As florestas são vistas como excelentes acumuladoras de biomassa e carbono da atmosfera, contribuindo para a redução do efeito estufa. Para ter conhecimento da biomassa acumulada nas árvores é necessário realizar determinadas técnicas para levantar o volume de madeira dos povoamentos. Desta forma, objetiva-se neste trabalho estudar a qualidade das medidas de cubagem da árvore em pé através de dendrômetros ópticos de medição do tronco visando à determinação da biomassa de árvores sem amostragem destrutiva. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Estação Experimental de Itatinga/SP que pertence a Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ-USP). Foram amostradas 175 árvores em três parcelas de Eucalyptus grandis. O diâmetro do fuste das árvores em pé foi mensurado com os dendrômetros (Criterion 400 e RC3H) em distâncias de 0,1; 0,4; 0,7; 1,0; 1,3; 2,0 m e a partir deste de metro em metro ao longo do tronco até os 8 m de altura. Após a cubagem em pé foi derrubada a árvore e seccionada para pesagem do tronco, sendo que o diâmetro foi obtido com auxílio de suta e da trena nas mesmas posições em que se realizou a cubagem não destrutiva. De posse dos diâmetros foram calculados o volume por secção e por árvore individual através da fórmula de Smalian para posterior comparação dos métodos. Depois de seccionado o tronco, discos de 5 cm de espessura foram retirados à 0, DAP, 50 e 100% da altura total, pesados e secos, para determinação da umidade. Foi feito o ajuste de vários modelos empíricos para a predição da biomassa tanto para a técnica gravimétrica e para a volumétrica. Para os erros das medidas dos diâmetros obtidos de forma não destrutiva os dois dendrômetros forneceram medidas subestimadas de modo geral. O Criterion foi o que resultou nas melhores estimativas (10%) e o RC3H (30%) em relação a cubagem convencional. Com os modelos selecionados para a predição da biomassa verificou um erro relativo médio subestimado de 11% com o Criterion e 40% para o RC3H. Portanto, a utilização destes dendrômetros em levantamentos não destrutivos deve ser criteriosa quando se deseja estimativas com grande confiabilidade, fator este, que pode restringir muitas vezes seu emprego. / The forests are seen as a great atmospheric carbon and biomass pools, contributing for the reduction of the greenhouse effect. The quantification of the tree pool biomass is based on mensurational techniques that determine the individual stand tree volume. The objective of this project was to study the measurement quality of determination of the volume of standing trees by optical dendrometers for stem measure, aiming the biomass determination without destructive sampling. This study was developed at the Experimental Station of Forest Sciences, in Itatinga / SP, wich belongs to the University of São Paulo (ESALQ / USP). Were sampled in total 175 trees in three of Eucalyptus grandis. The stem diameter of standing trees was measured with the dendrometers (Criterion and RC3H) at distances of 0.1, 0.4, 0.7, 1.0, 1.3, 2.0 meters from this point meter by meter along the stem up to 8 meters height. After the cubing standing trees they were felled and sectioned for weighing the stem, the diameter obtained with a caliper and a tape in the same positions in which the non-destructive measures were taken. With the diameters the volume where calculated by section and by individual tree by the Smalian formula for comparison of methods. After sectioned the stem wood disks with approximately 5 cm of thickness at the positions 0, DBH, 50 and 100% of the total height were removed and dried for determination of humidity. Was adjusted several empirical models for prediction of biomass for gravimetric and volumetric technique. For the errors in diameter measurements obtained from the non-destructively way the two dendrometers provided generally underestimated measures. The Criterion was the one that resulted in the best estimates (10%) and RC3H (30%) compared to conventional scaling. With selected models for the prediction of biomass found a mean relative underestimated error of 11% with the Criterion and 40% for RC3H. Therefore, the use of dendrometers in non-destructive surveys should be careful when you want to estimate with great confidence, a factor which can often restrict their use.

