Capes / Com o desenvolvimento das tecnologias de impressão tridimensionais (3D) para prototipagem rápida, novos materiais estão sendo constantemente pesquisados, porém, nem todos possuem as características necessárias para serem utilizados para esta finalidade. O custo dos materiais comumente utilizados e suas limitações de aplicação e reutilização são aspectos que devem ser levados em conta, e envolvem a busca por materiais de baixo custo, com adequadas características termomecânicas como também de manufatura, reciclagem, biodegradabilidade e que sejam provenientes de fontes renováveis. Empiricamente, a história da farmácia e da medicina é conhecida por utilizar plantas medicinais devido a suas propriedades bioativas, recentemente a comprovação científica da utilização das substâncias resultantes de seu metabolismo secundário justifica esta afirmação. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo geral desta tese foi avaliar a bioatividade das resinas vegetais de Stirax benzoin, Commiphora myrrha e Boswellia papyrifera contra os micro-organismos Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, e Candida albicans através da metodologia de difusão em ágar, e também verificar sua possibilidade de aplicações como materiais de impressão 3D através da avaliação de suas propriedades térmicas e físico-mecânicas. Os filamentos foram confeccionados via Hot Melt Extrusion (HME) sendo posteriormente impressos via Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). Os materiais obtidos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia no ultravioleta visível (UV-vis), infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), difração por raios X (DRX) e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), adicionalmente testes de resistência mecânica à tração e à compressão também foram realizados. Como resultado os materiais inibiram o crescimento dos organismos patógenos em estudo como também apresentaram características adequadas de extrusão e impressão 3D utilizando a técnica de modelagem por deposição fundida. / With the development of three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies for rapid prototyping, new materials are constantly being researched, but not all of them have the necessary characteristics to be used for this purpose. The cost of the commonly used materials and their limitations of application and reuse are aspects that must be taken into account, and involve the search for low cost materials with adequate thermo-mechanical characteristics as well as manufacturing, recycling, biodegradability and that come from sources renewable sources. Empirically, the history of pharmacy and medicine is known to use medicinal plants due to its bioactive properties, recently the scientific evidence of the use of the substances resulting from its secondary metabolism justifies this statement. Withing this context, the general objective of this thesis was to evaluate the bioactivity of the plant resins of Stirax benzoin, Commiphora myrrha and Boswellia papyrifera against the microorganisms Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans through diffusion methodology In agar, and also verify its possibility of application as 3D printing materials through the evaluation of its thermal and physical-mechanical properties. The filaments were made by Hot Melt Extrusion (HME) and later printed by Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). The obtained materials were characterized by visible ultraviolet (UV-vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X rays diffraction (DRX) and differential scanning calorimetry) in addition mechanical resistance to traction and compression tests were also performed. As a result, the materials inhibited the growth of the pathogens organisms under study, as well as exhibited suitable characteristics of extrusion and 3D printing using the technique Fused Deposition Modeling.

Accurate three-dimensional stress-strain constitutive properties are essential to understanding complex deformation and failure mechanisms for materials with highly anisotropic mechanical properties. The large number of different methods and specimen types currently required to generate three-dimensional allowables for structural design slow down the material characterization. Also, some of the material constitutive properties are never measured due to prohibitive cost of the specimens needed. A method for measurement of three-dimensional constitutive properties using short-beam specimens subject to three-point bend load has been recently developed. This method is based on the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) full-field deformation measurement and closed-form stress approximation. The purpose of this work is to improve the accuracy of the constitutive properties through accurate stress solution. A method is developed based on a combination of full-field strain measurement and nonlinear finite element stress analysis in the material characterization. The nonlinear shear stress-strain relations are the major concern in this work. An iterative procedure is applied to update the nonlinear shear properties using iterative finite element simulations. The accuracy of the numerical procedure is verified by comparing the finite element strain results with full-field measurements. The procedure is further verified using the V-notched beam test results. Excellent agreement has been achieved in the verification. Simplicity of the short-beam specimens and accuracy of the constitutive property approximations make the present method attractive for measurement of three-dimensional stress-strain relations for anisotropic materials at various load rates.

