The primary goal of the study was to standardise and validate a scale to measure the arts’ contribution of arts festivals. To achieve this goal, four objectives were formulated. First, to study arts’ contribution of arts festivals by defining, analysing and exploring related concepts through the provision of a detailed background and discussion on the topic by means of a literature review. Second, to study and select applicable explanatory theory that can be used to develop a standardised scale that measures the arts’ contribution of arts festivals by means of a second literature review. Third to determine the validity and reliability of the scale measuring the arts festival’s contribution to the performing arts and to the visual arts through an exploratory factor analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis. Lastly, to draw conclusions based on the research and make recommendations with regard to the standardisation and validation of the scale to measure the arts’ contribution of arts festivals. The first objective was achieved by conducting a literature study. The literature study on arts festivals and their contribution to the arts was explored by defining the term festival tourism; discussing aspects related to a festival (by defining a festival, explaining the festival’s relationship with culture and events, identifying the characteristics, types, benefits and potential problems associated with a festival, and identifying visitor motives for attending a festival); discussing aspects related to the term arts festival (by providing an overview of arts tourism, defining an arts festival, listing reasons for the establishment of an arts festival and discussing the arts present at arts festivals – through defining and classifying the arts); and identifying the contributions of an arts festival to the arts (by listing the types of contribution – educational, emotional, economic, quality, marketing, and growth and development – , discussing the purpose of contributing to the arts, listing perceptual differences of festival visitors regarding the contributions of an arts festival to the arts and discussing limitations of an arts festival to contribute to the arts). Achieving the second objective, the second literature study discussed the term survey (by defining a survey, identifying the types, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and merits of a survey and discussing the survey process); discussed the term standardisation (by defining standardisation and stating the purpose for the standardisation of a measurement scale); discussed the standardisation process (by outlining the different stages in the standardisation process – the planning phase, where the aim of the measure is specified, the content is defined and the test plan is developed; the item writing phase, includes the writing and review of items; assembling and pre-testing the experimental version of the measure, which includes the arrangements of the items, finalisation of the length, protocols for answering, development of administration instructions and pre-test of the experimental version of the measure; the item and data analysis phase consists of the determination of discriminating power, preliminary investigation into item bias and the establishment of validity and reliability; and revising the final version of the measure, which encompasses the revision of the items and test, the selection of items for the final version of the test, the refinement of administration instructions and score procedures and the administration of the final version of the test); and identified and discussed ethical considerations, foreseen problems, limitations and recommendations associated with conducting a survey and the standardisation of a measurement scale. The third objective was to determine the validity and reliability of the measurement scale. This objective was achieved by discussing the implementation phase of the measurement scale where attention was given to the survey design and sampling. A stratified random sampling method was used at three selected arts festivals in South Africa, the KKNK, Innibos and Vryfees, where a descriptive survey design was administered in the form of a measurement scale, such as a questionnaire. Research assistants were trained and the scale was administered in a consistent fashion which supports internal reliability. The same survey procedures were undertaken at all three arts festivals, supporting face validity and internal validity. Representative samples were collected at the three arts festivals, also supporting external validity. Attention was also given to the measurement scale design (where respondents could give their perceptions concerning the contributions made by the arts festival to the arts through the completion of the questionnaire – which was based on literature and contained the relevant information to collect problem specific information, supporting content validity and construct validity. The scale had also undergone the delphi-technique for expert advice, supporting face validity. Providing a summary of the data analysis procedure contributed to the achievement of this objective. The data collected from the measurement scale have been captured in Microsoft™ Excel™ and analysed using the statistical software program, SPSS. The data of the arts festivals contributing to the performing arts were analysed separately from the data of the festivals where they contribute to the visual arts. This was done to get a detailed data analysis for the standardisation of the measurement scale. The split of the data also contributed to the measurement scale being divided in two separate standardised scales in determining the arts festival’s contribution to a specific form of the arts; both the data of the performing arts and the data of the visual arts had undergone the same statistical procedure for data analysis in