Male birds of many species use conspicuous song and plumage displays in both courtship and territorial interactions. In some species, one or both of these signalling traits may not reach full adult maturity until a male’s second year of life. While the prevalence of delayed plumage maturation is well documented, delayed song maturation may be more difficult to detect. As a result, there are few studies which report age-based song differences between first-year and adult males. Additionally, despite the potentially large degree of variation of each trait within yearling males, little work has examined the benefits for young males who appear or sound more adult-like. Here, I investigate variation in both song and plumage displays of yearling male American redstarts (Setophaga ruticilla) as they relate to success during the breeding and non-breeding seasons. I first demonstrate a relationship between the degree of adult-like black plumage and both non-breeding season habitat quality in Jamaica and breeding season arrival date in Ontario. Previous studies have linked breeding season arrival date with winter habitat quality in adult males using stable-carbon isotope analysis. Together, these results suggest that variation in yearling male appearance may signal an individual’s competitive ability for high-quality resources. Next, I quantified the mate-attraction songs of both adult and yearling males and demonstrate a delayed maturation in this song type. I also present evidence of the potential benefits of expressing a more adult-like song by linking song structure with reproductive success in adult males. Finally, I demonstrate a potential relationship between the degree of adult-like song and plumage expression in yearling males, but not adult males. This work demonstrates that the delayed maturation of sexual signals may play an important role in the life-history of yearling male American redstarts, and highlights the need for in-depth analyses of individual variation of multiple sexual signals in this poorly-studied age class of birds. / Thesis (Master, Biology) -- Queen's University, 2009-09-25 10:42:19.794

Le bon fonctionnement cérébral dépend de la production et du positionnement appropriés des neurones, de la formation d’une connectivité neuronale adéquate et exige un équilibre strict de la formation de synapses excitatrice et inhibitrice. Des mutations sur des gènes qui sculptent et entretiennent normalement ces processus peuvent altérer les fonctions neuronales et conduire à divers troubles du développement neurologique chez l'homme, notamment des malformations du développement cortical (MDC). Les MDC sont des causes importantes de retard mental et représentent entre 20 et 40% des cas d'épilepsie résistante aux médicaments chez les enfants. Parmi les nombreux types de MDC, l'hétérotopie nodulaire périventriculaire (HNP) est la forme la plus répandue à l'âge adulte et elle est causée par une glie radiale défectueuse qui résulte en des nodules neuronaux ectopiques tapissant les parois des ventricules latéraux. Environ 88% des patients atteints d'HPN ont une épilepsie focale et la gravité des crises peut varier de légère à rare fréquence et de rémission sans besoin de médicaments antiépileptiques à insoluble. Plusieurs gènes ont été identifiés comme cause génétique de l'HPN chez des patients, notamment FLNA et NR2F1. Aucune corrélation entre l'étendue de l'HNP et la sévérité de l'épilepsie n'a été trouvée, ce qui suggère que des circuits aberrants dans le cortex cérébral normotopique plutôt que des nodules hétérotopiques pourrait expliquer la survenue de crises. Nous avons étudié l'impact in vivo de la perte de ces gènes lors de la dendritogénèse et de la synpatogénèse, ainsi que dans la morphologie et la maturation fonctionnelle des neurones corticaux / Proper brain function depends on the adequate production and positioning of neurons, the formation of correct neuronal connectivity, and requires a strict balance of excitatory and inhibitory synapse formation. Mutations in genes that normally carve and sustain these processes can alter neuronal functions and lead to various neurodevelopmental disorders in humans, including malformations of cortical development (MCD). MCDs are important causes of mental retardation and account for 20% - 40% of drug-resistant epilepsy cases in children. Among the many types of MCD, periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) is the most common form in adulthood and is caused by defective radial glia that result in ectopic neural nodules lining the walls of the lateral ventricles. About 88% of PNH patients have focal epilepsy and the severity of seizures can range from mild to rare frequency and remission without the need for antiepileptic drugs to insoluble. Several genes have been identified as a genetic cause of PNH in patients, including FLNA and NR2F1. No correlation between the extent of PNH and the severity of epilepsy was found, suggesting that aberrant circuits in the normotopic cerebral cortex rather than heterotopic nodules could explain the occurrence of seizures. We studied the in vivo impact of the loss of these genes during dendritogenesis and synpatogenesis, as well as in the morphology and functional maturation of cortical neurons.

This thesis documents dental maturation in a mid C18, early C19 population where age at death is known (N=63, age range birth and 5.4 years). Emphasis is placed on the mineralization of individual deciduous and certain permanent teeth. In the first part of this thesis, the literature on dental maturation is reviewed with special reference to radiographic studies of populations, methodology and statistical analysis. Quantitative data on developing teeth, population differences and age estimation are also reviewed. In the second part of the thesis the Spitalfields material is described and used to investigate the accuracy of five types of age estimating methods that make use of the developing dentition. It emerges that the atlas method of Schour and Massler (1941) predicted age best. The third part of the thesis documents dental development in the Spitalfields Collection. New data for human deciduous anterior teeth and early stages of permanent anterior teeth are presented. In this study, few permanent anterior tooth crowns were complete before 5 years of age, contrary to published data from radiographic studies. Alveolar eruption of deciduous teeth and measurements of tooth length and weight are presented and discussed in context with published standards. The fourth part of this thesis is a preliminary investigation of cranial and postcranial development in this population. The fifth part is an appendix of data.

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There is no abstract available for this thesis.