED and then in quantum gravity. A result of Weinberg is extended to show how these divergences vanish in the case of gravity. The scattering cross section for hypothetical massless scalar particles is computed first, because it is simpler, and the results are then extended to photons. Some terms in the cross section are shown to correspond to the Aichelburg-Sexl metric surrounding a massless particle and to quantum corrections to that metric. The scattering cross section is also applied to calculate quantum corrections to the bending of starlight, and though small, the result obtained is qualitatively different than in the classical case. Since effective field theory includes the low-energy degrees of freedom which generate collinear divergences, the results presented here will remain relevant in any future quantum theory of gravity.

Nesta tese apresentamos a análise da absorção e do espalhamento de partículas não massivas de spins 0 e 1 por buracos negros de Schwarzschild, assim como a absorção e espalhamento por análogos acústicos destes buracos negros. Apresentamos também a análise da absorção e do espalhamento do campo escalar não massivo por buracos negros de Reissner-Nordström. A presente pesquisa se baseia no método de decomposição em ondas parciais. Devido a estes espaços-tempos serem estáticos e esfericamente simétricos, as partes temporal e angular das soluções das equações de campo se reduzem a funções conhecidas. O mesmo não acontece com a parte radial, o que nos leva a abordar o problema, principalmente, por meio de métodos numéricos. Cálculos analíticos também são realizados, geralmente para podermos verificar a precisão dos resultados numéricos. Os principais resultados analíticos mostrados aqui são a seção de choque de absorção em baixas e altas frequências e a seção de choque diferencial de espalhamento para ângulos próximos a 180 (efeito glória). Mostramos, de forma analítica, que as principais características das seções de choque de absorção e diferencial de espalhamento estão diretamente relacionadas à existência da órbita instável de partículas não massivas. Os nossos resultados numéricos estão em excelente concordância com os resultados obtidos por meio de cálculos analíticos. Com relação ao espaço-tempo de Reissner-Nordström, mostramos qual o comportamento das seções de choque com a variação da intensidade de carga do buraco negro. No caso de buracos negros descarregados, fazemos comparações das seções de choque obtidas para partículas de diferentes spins. / We present an analysis of the absorption and scattering of massless particles of spin 0 and 1 by Schwarzschild black holes, and the absorption and scattering by analogues of these black holes. We present also the analysis of the massless scalar field absorption and scattering by Reissner-Nordström black holes. This research is based on the partial wave methods. Since these spacetimes are static and spherically symmetric, the time and angular dependence of the field equation solutions can be written in terms of well known functions. The same does not happen with the radial part of the field equation solutions, so that we apply numerical methods to solve the absorption and scattering problem. Analytical computations are also performed and we use them to verify the precision of our numerical computations. The main analytical results obtained here are the low- and high-frequency absorption cross sections and the dierential scattering cross section for angles near 180 (the glory eect). We use our analytical results to show that the main cross sections properties are related to the existence of an unstable orbit for massless particles. We compare our numerical results with semiclassical approximations from a geodesic analysis, and find excellent agreement. In the Reissner-Nordström spacetime case, we show how the cross sections behave as we vary the black hole charge. For uncharged black holes, we compare cross sections for particles with dierent spins.