determining the validity and reliability thereof. The results indicated that the measurement scale is a valid and reliable measure in determining the arts festival’s contribution to both the arts forms. To determine the validity of the measurement scale pertaining to the performing arts and to the visual arts, an exploratory principal axis factor analysis with Oblimin rotation was conducted on the combined data of Innibos and Vryfees (n = 982). Bartlett's Test of Sphericity was p < 0.001 and the Kaiser-Meyer- Olkin test of sample adequacy rendered a value between 0 and 1, indicating that the sample sizes were adequate to conduct an exploratory factor analysis on the data of the performing arts (KMO = 0.958) and on the data of the visual arts (KMO = 0.972); all items of the performing arts (22 items) and of the visual arts (22 items) loaded on a factor with loadings greater than 0.2. The factor analysis on the performing arts data extracted five factors. Factor 1 (Quality and Education Contribution) was defined by 5 items with a Cronbach’s α-value of 0.867 and an interitem correlation mean of 0.568. Factor 2 (Growth and Development Contribution) was defined by 6 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.896; inter-item correlation = 0.594). Factor 3 (Emotional Contribution) was defined by 3 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.706; inter-item correlation = 0.440). Factor 4 (Economic Contribution) was defined by 4 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.824; inter-item correlation = 0.540). Factor 5 (Marketing Contribution) was defined by 4 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.866; inter-item correlation = 0.617). The factor analysis on the visual arts data extracted four factors. Factor 1 (Education and Growth and Development Contribution) was defined by 8 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.947; inter-item correlation = 0.690). Factor 2 (Economic and Quality Contribution) was defined by 7 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.920; inter-item correlation = 0.622). Factor 3 (Emotional Contribution) was defined by 3 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.828; inter-item correlation = 0.616). Factor 4 (Marketing Contribution) was defined by 4 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.905; inter-item correlation of 0.704). There were correlations between factors of the performing arts and between the factors of the visual arts, where all correlations were 0.3 and larger, supporting construct validity. Further validity of the measurement scale was determined by a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the performing arts data and on the visual arts data of KKNK (n = 602), where the path diagram confirmed the factor structures of both the performing arts and visual arts exploratory factor analyses, supporting criterion validity. CFA goodness-of-fit indexes were also used to determine whether the models fit with the data. The performing arts model and the visual arts model were found to have an adequate to good fit with the data of KKNK. The chi-square test of Independence (X2) for the performing arts rendered a value of p < 0.001 and for the visual arts was p < 0.001. The chi-square divided by the degrees of freedom (X2 / df) for the performing arts was 4.284 and for the visual arts was 4.9, the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) for the performing arts was 0.914 and for the visual arts was 0.931, and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) for the performing arts was 0.074 and for the visual arts was 0.079. To determine the reliability of the measurement scale, the Cronbach’s Alpha values and inter-item correlations between the factors were determined. All the factors of the performing arts rendered a high Cronbach’s Alpha value (greater than 0.7) and for the visual arts a value of 0.8. All the factors of the performing arts rendered a high interitem correlation value (greater than 0.4) and for the visual arts a value greater than 0.6. The final objective, to draw conclusions and make recommendations based on the results of the study, indicated that this study made a significant contribution to the literature and methodology of standardising a measurement scale and to the planning of arts festivals as it would lead to the development of arts festivals contributing to the arts more effectively and more efficiently. Future research on this topic should be conducted at other arts festivals, including Englishlanguage arts festivals, to enable comparative studies to be made and supporting the test-retest reliability theory on the standardised measurement scale. It is also recommended that the study should measure contribution to the arts by other arts-related organisations, for example, at museums, theatres, and galleries, by administering the standardised scale to measure the contribution they make to their specific arts form. It is important to standardise a measurement scale for arts contribution to better understand the contributing factors of the arts festival to the arts which will assist festival managers in implementing strategies that ensure the livelihood and ongoing contribution of arts festivals to the arts. / PhD (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The primary goal of the study was to standardise and validate a scale to measure the arts’ contribution of arts festivals. To achieve this goal, four objectives were formulated. First, to study arts’ contribution of arts festivals by defining, analysing and exploring related concepts through the provision of a detailed background and discussion on the topic by means of a literature review. Second, to study and select applicable explanatory theory that can be used to develop a standardised scale that measures the arts’ contribution of arts festivals by means of a second literature review. Third to determine the validity