Os aços inoxidáveis martensíticos são amplamente utilizados em aplicações biomédicas devido a sua excelente resistência a corrosão e boas propriedades mecânicas. Entretanto, em aplicações como brocas para a implantodontia, seu desempenho é insatisfatório. Nesta aplicação usualmente utiliza-se de revestimentos como DLC para melhorar a resistência a corrosão, a resistência ao desgaste, bem como, diminuir o coeficiente de atrito broca-osso. Diversos trabalhos na literatura mostram que a nitretação a baixas temperaturas produz camadas superficiais de alta dureza e alta resistência à corrosão. Sabe-se também que o aumento da dureza do substrato melhora o suporte para a adesão do revestimento como o DLC. Estes tratamentos são conhecidos como duplex. Neste trabalho estudou-se o efeito da nitretação a baixa temperatura na resistência à corrosão e dureza de aços inoxidáveis martensiticos do tipo ASTM 420F, bem como, a influência na dureza e resistência à corrosão do tratamento duplex nitretação e DLC. Foram escolhidos cinco parâmetros de nitretação a baixa temperatura, em tempos diferentes para avaliar o comportamento na dureza e resistência à corrosão. O parâmetro que teve o melhor desempenho, atingindo maior dureza e proporcionando uma melhor resistência à corrosão entre os demais, foi a 380°C por 6 horas. Nessa condição, a dureza média de topo foi de 894 HV (1Kgf) e não apresentou corrosão na camada nitretada com revestimento DLC. Pode-se esperar que aplicado essas condições em uma broca cirúrgica, dentro de sua condição de procedimentos cirúrgicos, o desgaste da ferramenta seja menor, uma vez que a sua superfície tem maior dureza do que usualmente comercializada, e mantendo sua resistência à corrosão em ambientes agressivos em que são expostas. / Martensitics stainless steels are used in biomedical applications because of that yours excellent corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties. However, in applications such as drills for implant their performance has been unsatisfactory. This application is usually used how DLC coatings to improve corrosion resistance, wear resistance and to decrease the coefficient of drill bone friction. Several studies in the literature show that nitriding at low temperatures produce surface layers of high hardness and high resistance to corrosion. It is also known that increasing the hardness of the substrate it improves the adhesion of the coating as DLC. These treatments are known as duplex. In this work were studied the effect of low temperature nitriding on the corrosion resistance and hardness of martensitic stainless steel type ASTM 420F, as well as the influence on the hardness and corrosion resistance of nitriding and DLC duplex treatment. Five parameters of nitriding at low temperature, at different times to evaluate the behavior in the hardness and corrosion resistance were chosen. The parameter that had the best performance providing a higher hardness and better corrosion resistance was at 380°C for 6 hours. The average hardness of the drill top was 894 HV (1 Kgf) and not showed corrosion in duplex layer. It can be expected to apply these conditions in a surgical drill, in the tool wear will be less, since the surface has a higher hardness than usually marketed and the drill maintained the resistance to corrosion in aggressive environment that they are exposited.