Abstract After the discovery of topological insulators (TIs), it has come to be widely recognized that topological states of matter can actually be widespread. In this sense, TIs have established a new paradigm about topological materials. Recent years have seen a surge of interest in topological semimetals, which embody two different ways of generalizing the effectively massless electrons to bulk materials. Dirac and, particularly, Weyl semimetals should support several transport and optical phenomena that are still being sought in experiments. A number of promising experimental results indicate superconductivity in members of half-Hesuler semimetals which realize the mixing singlet and triplet pairing symmetry. We now turn to results we got through the work on topological semimetals. This work presents quantum high field transports on Dirac and Weyl topological semimetals including Sr1-yMn1-zSb2 (y, z < 0.1), YbMnBi2 and TaP. In case of Sr1-yMn1-zSb2 (y, z < 0.1), massless relativistic fermion was reported with m* = 0.04-0.05m0. This material presented a ferromagnetic order for in 304 K < T < 565 K, but a canted antiferromagnetic order with a net ferromagnetic component for T < 304 K. These are considered striking features of Dirac fermions For YbMnBi2, we reported the unusual interlayer quantum transport behavior in magnetoresistivity, resulting from the zeroth LL mode observed in this time reversal symmetry breaking type II Weyl semimetal. Also, for Weyl semimetal TaP the measurements probed multiple Fermi pockets, from which nontrivial π Berry phase and Zeeman splitting were extracted. Our ultra-low penetration depth measurements on half-Heuslers YPdBi and TbPdBi revealed a power- law behavior with n= 2.76 ± 0.04 for YPdBi samples and n=2.6 ± 0.3 for TbPdBi sample. We may conclude the exponent n > 2 implies nodless superconducting gap in our samples. Also, we found that despite the increase in magnetic correlations from YPdBi to TbPdBi, superconductivity remains robust in both systems which indicates that AF fluctuations do not play a major role in superconducting mechanism.

Nesta tese apresentamos a análise da absorção e do espalhamento de partículas não massivas de spins 0 e 1 por buracos negros de Schwarzschild, assim como a absorção e espalhamento por análogos acústicos destes buracos negros. Apresentamos também a análise da absorção e do espalhamento do campo escalar não massivo por buracos negros de Reissner-Nordström. A presente pesquisa se baseia no método de decomposição em ondas parciais. Devido a estes espaços-tempos serem estáticos e esfericamente simétricos, as partes temporal e angular das soluções das equações de campo se reduzem a funções conhecidas. O mesmo não acontece com a parte radial, o que nos leva a abordar o problema, principalmente, por meio de métodos numéricos. Cálculos analíticos também são realizados, geralmente para podermos verificar a precisão dos resultados numéricos. Os principais resultados analíticos mostrados aqui são a seção de choque de absorção em baixas e altas frequências e a seção de choque diferencial de espalhamento para ângulos próximos a 180 (efeito glória). Mostramos, de forma analítica, que as principais características das seções de choque de absorção e diferencial de espalhamento estão diretamente relacionadas à existência da órbita instável de partículas não massivas. Os nossos resultados numéricos estão em excelente concordância com os resultados obtidos por meio de cálculos analíticos. Com relação ao espaço-tempo de Reissner-Nordström, mostramos qual o comportamento das seções de choque com a variação da intensidade de carga do buraco negro. No caso de buracos negros descarregados, fazemos comparações das seções de choque obtidas para partículas de diferentes spins. / We present an analysis of the absorption and scattering of massless particles of spin 0 and 1 by Schwarzschild black holes, and the absorption and scattering by analogues of these black holes. We present also the analysis of the massless scalar field absorption and scattering by Reissner-Nordström black holes. This research is based on the partial wave methods. Since these spacetimes are static and spherically symmetric, the time and angular dependence of the field equation solutions can be written in terms of well known functions. The same does not happen with the radial part of the field equation solutions, so that we apply numerical methods to solve the absorption and scattering problem. Analytical computations are also performed and we use them to verify the precision of our numerical computations. The main analytical results obtained here are the low- and high-frequency absorption cross sections and the dierential scattering cross section for angles near 180 (the glory eect). We use our analytical results to show that the main cross sections properties are related to the existence of an unstable orbit for massless particles. We compare our numerical results with semiclassical approximations from a geodesic analysis, and find excellent agreement. In the Reissner-Nordström spacetime case, we show how the cross sections behave as we vary the black hole charge. For uncharged black holes, we compare cross sections for particles with dierent spins.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude mathématique de quelques modèles d'équations aux dérivées partielles issues de la physique des plasmas. On s'intéresse principalement à l'analyse théorique de différents régimes asymptotiques de systèmes d'équations cinétiques de type Vlasov-Poisson-Fokker-Planck. Dans un premier temps, en présence d'un champ magnétique extérieur on se concentre sur l'approximation des électrons sans masse fournissant des modèles réduits lorsque le rapport me{mi entre la masse me d'un électron et la masse mi d'un ion tend vers 0 dans les modèles. Suivant le régime considéré, on montre qu'à la limite les solutions vérifient des modèles hydrodynamiques de type convection-diffusion ou sont données par des densités de type Maxwell-Boltzmann-Gibbs, suivant l'intensité des collisions dans la mise à l'échelle. En utilisant les propriétés hypocoercives et hypoelliptiques des équations, on est capable d'obtenir des taux de convergence en fonction du rapport de masse. Dans un second temps, par des méthodes similaires, on montre la convergence exponentielle en temps long vers l'équilibre des solutions du système de Vlasov-Poisson-Fokker-Planck sans champ magnétique avec des taux explicites en les paramètres du modèles. Enfin, on conçoit un nouveau type de schéma volumes finis pour des équations de convection-diffusion non-linéaires assurant le bon comportement en temps long des solutions discrètes. Ces propriétés sont vérifiées numériquement sur plusieurs modèles dont l'équation de Fokker-Planck avec champ magnétique / This thesis is devoted to the mathematical study of some models of partial differential equations from plasma physics. We are mainly interested in the theoretical study of various asymptotic regimes of Vlasov-Poisson-Fokker-Planck systems. First, in the presence of an external magnetic field, we focus on the approximation of massless electrons providing reduced models when the ratio me{mi between the mass me of an electron and the mass mi of an ion tends to 0 in the equations. Depending on the scaling, it is shown that, at the limit, solutions satisfy hydrodynamic models of convection-diffusion type or are given by Maxwell-Boltzmann-Gibbs densities depending on the intensity of collisions. Using hypocoercive and hypoelliptic properties of the equations, we are able to obtain convergence rates as a function of the mass ratio. In a second step, by similar methods, we show exponential convergence of solutions of the Vlasov-Poisson-Fokker-Planck system without magnetic field towards the steady state, with explicit rates depending on the parameters of the model. Finally, we design a new type of finite volume scheme for a class of nonlinear convection-diffusion equations ensuring the satisfying long-time behavior of discrete solutions. These properties are verified numerically on several models including the Fokker-Planck equation with magnetic field