and reliability of the scale measuring the arts festival’s contribution to the performing arts and to the visual arts through an exploratory factor analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis. Lastly, to draw conclusions based on the research and make recommendations with regard to the standardisation and validation of the scale to measure the arts’ contribution of arts festivals. The first objective was achieved by conducting a literature study. The literature study on arts festivals and their contribution to the arts was explored by defining the term festival tourism; discussing aspects related to a festival (by defining a festival, explaining the festival’s relationship with culture and events, identifying the characteristics, types, benefits and potential problems associated with a festival, and identifying visitor motives for attending a festival); discussing aspects related to the term arts festival (by providing an overview of arts tourism, defining an arts festival, listing reasons for the establishment of an arts festival and discussing the arts present at arts festivals – through defining and classifying the arts); and identifying the contributions of an arts festival to the arts (by listing the types of contribution – educational, emotional, economic, quality, marketing, and growth and development – , discussing the purpose of contributing to the arts, listing perceptual differences of festival visitors regarding the contributions of an arts festival to the arts and discussing limitations of an arts festival to contribute to the arts). Achieving the second objective, the second literature study discussed the term survey (by defining a survey, identifying the types, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and merits of a survey and discussing the survey process); discussed the term standardisation (by defining standardisation and stating the purpose for the standardisation of a measurement scale); discussed the standardisation process (by outlining the different stages in the standardisation process – the planning phase, where the aim of the measure is specified, the content is defined and the test plan is developed; the item writing phase, includes the writing and review of items; assembling and pre-testing the experimental version of the measure, which includes the arrangements of the items, finalisation of the length, protocols for answering, development of administration instructions and pre-test of the experimental version of the measure; the item and data analysis phase consists of the determination of discriminating power, preliminary investigation into item bias and the establishment of validity and reliability; and revising the final version of the measure, which encompasses the revision of the items and test, the selection of items for the final version of the test, the refinement of administration instructions and score procedures and the administration of the final version of the test); and identified and discussed ethical considerations, foreseen problems, limitations and recommendations associated with conducting a survey and the standardisation of a measurement scale. The third objective was to determine the validity and reliability of the measurement scale. This objective was achieved by discussing the implementation phase of the measurement scale where attention was given to the survey design and sampling. A stratified random sampling method was used at three selected arts festivals in South Africa, the KKNK, Innibos and Vryfees, where a descriptive survey design was administered in the form of a measurement scale, such as a questionnaire. Research assistants were trained and the scale was administered in a consistent fashion which supports internal reliability. The same survey procedures were undertaken at all three arts festivals, supporting face validity and internal validity. Representative samples were collected at the three arts festivals, also supporting external validity. Attention was also given to the measurement scale design (where respondents could give their perceptions concerning the contributions made by the arts festival to the arts through the completion of the questionnaire – which was based on literature and contained the relevant information to collect problem specific information, supporting content validity and construct validity. The scale had also undergone the delphi-technique for expert advice, supporting face validity. Providing a summary of the data analysis procedure contributed to the achievement of this objective. The data collected from the measurement scale have been captured in Microsoft™ Excel™ and analysed using the statistical software program, SPSS. The data of the arts festivals contributing to the performing arts were analysed separately from the data of the festivals where they contribute to the visual arts. This was done to get a detailed data analysis for the standardisation of the measurement scale. The split of the data also contributed to the measurement scale being divided in two separate standardised scales in determining the arts festival’s contribution to a specific form of the arts; both the data of the performing arts and the data of the visual arts had undergone the same statistical procedure for data analysis in determining the validity and reliability thereof. The results indicated that the measurement scale is a valid and reliable measure in determining the arts festival’s contribution to both the arts forms. To determine the validity of the measurement scale pertaining to the performing arts and to the visual arts, an exploratory principal axis factor analysis with Oblimin rotation was conducted on the combined data of Innibos and Vryfees (n = 982). Bartlett's Test of Sphericity was p < 0.001 and the Kaiser-Meyer- Olkin test of sample adequacy rendered a value between 0 and 1, indicating that the sample sizes were adequate to conduct an exploratory factor analysis on the data of the performing arts (KMO = 0.958) and on the data of the visual arts (KMO = 0.972); all items of the performing arts (22 items) and of the visual arts (22 items) loaded on a factor with loadings greater than 0.2. The factor analysis on the performing arts data extracted five factors. Factor 1 (Quality and Education Contribution) was defined by 5 items with a Cronbach’s α-value of 0.867 and an interitem correlation mean of 0.568. Factor 2 (Growth and Development Contribution) was defined by 6 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.896; inter-item correlation = 0.594). Factor 3 (Emotional Contribution) was defined by 3 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.706; inter-item correlation = 0.440). Factor 4 (Economic Contribution) was defined by 4 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.824; inter-item correlation = 0.540). Factor 5 (Marketing Contribution) was defined by 4 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.866; inter-item correlation = 0.617). The factor analysis on the visual arts data extracted four factors. Factor 1 (Education and Growth and Development Contribution) was defined by 8 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.947; inter-item correlation = 0.690). Factor 2 (Economic and Quality Contribution) was defined by 7 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.920; inter-item correlation = 0.622). Factor 3 (Emotional Contribution) was defined by 3 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.828; inter-item correlation = 0.616). Factor 4 (Marketing Contribution) was defined by 4 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.905; inter-item correlation of 0.704). There were correlations between factors of the performing arts and between the factors of the visual arts, where all correlations were 0.3 and larger, supporting construct validity. Further validity of the measurement scale was determined by a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the performing arts data and on the visual arts data of KKNK (n = 602), where the path diagram confirmed the factor structures of both the performing arts and visual arts exploratory factor analyses, supporting criterion validity. CFA goodness-of-fit indexes were also used to determine whether the models fit with the data. The performing arts model and the visual arts model were found to have an adequate to good fit with the data of KKNK. The chi-square test of Independence (X2) for the performing arts rendered a value of p < 0.001 and for the visual arts was p < 0.001. The chi-square divided by the degrees of freedom (X2 / df) for the performing arts was 4.284 and for the visual arts was 4.9, the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) for the performing arts was 0.914 and for the visual arts was 0.931, and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) for the performing arts was 0.074 and for the visual arts was 0.079. To determine the reliability of the measurement scale, the Cronbach’s Alpha values and inter-item correlations between the factors were determined. All the factors of the performing arts rendered a high Cronbach’s Alpha value (greater than 0.7) and for the visual arts a value of 0.8. All the factors of the performing arts rendered a high interitem correlation value (greater than 0.4) and for the visual arts a value greater than 0.6. The final objective, to draw conclusions and make recommendations based on the results of the study, indicated that this study made a significant contribution to the literature and methodology of standardising a measurement scale and to the planning of arts festivals as it would lead to the development of arts festivals contributing to the arts more effectively and more efficiently. Future research on this topic should be conducted at other arts festivals, including Englishlanguage arts festivals, to enable comparative studies to be made and supporting the test-retest reliability theory on the standardised measurement scale. It is also recommended that the study should measure contribution to the arts by other arts-related organisations, for example, at museums, theatres, and galleries, by administering the standardised scale to measure the contribution they make to their specific arts form. It is important to standardise a measurement scale for arts contribution to better understand the contributing factors of the arts festival to the arts which will assist festival managers in implementing strategies that ensure the livelihood and ongoing contribution of arts festivals to the arts. / PhD (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

A study of Elite Salespeople (ES), those salespeople who maintain and sustain consistent high performance in the sales task was completed to discover and understand elite salesperson behavior. Analysis of participants' responses to structured depth interview questions led to the emergence of a construct called a Selling Orientation (SO). SO is made up of behaviors that guide salespeople to build, maintain, and monitor their personal credibility both with customers and industry members, as well as within the company. A number of field pre-tests were performed to derive a measurement scale for SO. This process was followed by a field survey that measured SO in a sales force. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to assess the validity of the measurement scale and results support internal consistency and construct validity of a short 9 item scale for SO. This study advances the understanding of sales performance related theory by illuminating attributes of ES's. Additionally, this study introduces the concept of a Selling Orientation that is associated with high sales performance and key account management. Finally, the study introduces a measurement scale useful in the study of salespeople's selling orientation.