Le contexte de cette thèse est la théorie de l'élasticité non linéaire, appelée également "élasticité finie". On y présente des résultats concernant la propagation d'ondes d'amplitude finie dans des matériaux élastiques non linéaires soumis à une grande déformation statique homogène. Bien que les matériaux considérés soient isotropes, lors de la propagation d'ondes un comportement anisotrope dû à la déformation statique se manifeste. <p><p>Après un rappel des équations de base de l'élasticité non linéaire (Chapitre 1), on considère tout d'abord la classe générale des matériaux incompressibles. Pour ces matériaux, on montre que la propagation d'ondes transversales polarisées linéairement est possible pour des choix appropriés des directions de polarisation et de propagation. De plus, on propose des généralisations des modèles classiques de "Mooney-Rivlin" et "néo-Hookéen" qui conduisent à de nouvelles solutions. Bien que le contexte soit tri-dimensionnel, il s'avère que toutes ces ondes sont régies par des équations d'ondes scalaires non linéaires uni-dimensionelles. Dans le cas de solutions du type ondes simples, on met en évidence une propriété remarquable du flux et de la densité d'énergie. <p><p>Dans les Chapitres 3 et 4, on se limite à un modèle particulier de matériaux compressibles appelé "modèle restreint de Blatz-Ko", qui est une version compressible du modèle néo-Hookéen. <p><p>En milieu infini (Chapitre 3), on montre que des ondes transversales polarisées linéairement, faisant intervenir deux variables spatiales, peuvent se propager. Bien que la théorie soit non linéaire, le champ de déplacement de ces ondes est régi par une version anisotrope de l'équation d'onde bi-dimensionnelle classique. En particulier, on présente des solutions à symétrie "cylindrique elliptique" analogues aux ondes cylindriques. Comme cas particulier, on obtient aussi des ondes planes inhomogènes atténuées à la fois dans l'espace et dans le temps. De plus, on montre que diverses superpositions appropriées de solutions sont possibles. Dans chaque cas, on étudie les propriétés du flux et de la densité d'énergie. En particulier, dans le cas de superpositions il s'avère que des termes d'interactions interviennent dans les expressions de la densité et du flux d'énergie. <p><p>Finalement (Chapitre 4), on présente une solution exacte qui constitue une généralisation non linéaire de l'onde de Love classique. On considère ici un espace semi-infini, appelé "substrat" recouvert par une couche. Le substrat et la couche sont constitués de deux matériaux restreints de Blatz-Ko pré-déformés. L'onde non linéaire de Love est constituée d'un mouvement non atténué dans la couche et d'une onde plane inhomogène dans le substrat, choisies de manière à satisfaire aux conditions aux limites. La relation de dispersion qui en résulte est analysée en détail. On présente de plus des propriétés générales du flux et de la densité d'énergie dans le substrat et dans la couche. <p><p><p>The context of this thesis is the non linear elasticity theory, also called "finite elasticity".<p>Results are obtained for finite-amplitude waves in non linear elastic materials which are first subjected to a large homogeneous static deformation. Although the materials are assumed to be isotropic, anisotropic behaviour for wave propagation is induced by the static deformation. <p><p>After recalling the basic equations of the non linear elasticity theory (Chapter 1), we first consider general incompressible materials. For such materials, linearly polarized transverse plane waves solutions are obtained for adequate choices of the polarization and propagation directions (Chapter 2). Also, extensions of the classical Mooney-Rivlin and neo-Hookean models are introduced, for which more solutions are obtained. Although we use the full three dimensional elasticity theory, it turns out that all these waves are governed by scalar one-dimensional non linear wave equations. In the case of simple wave solutions of these equations, a remarkable property of the energy flux and energy density is exhibited.<p><p>In Chapter 3 and 4, a special model of compressible material is considered: the special Blatz-Ko model, which is a compressible counterpart of the incompressible neo-Hookean model. <p><p>In unbounded media (Chapter 3), linearly polarized two-dimensional transverse waves are obtained. Although the theory is non linear, the displacement field of these waves is governed by a linear equation which may be seen as an anisotropic version of the classical two-dimensional wave equation. In particular, solutions analogous to cylindrical waves, but with an "elliptic cylindrical symmetry" are presented. Special solutions representing "damped inhomogeneous plane waves" are also derived: such waves are attenuated both in space and time. Moreover, various appropriate superpositions of solutions are shown to be possible. In each case, the properties of the energy density and the energy flux are investigated. In particular, in the case of superpositions, it is seen that interaction terms enter the expressions for the energy density and the energy flux. <p><p>Finally (Chapter 4), an exact finite-amplitude Love wave solution is presented. Here, an half-space, called "substrate", is assumed to be covered by a layer, both made of different prestrained special Blatz-Ko materials. The Love surface wave solution consists of an unattenuated wave motion in the layer and an inhomogeneous plane wave in the substrate, which are combined to satisfy the exact boundary conditions. A dispersion relation is obtained and analysed. General properties of the energy flux and the energy density in the substrate and the layer are exhibited. <p><p><p><p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished