Ureases (ureia amido-hidrolases; EC 3.5.1.5) são enzimas níquel dependentes, amplamente distribuídas em bactérias, fungos e plantas, que catalisam a hidrólise da ureia à amônia e a dióxido de carbono. Em plantas e fungos, as ureases são hexâmeros formados por subunidades idênticas. Em bactérias, as ureases são formadas por duas ou três subunidades distintas, como é o caso em Helicobacter pylori e Azospirillum brasilense, respectivamente. As bactérias do gênero Azospirillum são microrganismos diazotróficos (capazes de fixar nitrogênio atmosférico), encontrados no solo e em associação com raízes de plantas como o arroz, o trigo e o milho. A principal função da urease em plantas parece estar relacionada à reciclagem do nitrogênio, mas diversas atividades biológicas que independem da atividade ureolítica têm sido demonstradas, sugerindo que esta possa estar envolvida na defesa da planta contra insetos e fungos. A fim de estudar esta enzima, a primeira parte do trabalho objetivou obter a urease recombinante de Azospirillum brasilense FP2. Para isso, o inserto foi clonado no vetor pET-23a por recombinação homóloga in vivo. Seis aminoácidos mostraram-se diferentes, em relação a sequência de proteínas predita do A. brasilense sp245, o que parece diferença entre as cepas de A. brasilense sp245 e FP2. A expressão da enzima recombinante foi otimizada, seguida de purificação feita por cromatografia de afinidade a níquel. No segundo capítulo desse trabalho é apresentada a clonagem, a expressão do gene e a purificação de um peptídeo derivado da urease ubíqua de soja. Esse peptídeo, denominado soyuretox, é colinear com o jaburetox, uma peptídeo recombinante derivado da urease de Canavalia ensiformis. Dados prévios do nosso laboratório demonstram diversas propriedades biológicas do jaburetox, tais como atividade inseticida, capacidade de interagir com bicamadas lipídicas, efeito fungitóxico, dentre outras. Estudos comparativos com o soyuretox mostraram que esse peptídeo apresenta toxicidade para duas leveduras testadas, Candida tropicalis e Saccharomyces cerevisiae. / Urease (urea amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.5) are nickel-dependent enzymes widely distributed in bacteria, fungi and plants which catalyze the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide. In plants and fungi, ureases are hexamers formed by one type of subunit. In bacteria, ureases are formed by two or three distinct subunits, such as in Helicobacter pylori and in Azospirillum brasilense, respectively. Bacteria of the genus Azospirillum are diazotrophic (capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen), found in the soil and in association with roots of plants such as rice, wheat and corn. The main function of urease in plants appears to be related to nitrogen recycling, but several biological activities that are independent of ureolytic activity have been demonstrated, suggesting that it may be involved in the defense of plants against insects and fungi. In order to study this enzyme, the first part of the study aimed to obtain the recombinant Azospirillum brasilense FP2 urease. For this end, the insert was cloned into the vector pET-23a by in vivo homologous recombination. Six amino acids were different in relation to the predicted protein sequence of A. brasilense sp245, which seems to difference among strains of A. brasilense sp245 and FP2. Expression of the recombinant protein was optimized, following purification by nickel affinity chromatography. Cloning, expression of the gene and purification of a peptide derived from soybean ubiquitous urease is presented in the second chapter of this work. This peptide, called soyuretox, aligns with jaburetox, a recombinant peptide derived from Canavalia ensiformis urease. Previous data from our laboratory have shown diverse biological properties for jaburetox, such as insecticidal activity, ability to interact with lipid bilayers, fungitoxic effects, among others. Comparative studies with soyuretox, showed that this peptide presents toxicity against yeast, Candida tropicalis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é interpretar as relações entre os autores da primeira geração da teoria crítica - Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno e Herbert Marcuse - com a sociologia de Max Weber. Usualmente, elas são analisadas visando destacar as suas semelhanças e as suas continuidades. Todavia, para reconstruir a maneira pela qual esses frankfurtianos incorporaram certa temática weberiana, será necessário ressaltar as suas divergências e suas rupturas não apenas dos frankfurtianos com Weber, mas inclusive entre eles mesmos. Mais que uma simples operação de transposição conceitual, a apropriação crítica ao pensamento de Weber é ainda um eixo em torno do qual se pode interpretar aspectos particulares da teoria social de Horkheimer, de Adorno e de Marcuse Teoria crítica, Max Weber, Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, Herbert Marcuse / The main aim of this research is to study the relationship between the authors of the first generation of critical theory - Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno and Herbert Marcuse - with the sociology of Max Weber. Usually, they are analyzed in order to highlight their similarities and their continuities. However, to reconstruct the way in which these frankfurtians incorporated certain Weberian theme, is also necessary to highlight their differences and their breaks not only the frankfurtians with Weber, but even among themselves. More than a simple conceptual transposition, critical to the thought of Weber ownership is still an axis around which to interpret particular aspects of social theory Horkheimer, Adorno and Marcuse