Aim The thesis set out to examine validations of three observational pain assessment tools and establish nurses’ expectations of them and the factors that might influence them within intensive care unit (ICU) settings. Background The guidelines to pain assessment specific to ICU patients have been of great interest to health professionals over the last 20 years. Pain assessment remains a challenge for most ICU patients due to the difficulty of assessing pain with any precision. Evidence suggests that the Behavioural Pain Scale (BPS) and Critical- Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) have demonstrated sound psychometric properties. A review of the relevant literature highlighted the fact that no such studies have yet been conducted with a similar homogenous group in Asia. The Wong-Baker Face Pain Rating Scale (FPRS) is currently widely used for nonverbally communicating patients (NVCPs) with pain in ICU settings, and is even recommended for use with children. Valid assessment tools are required for effective pain assessment in ICU settings, particularly in patients who are experiencing communication difficulties. Design An embedded mixed methods design was employed to: 1) translate Chinese versions of BPS and CPOT, 2) test their validity and reliability of in comparison with FPRS, and 3) establish the nurses’ expectations about the three study scales when undertaking pain assessment by using semi-structured focus group interviews. Methods This thesis initially reviews the literature available to select the most appropriate scales for assessing pain in critically-ill NVCPs. The selected scales were then translated into a Traditional-Chinese version using established procedures for the Taiwanese context. Evaluations of the three pain scales were gathered using quantitative measures of pain scores in NVCPs experiencing painless/painful interventions. These were further compared with a few focus groups to establish the feasibility and utility of the three pain scales. The psychometric properties of the pain scales were assessed for reliability by using internal consistency and inter-rater agreement) and for validity by using content validity, concurrent validity, discriminant validity, and responsiveness. The validity was evaluated using ANOVA to compare the changes between the different procedures. The significance level was set at 0.05. As for the analysis of the qualitative data, this study typically follows the path of aggregating the words into themes of information and presenting the diversity of ideas gathered during the data collection. Results For the 2068 observations in 237 patients, there were no statistical differences between the characteristics of the BPS, CPOT, and FPRS groups. Validity was demonstrated by changes from baseline in the scores of the three groups, which were significantly higher during suction (p < 0.001). In regard to the result for the criterion validity, both BPS and CPOT had moderate positive correlations with FPRS. The internal consistency was excellent; the Cronbach’s α was 0.700 for BPS and 0.821 for CPOT when all items were included. The majority of nurses preferred to use BPS to assess pain in their clinical practice. When the nurses were asked how long they needed and how easy they found it to complete the assessments using these tools, they all agreed that each patient assessments were easier and took the least time when they used FRPS. However, the nurses considered that the most effective pain reaction during nociceptive procedures had been assessed by using BPS. Even though all of the participant nurses stated that CPOT provides a detailed item-description about pain behaviour, it also provided the biggest obstacle to use because of its ambiguous indicators. Conclusions BPS, CPOT and FRPS provide potentially useful measurement scales for assessing pain in ICU NVCPs. However, judging from the inconsistencies between the nurses’ replies, the results could reflect a conflict between the need to use a validated measure of pain for NVCPs on the one hand and managing a heavy workload in the ICU on the other. This study opens up an avenue for investigating further the link between the underlying conceptions of pain behaviour and the effectiveness of pain assessments in NVCPs when using an objective pain measurement.