<p>The intention is to draw more specific connections between certain deconvolution methods and also to demonstrate the application of the statistical theory of estimation in the presence of measurement error. A parametric methodology for deconvolution when the underlying distribution is of the Pareto form is developed. Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) of the parameters of the convolved distributions is considered. Standard errors of the estimated parameters are calculated from the inverse Fisher&rsquo / s information matrix and a jackknife method. Probability-probability (P-P) plots and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) goodnessof- fit tests are used to evaluate the fit of the posited distribution. A bootstrapping method is used to calculate the critical values of the K-S test statistic, which are not available.</p>

Precision control of translational motion is vital for many CNC machine tools as the motion of the machinery affects the dimensional tolerance of the manufactured goods. However, the direct measurement along with the accurate motion control of machine usually requires relatively expensive sensors i.e. potentiometers, linear scales, laser interferometers. Hence, this study attempts to develop reference models utilizing low-cost sensors (i.e. rotary encoders) for accurate position estimation. First, an indirect measurement performance is investigated on a Timing Belt driven carriage by a DC Motor with a backlash included Gearbox head. An advanced interpolated technique is proposed to compensate the position errors while using indirect measurement to reduce the total cost. Then, a similar study was realized with a ball screw driven system. Next, a cable drum driven measurement technique is proposed to the machines which have long travel distance like plasma cutters. A test setup is proposed and manufactured to investigate the capstan drive systems. Finally, characteristics of Optical Mouse Sensors are investigated from different point of views and a test setup is proposed and manufactured to evaluate their performances in long terms. Beside all of these parts, motion control algorithms and motion control integrated circuits are designed and manufactured to realize experimental studies in a detailed manner.

<p>The intention is to draw more specific connections between certain deconvolution methods and also to demonstrate the application of the statistical theory of estimation in the presence of measurement error. A parametric methodology for deconvolution when the underlying distribution is of the Pareto form is developed. Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) of the parameters of the convolved distributions is considered. Standard errors of the estimated parameters are calculated from the inverse Fisher&rsquo / s information matrix and a jackknife method. Probability-probability (P-P) plots and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) goodnessof- fit tests are used to evaluate the fit of the posited distribution. A bootstrapping method is used to calculate the critical values of the K-S test statistic, which are not available.</p>

One of the very interesting demographic features in the US over the last three decades of the 20th century is the increase of the married women labor force participation rate. Over the same period, estimated labor supply elasticity varies substantially. This dissertation is to investigate the reasons behind them. I first study the determinants of the increase of the labor participation rate for married women with preschool-aged children over the last three decades of the 20th century. Using 5% samples of the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) for 1980, 1990 and 2000, I find that the existing explanations proposed in the literature may only account for 9.6% increase in the 1980s and 70% decrease in the 1990s. In this paper, I find that the rising ratio of career type women can explain 30.33% of the growth in the labor force participation rate, and the change in the composition of career motivating career type women can at least explain 17.22% growth across cohorts. Women who have been working three years before their first childbearing are more likely to return to work after the childbearing period. The analyzing data is the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women (NLSYW) from 1968 to 2003 and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) from 1979 to 2008. This dissertation sheds some insight about a puzzle on estimated married women's labor supply elasticity variation. This important puzzle (sometimes referred to as the Hausman puzzle) is that the estimated labor supply elasticity varies substantially even when similar frameworks and similar datasets are used. I study the role of budget sets in producing this wide range of estimates. In particular, I study the effect of the typical convexification approximation of the non-convex budgets, and the well-known Heckman critique of the lack of bunching at the kink points of budget sets in the Hausman model. I introduce measurement error in nonlabor income to create an uncertain budget constraint that no longer implies bunching at kink points. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) of 1984 and 2001, I find that neither the convexification approximation nor using a model with random budget sets affects the estimates. These results demonstrate that variations in budget constraints alone do not explain the different estimates of labor supply elasticity. Changing the level of budget sets, for example by ignoring the state individual income tax, could affect the variation in elasticities.