The purpose of this thesis has been to define Max Beerbohm's critical literary principles, to evaluate his contribution to aesthetic criticism and thereby to determine his place in the critical tradition. The methods of investigation have been: to study the formative influences on the development of his critical principles and to evaluate the results of their application in Max's essays and dramatic criticisms. From this study it is evident that as a man and as an artist Max was "formed" during the Eighteen-nineties. By nature he was an intellectual dandy who always preferred strong, narrow creative personalities like himself. He was detached, fastidious, witty, and humane, and he was noted for his wisdom and sound common sense, even as a very young man. Under the influence of the Aesthetic Movement at Oxford, Max turned to Walter Pater for ideas on impressionistic criticism, but he preferred Oscar Wilde for style. He felt that personality was the paramount thing in art and that an exact, witty and beautiful style was its finest expression. His early style was mannered, satirical and superficial. However, Max never belonged to the "precious school" of writers, because he was not satisfied with less than a perfect synthesis of matter and manner to produce a unified effect of sheer delight. To this end he employed literary principles he had derived from neoclassical "rules" and aesthetic concepts. When Max became drama critic for the Saturday Review, he used his literary standards to form the basis of his dramatic criticisms. Although these standards related almost exclusively to matters of form and style, Max saw their wider application, because they satisfied his requirements for what a work of art should be. Accordingly, they have been examined under four main headings: the illusion of life, an exact and beautiful style, form and the unified effect, ethics and aesthetics. As a drama critic, Max welcomed the rise of modern realism because it had restored to the theatre the illusion of actual life. However, he did not favour realism for realism's sake or for the sake of social reforms. He believed that art must appeal to the emotions, not to the intellect, and that the impact of the play may arouse either joy or sorrow, but it must be aesthetically satisfying. Max always tried to be fair and flexible in his criticisms but his extreme fastidiousness and his innate sense of detachment imposed serious limitations. For instance, he was too reactionary to appreciate radical experiments in form. Nor could he admire plays in which the ideas were more important than the emotional conflicts of flesh and blood characters. Inevitably, he failed to appreciate Shaw because Max was a nineteenth-century man attempting to apply aesthetic ideals and neoclassical principles to the experimental plays of a progressive, analytical dramatic genius of the twentieth century. Max's value as a critic comes from his important insights in matters of form and style. In his essay on Whistler he revealed the artist in a new light as the author of an exquisite literary style. His essay on Lytton Strachey is also valuable for the careful discrimination Max made between the satirist and the mocker which vindicated Strachey from the charge of malice. However, the fact that his interests were narrow and essentially pertained to small, minor works of art, limits his significance as a critic. Max was an "exquisite" critic of the dying impressionistic tradition, whose critical talents were best suited to minor artists with whom he had some affinity in temperament and style. Consequently, his place is out of the mainstream of the critical tradition. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

It is the purpose of this thesis to show that Max Reinhardt made a definite contribution to the theatre through ensemble acting.

The histone 2A (H2A) variant Z (H2A.Z) regulates gene expression, replacing H2A predominately at +1 nucleosomes. Whereas, H2A.Z can act as either a positive or negative transcriptional regulator, this research focuses on its transcriptional activation role. This thesis focuses on examining the Glycine max HTA9 gene family (H2A.Z9). The Arabidopsis thaliana HTA9 protein sequence was used to query the G. max proteome resulting in identification of five H2A.Z9 (H2A.Z9-1-5) paralogs. H2A.Z9-1, H2A.Z9-2, H2A.Z9-4, and H2A.Z9-5 are expressed within Heterodera glycines-parasitized root cells undergoing defense. All 5 paralogs, including H2A.Z9-3, were studied in transgenic-functional analyses. Data demonstrates that H2A.Z9 overexpression leads to a 60-70% reduction in H. glycines- parasitism with no effect on root growth. In contrast, H2A.Z9 knockdown by RNAi results in a 3.5-5.0-fold increase in H. glycines-parasitism with no effect on root growth. These results demonstrate that H2A.Z9 is important to G. max defense toward H. glycines-parasitism and indicate possible redundant or specific roles for each paralog.

No description available.

This thesis analyzes the effectiveness of spatially averaged Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements at regular azimuth angle intervals on an hourly basis to validate satellite based DOAS measurements. Off-Axis MAX-DOAS Measurements taken in Blacksburg, Virginia, between November 2021 and April 2022 with an evenly distributed set of measurements were averaged every hour and compared to Direct Sun measurements, also averaged every hour. Comparisons of the difference in average measurement from both measuring strategies, as well as the distribution standard deviations of hourly measurements suggests that the NO₂ distribution around Blacksburg is homogeneous. In order to test the effectiveness of this sampling strategy,in an inhomogeneous location, the LOTOS-EUROS high resolution (1kmx1km) chemical transport model was used to simulate profiles and vertical column densities of real measurements taken during the TROLIX'19 Field Campaign. The LOTOs-EUROS model was used to simulate vertical profiles as well as Vertical Column Densities based on real MAX-DOAS measurements as well as TROPOMI viewing geometry. While the individual ground measurements were not equal to the TROPOMI profile, the TROPOMI profile is approximately the average of the profiles of measurements made within the hour of TROPOMI overpass. / M.S. / This thesis analyzes the effectiveness of spatially averaged Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements at regular intervals of angles offset from due North on an hourly basis to validate satellite based DOAS measurements. MAX-DOAS Measurements taken relative to the position of the sun in Blacksburg, Virginia, a low NO₂ location, between November 2021 and April 2022 to determine the effectiveness of a generalized measuring strategy for satellite validation in low pollution environments. An evenly distributed set of measurements were averaged every hour and compared to measurements taken in the direction of the sun, also averaged every hour, to determine if the variability of NO₂ around Blacksburg is high enough to require a generalized sampling strategy, or if the NO₂ distribution is homogeneous enough to be accurately validated with Direct Sun measurements only.. Comparisons of the difference in average measurement from both measuring strategies, as well as the distribution of standard deviations of hourly measurements suggests that the NO₂ distribution around Blacksburg is low. In order to test the effectiveness of this sampling strategy in a higher pollution location with many sources and sinks of NO₂, the data from the LOTOS-EUROS high resolution (1kmx1km) chemical transport model run by the Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute for the TROLIX'19 Field Campaign was used to simulate vertical distributions of NO₂ and vertical column densities of measurements taken during the field campaign. The LOTOS-EUROS model was used to simulate vertical distributions of NO₂ as well as Vertical Column Densities based on real MAX-DOAS measurements as well as viewing geometry seen by the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) satellite-based instrument. While the individual ground measurements were not equal to the vertical distribution seen by TROPOMI, the TROPOMI vertical distribution is approximately the average of the vertical distributions of measurements made within an hour of TROPOMI passing over Rotterdam.

Nürnberg, Universiẗat, Diss.--Erlangen, 2006.

Kirchliche Hochsch., Diss.--Bethel, 2006. / Literaturverz. S. 323-344.

Diss.--Zürich--Philosophische Fakultät I, 1985-1986. / Bibliogr. p. 233-237.