Syftet med studien var att vid två mättillfällen, år 2012 och år 2014, undersöka hur tandhygienister och tandläkare i en region i södra Sverige upplevde sitt arbete och arbetsplats ur ett salutogent perspektiv samt om fysiska och psykiska krav påverkade hur nöjda de var med sitt arbete. För att undersöka de hälsofrämjande resurserna användes Work Experience Measurement Scale (WEMS). Totalt erbjöds 486 individer inom Folktandvården att delta i den webbaserade enkätstudien, ett konsekutivt urval där endast tandhygienister och tandläkare som svarade båda åren deltog i analysen (n=72). Resultatet rapporterade generellt höga värden i upplevelsen av arbete och arbetsplats. Statistisk signifikant skillnad i WEMS noterades med fler positiva svar år 2012 (p&lt;0,001). Det skilde mest i medel indexvärde i WEMS kategorin “ledarskap” (p&lt;0,013). En signifikant korrelation mellan positiva svar i WEMS och positiva svar gällande nöjdhet med arbetstillfredsställelse och arbetsmiljö. Över 80 % ansågs sig nöjda med arbetstillfredsställelse och arbetsmiljö i förhållande till fysiska och psykiska krav vid båda mättillfällena. Slutsats är att under en tvåårsperiod försämrades upplevelsen av arbete och arbetsplats bland tandhygienister och tandläkare i en region i Sverige. Majoriteten ansåg sig nöjda med förhållanden mellan arbetstillfredsställelse och arbetsmiljö och fysiska och psykiska krav. / The aim with this study was, at two occasions, year 2012 and 2014, examine how dental hygienist and dentist in a specific region in south of Sweden experience their work and workplace from a salutogenic approach, and if physical and psychological requirements effects their satisfaction with work. To systematically examine the health promoting resources at the workplace the Work Experience Measurement Scale (WEMS) was used. A total of 486 dental staff in public dentistry was invited to participate to the web based survey, a consecutive selection of dental hygienist and dentist who answered both year was selected to the data analysis (n=72). The result generally reported high values ​​in the experience of work and workplace. Statistically significant difference in WEMS was noted with more positive responses in 2012 (p&lt;0,001). The WEMS category with the most difference in mean was “leadership” (p&lt;0.013). A significant correlation between positive WEMS answers and positive answers concerning job satisfaction and working environment. Over 80 % considered themself satisfied in correlation to the physical and psychological requirements at their workplace. In conclusion, during a two year follow up, the experience of work and workplace deteriorated among dental hygienists and dentists in a region in Sweden. The majority felt satisfied with the relationships between job satisfaction and working environment with physical and psychological requirements.