As florestas são vistas como excelentes acumuladoras de biomassa e carbono da atmosfera, contribuindo para a redução do efeito estufa. Para ter conhecimento da biomassa acumulada nas árvores é necessário realizar determinadas técnicas para levantar o volume de madeira dos povoamentos. Desta forma, objetiva-se neste trabalho estudar a qualidade das medidas de cubagem da árvore em pé através de dendrômetros ópticos de medição do tronco visando à determinação da biomassa de árvores sem amostragem destrutiva. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Estação Experimental de Itatinga/SP que pertence a Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ-USP). Foram amostradas 175 árvores em três parcelas de Eucalyptus grandis. O diâmetro do fuste das árvores em pé foi mensurado com os dendrômetros (Criterion 400 e RC3H) em distâncias de 0,1; 0,4; 0,7; 1,0; 1,3; 2,0 m e a partir deste de metro em metro ao longo do tronco até os 8 m de altura. Após a cubagem em pé foi derrubada a árvore e seccionada para pesagem do tronco, sendo que o diâmetro foi obtido com auxílio de suta e da trena nas mesmas posições em que se realizou a cubagem não destrutiva. De posse dos diâmetros foram calculados o volume por secção e por árvore individual através da fórmula de Smalian para posterior comparação dos métodos. Depois de seccionado o tronco, discos de 5 cm de espessura foram retirados à 0, DAP, 50 e 100% da altura total, pesados e secos, para determinação da umidade. Foi feito o ajuste de vários modelos empíricos para a predição da biomassa tanto para a técnica gravimétrica e para a volumétrica. Para os erros das medidas dos diâmetros obtidos de forma não destrutiva os dois dendrômetros forneceram medidas subestimadas de modo geral. O Criterion foi o que resultou nas melhores estimativas (10%) e o RC3H (30%) em relação a cubagem convencional. Com os modelos selecionados para a predição da biomassa verificou um erro relativo médio subestimado de 11% com o Criterion e 40% para o RC3H. Portanto, a utilização destes dendrômetros em levantamentos não destrutivos deve ser criteriosa quando se deseja estimativas com grande confiabilidade, fator este, que pode restringir muitas vezes seu emprego. / The forests are seen as a great atmospheric carbon and biomass pools, contributing for the reduction of the greenhouse effect. The quantification of the tree pool biomass is based on mensurational techniques that determine the individual stand tree volume. The objective of this project was to study the measurement quality of determination of the volume of standing trees by optical dendrometers for stem measure, aiming the biomass determination without destructive sampling. This study was developed at the Experimental Station of Forest Sciences, in Itatinga / SP, wich belongs to the University of São Paulo (ESALQ / USP). Were sampled in total 175 trees in three of Eucalyptus grandis. The stem diameter of standing trees was measured with the dendrometers (Criterion and RC3H) at distances of 0.1, 0.4, 0.7, 1.0, 1.3, 2.0 meters from this point meter by meter along the stem up to 8 meters height. After the cubing standing trees they were felled and sectioned for weighing the stem, the diameter obtained with a caliper and a tape in the same positions in which the non-destructive measures were taken. With the diameters the volume where calculated by section and by individual tree by the Smalian formula for comparison of methods. After sectioned the stem wood disks with approximately 5 cm of thickness at the positions 0, DBH, 50 and 100% of the total height were removed and dried for determination of humidity. Was adjusted several empirical models for prediction of biomass for gravimetric and volumetric technique. For the errors in diameter measurements obtained from the non-destructively way the two dendrometers provided generally underestimated measures. The Criterion was the one that resulted in the best estimates (10%) and RC3H (30%) compared to conventional scaling. With selected models for the prediction of biomass found a mean relative underestimated error of 11% with the Criterion and 40% for RC3H. Therefore, the use of dendrometers in non-destructive surveys should be careful when you want to estimate with great confidence, a factor which can often restrict their use.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / The intention is to draw more specific connections between certain deconvolution methods and also to demonstrate the application of the statistical theory of estimation in the presence of measurement error. A parametric methodology for deconvolution when the underlying distribution is of the Pareto form is developed. Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) of the parameters of the convolved distributions is considered. Standard errors of the estimated parameters are calculated from the inverse Fisher&rsquo;s information matrix and a jackknife method. Probability-probability (P-P) plots and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) goodnessof- fit tests are used to evaluate the fit of the posited distribution. A bootstrapping method is used to calculate the critical values of the K-S test statistic, which are not available. / South Africa

Orientador: Madson Cortes de Almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T18:54:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 YucraCcahuana_MiguelAngel_M.pdf: 1685093 bytes, checksum: d470831fabdff66aa7a9d998da9391db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Nas últimas décadas, a utilização de Unidades de Medições Fasoriais (Phasor Measurements Units - PMU) em sistemas de transmissão de energia elétrica vem sendo amplamente discutida. De acordo com a literatura, diversas aplicações podem ser beneficiadas pelo uso destas medidas. Em comparação com as medidas convencionais disponibilizadas pelos Sistema de Controle e Aquisição de Dados (SCADA), as medições fasoriais apresentam maior precisão, maior taxa de amostragem e são grandezas fasoriais sincronizadas, enquanto que as medições do sistema SCADA são medidas de módulo, não sincronizadas e de menor precisão. Para que as aplicações em regime permanente possam se beneficiar das medidas providas pelas PMUs, essas medidas devem ser filtradas por um processo de estimação de estado. Apesar da precisão e da confiabilidade, as medidas provenientes de PMUs ainda podem conter erros causados no processo de medição, os quais precisam ser eliminados antes que as informações providas pelas PMUs sejam usadas nas tarefas de controle e operação da rede. Apesar de todos os investimentos e desenvolvimentos relacionados às PMUs, atualmente, devido ao grande custo associado à instalação dessas unidades, não se considera viável o desenvolvimento de sistemas de medição que permitam que redes sejam totalmente observáveis apenas com o uso de medições fasoriais. A literatura apresenta algumas técnicas capazes de considerar simultaneamente medidas fasoriais e medidas convencionais no processo de estimação de estado. Neste trabalho, são apresentados e avaliados os principais estimadores de estado de uma e duas fases disponíveis na literatura. Além disso, o estimador tradicional, sem a presença de medidas fasoriais, foi usado como base de comparação. Na primeira etapa do processo de avaliação é analisada a qualidade dos estimadores de estado na presença de medidas perfeitas e na presença de medidas contendo erros gaussianos aleatórios. Erros gaussianos aleatórios são os erros típicos dos processos de medição e, portanto, são considerados aceitáveis. Na segunda etapa do processo de avaliação, os estimadores são avaliados na presença de medidas contendo erros gaussianos aleatórios e erros grosseiros. Os erros grosseiros, ao contrário dos erros gaussianos, não são considerados aceitáveis e devem ser removidos durante o processo de estimação de estado. A fim de tornar a análise mais ampla e realista, os três principais mecanismos de cálculo de desvios padrão propostos na literatura são considerados na avaliação do estimadores. Assim, são considerados cenários com desvios padrão fixos, desvios padrão calculados em função dos valores das medidas e desvios padrão calculados em função dos valores medidos e dos fundos de escala dos medidores. Para a detecção e identificação de erros grosseiros é adotado o método do Maior Resíduo Normalizado, já que este é o mecanismo mais confiável, robusto e aceito para tal finalidade. São apresentados testes realizados na rede de 14 barras do IEEE. Esta rede é amplamente adotada em teses e artigos especializados da área, o que facilita a comparações de resultados / Abstract: In last decades, the use of Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) in electrical power transmission systems has been widely discussed. According to the literature, several applications may be benefited with the use of these measurements. When they are compared with conventional measurements provided by Supervisory control and data adquisition (SCADA), phasor measurements are more accurate, have a high sampling rate and are synchronized, while the SCADA measurements only provide magnitude measurements, are not synchronized and are less accurate. For applications in steady operation can be benefited from the measurements provided by PMUs, these measurements must be filtered by a state estimation process. Despite the accuracy and reliability, measurements from PMUs may contain errors caused by the measurement process, they must be eliminated before the informations provided by PMUs are used in control tasks and network operation. Moreover, despite all the investments and developments related to PMUs, currently, because of the cost associated to the installation of these units; it