The thesis treats aspects of string/M-theory in anti-de Sitter spacetimes and their supersymmetric completions. By applying the AdS/CFT correspondence, as well as models of spin chains and singletons, we try to attain a better understanding of the underlying symmetries and the unbroken phases of string/M-theory. Tensionless string/M-theory in anti-de Sitter spacetime is argued to imply a higher spin gauge symmetry enhancement and to be described by gauged sigma models of multi-singletons as well as by closed singleton strings. Vasiliev's weakly projected equations of symmetric massless higher spin gauge fields in the vector oscillator formulation is shown to follow from a deformation of the singleton model. Various four dimensional minimal as well as non-minimal supersymmetric higher spin gauge theories in the spinor formulation are examined. The minimal higher spin gauge theory based on the symmetry algebra hs(1|4) is elaborated on in an N=1 superspace, illustrating the remarkable fact that the choice of base manifold is not fixed in unfolded dynamics. The importance of the representations saturating the unitarity bounds in anti-de Sitter spacetime is stressed throughout the thesis, with particular emphasis on the singleton and the massless representations. Singletons, and hence massless states, are shown to appear as bound states on the string or p-brane and are localized at cusps. Furthermore, we examine semiclassical string solutions in Type IIB String Theory in AdS(5) x S(5) and their boundary duals in N=4 Super Yang-Mills Theory in d=4 which are constituted out of thermodynamic composite operators. By using integrable spin chain techniques and Bäcklund transformations in the field theory and in the string theory, respectively, the one-loop anomalous dimensions as well as the tower of conserved charges of the composite operators are shown to be in agreement with the energies and the tower of conserved charges associated with the dual string states.

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