Introduction : Le trouble de personnalité limite (TPL) entraîne des conséquences majeures sur le quotidien des personnes qui sont affectées par celui-ci. Une évaluation rigoureuse et fiable du fonctionnement au quotidien des personnes ayant un TPL est essentielle afin d’orienter adéquatement les services de réadaptation. Objectifs : Les objectifs de cette thèse sont de : 1) concevoir un outil de mesure du fonctionnement des personnes ayant un TPL ; 2) valider cet outil de mesure, en vérifiant sa cohérence interne, sa fidélité test-retest et sa validité de construit convergente. Méthode : La conception des dimensions du questionnaire et des échelles de mesure a été faite par une recension des écrits et des consultations auprès de 42 experts (personnes avec un TPL, cliniciens et chercheurs) à l’aide de différentes méthodes (groupes de discussion, méthode d’enquête Delphi). Un prétest qualitatif a été réalisé auprès de huit personnes présentant un TPL. Pour la fidélité test-retest, le nouveau questionnaire a été administré à deux reprises (intervalle de deux semaines), auprès de 36 adultes ayant un TPL. La validité de construit convergente a été obtenue en comparant les scores issus du questionnaire à ceux du World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0) et de l’Échelle d’évaluation globale du fonctionnement (EGF). Résultats : Le questionnaire autoadministré FAB (Fonctionnement Au quotidien pour le trouble de personnalité Borderline) comporte 38 items divisés en quatre domaines : les activités de base au quotidien, les activités dans la collectivité, les dimensions de l’environnement social et les dimensions internes de la personne. Chaque item est évalué selon deux échelles de cotation : 1) le mode de fonctionnement de la personne et 2) le degré de difficulté perçue. La cohérence interne du FAB est élevée (alpha de Cronbach = 0,88 pour l’échelle 1 et 0,82 pour l’échelle 2). Le FAB montre une fidélité test-retest de très bonne à excellente pour l’échelle 1 (ICC=0,92, IC 95% : 0,85-0,96) et pour l’échelle 2 (ICC=0,87, IC 95% : 0,75-0,93). Les deux échelles de cotation sont modérément corrélées à l’EGF (r=0,48; p=0,003 pour l’échelle 1 et r=0,41; p=0,013, pour l’échelle 2, respectivement) et sont fortement corrélées au WHODAS 2.0 (r=-0,70; p<0,001 pour les deux échelles). Conclusion : Le FAB est un nouveau questionnaire prometteur portant sur des dimensions fonctionnelles touchées par le TPL. Il pourra être un levier de discussion entre les personnes ayant un TPL et les cliniciens pour identifier les cibles prioritaires de changement dans leur fonctionnement quotidien. / Abstract: Introduction: Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) has a major impact on the daily lives of people affected by it. A rigorous and reliable assessment of the day-to-day functioning of people with BPD is essential to adequately guide rehabilitation services. Objectives: The main objectives of this project are to: 1) to design a tool for measuring the functioning of people with BPD; 2) validate this new measurement tool by verifying its internal consistency, test-retest reliability and convergent construct validity with tools measuring functioning. Methods: The development of the dimensions of the questionnaire and the measurement scale was done through a literature review and consultations with 42 experts (persons with BPD, clinicians and researchers) through various methods (focus groups, Delphi survey). A qualitative pre-test was carried out with eight persons with BPD in order to verify the intelligibility of the questionnaire. For test-retest reliability, the new questionnaire was administered twice, with a two-week interval, to 36 adults with BPD. The convergent construct validity was obtained by comparing the scores from the 36 participants with those obtained from the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0) and the Global Functioning Assessment Scale (GAF), a tool completed by a psychiatrist. Results: The FAB self-administered questionnaire consists of 38 items divided into four areas: basic day-to-day activities, community-based activities, dimensions of the social environment, and internal dimensions of the person. Each item is assessed according to two rating scales: 1) the person's mode of functioning and its impact on health and well-being; 2) the degree of difficulty perceived. The FAB’s internal consistency was high (Cronbach’s alpha of 0.88 for scale 1 and 0.82 for scale 2). The FAB demonstrated very good to excellent test-retest reliability (ICC=0.92, 95% CI: 0.85-0.96). Both scales were moderately correlated with the GAF (r=0.48, p=0.003 and r=0.41, p=0.013) and strongly correlated with the WHODAS 2.0 (r=-0.70, p<0.001 for both scales). Conclusion: The FAB is a promising new questionnaire addressing functional dimensions affected by BPD. It can serve as a trigger for more in-depth discussion between persons with BPD and clinicians to identify targets for change in their daily functioning.