is not considered feasible the development of measurement systems that allow electric networks to be fully observable only with the use of phasor measurements. The literature presents some techniques that are able to consider simultaneously phasor measurements and conventional measurements in the state estimation process. In this work, the main state estimators of one and two phases available in the literature are presented and evaluated. Moreover, the traditional state estimator was used to compare results. In the first part of evaluation process, the quality of state estimators in the presence of perfect measurements and measurements containing random gaussian errors is analyzed. Gaussian random errors are typical of measurement processes and therefore, they are considered acceptable. In the second part, the state estimators are evaluated in the presence of measurements containing random gaussian errors and gross errors. Gross errors, unlike the gaussian errors, are not acceptable and must be removed during the state estimation process. In order to make the analysis more comprehensive and realistic, the three main mechanisms of standard deviation calculation that are proposed in the literature are considered in state estimators evaluation. So, scenarios with fixed standard deviations, standard deviations calculated according to measurement values and standard deviations calculated according to measurements values and the full scale of meters are considered. For the detection and identification of gross errors, the large normalized residual test (LNR) is adopted, since this test is more reliable, robust and acceptable for this purpose. Tests in IEEE14 network are carried out. This network is widely adopted in theses and articles specialized in the field which facilitates the comparison of results / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

The thesis is deal with measuring the temperature dependence of dynamic viscosity and the calculation of measurement uncertainties. The thesis writes up the physical nature of viscosity and rheological properties. Next it is write up an overview of possible methods for measuring viscosity of liquids and overview of methods for measuring the density of liquids. An important chapter is the statistical evaluation of measured data represented mainly measurement uncertainties. In the practical part of the work is done workplace for measure the temperature dependence of dynamic viscosity. It is used two methods of measuring viscosity of liquids and two samples of liquids. Finally is done statistical evaluations of measurement. Based on the calculated measurement uncertainty measurement methods are compared.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Estimation of population distributions, from samples that are contaminated by measurement errors, is a common problem. This study considers the problem of estimating the population distribution of independent random variables Xi, from error-contaminated samples ~i (.j = 1, ... , n) such that Yi = Xi + f·.i, where E is the measurement error, which is assumed independent of X. The measurement error ( is also assumed to be normally distributed. Since the observed distribution function is a convolution of the error distribution with the true underlying distribution, estimation of the latter is often referred to as a deconvolution problem. A thorough study of the relevant deconvolution literature in statistics is reported. We also deal with the specific case when X is assumed to follow a truncated Pareto form. If observations are subject to Gaussian errors, then the observed Y is distributed as the convolution of the finite-support Pareto and Gaussian error distributions. The convolved probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the finite-support Pareto and Gaussian distributions are derived. The intention is to draw more specific connections bet.ween certain deconvolution methods and also to demonstrate the application of the statistical theory of estimation in the presence of measurement error. A parametric methodology for deconvolution when the underlying distribution is of the Pareto form is developed. Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) of the parameters of the convolved distributions is considered. Standard errors of the estimated parameters are calculated from the inverse Fisher's information matrix and a jackknife method. Probability-probability (P-P) plots and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) goodnessof- fit tests are used to evaluate the fit of the posited distribution. A bootstrapping method is used to calculate the critical values of the K-S test statistic, which are not available. Simulated data are used to validate the methodology. A real-life application of the methodology is illustrated by fitting convolved distributions to astronomical data