A major focus of many U.S. higher-education institutions is to increase internationalization of their campus through, in part, the promotion of study abroad experiences among domestic students and to recruit and retain international students to their institution. This study explored the effects of certain factors on various domains of the Global Engagement Measurement Scale (GEMS) – Cultural Engagement, Ambiguity Tolerance, Knowledge of Host Site, and Diversity Openness – among U.S. students who have studied abroad and international exchange students who have studied in the U.S. There was a particular focus, on determining whether U.S. study abroad students, compared to international students, rate differently on GEMS scales, after controlling for other possible confounding variables. Participants were recruited from three Southeastern, public, 4-year universities and were eligible if they were enrolled at any of those universities in the last five years. A hierarchical regression analysis revealed several factors significantly affected each of the various outcomes on the GEMS. Cultural Engagement and Ambiguity Tolerance were both predicted by the institution of study and the type of student (U.S. study abroad versus international exchange). Knowledge of Host Site was predicted by whether or not the trip was government sponsored, pre-trip familiarity with the host culture, and type of student. The overall regression model for Diversity Openness was not significant. These results provide insights into key factors that affect the overall global engagement of college students and can be used to inform university faculty and staff about features they can add to improve campus internationalization efforts.

Cette recherche propose de déployer le concept de fétichisme afin d’étudier des rapports d’ordre magique entre les consommateurs et les produits dans le contexte de la consommation contemporaine. Le fétichisme du produit est conceptualisé comme un construit multi-dimensionnel, mettant en exergue l’attribution d’une aura et d’un pouvoir extraordinaire au produit. Elle explore le mécanisme pouvant mener un consommateur exposé à une publicité exagérée à développer à terme un rapport fétichiste au produit annoncé. Pour ce faire, cette recherche propose une conceptualisation et un instrument de mesure du fétichisme dans le contexte de la consommation contemporaine en se fondant sur une étude qualitative et deux études visant à la construction d’une échelle de mesure valide et fiable de ce construit. Une survey est menée afin de montrer que le fétichisme du produit découle d’une attente transformationnelle vis-à-vis du produit. Enfin, une expérimentation est mise en œuvre pour mettre en évidence l’influence de la mobilisation d’un slogan exagéré dans une annonce publicitaire sur le développement d’attentes transformationnelles chez le consommateur. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que l’usage d’un slogan exagéré dans une publicité a bien une influence sur les attentes transformationnelles vis-à-vis du produit dans le cas où la publicité est associée à une marque inconnue. Pour une marque connue, un slogan factuel est plus à même de susciter des attentes transformationnelles vis-à-vis du produit présenté dans la publicité et donc potentiellement un rapport fétichiste au produit. / This research studies the concept of fetishism as a magical relationship to products in the context of contemporary consumption. Fetishism is conceptualized as a multi-dimensional construct underlining the attribution of an aura and magical powers to a product. This research explores the way consumers develop fetishist relationships to products through exposure to puffed ads. To do this, this research introduces a conceptualization and a scale of fetishism in the context of contemporary consumption by conducting a qualitative exploratory study as well as two scale development studies. We also carry out a survey to show how product fetishism stems from transformation expectations about the product. Finally, we conduct an experiment to demonstrate the way a magical puffed claim in an ad influences the emergence of transformation expectations for the consumer. The results show that magical puffed claims positively influence transformation expectations only if the advertised brand is unknown by the respondent. The results also suggest that a known brand rather provoke transformation expectations through factual claims.

The aim of this thesis was to develop and make a quality assessment of a tool, which includes a questionnaire and a dialogue process that could be useful for workplace health promotion from a salutogenic point of view. The studies have been performed within two health care organizations between 2005 and 2009, together with hospital staff. Two questionnaire studies were conducted (n=446 n=505, respectively). A focus group interview study was performed (n=78), and meetings were held in an action research process for applying a questionnaire process at two wards (n=69). The result shows a development process for a multi-dimensional questionnaire, the Work Experience Measurement Scale (WEMS), which can be used to measure work experiences from a salutogenic perspective. WEMS was shown to be a functional workplace health promotion questionnaire with the ability to discriminate between groups. Its psychometric properties support its applicability in health care settings and offer a possibility to measure trends over time regarding employees´ work experiences. A dialogue structure for progress in the questionnaire process is presented. It describes what to precede and how to proceed through a workplace questionnaire process to foster applicability, meaningfulness, and sustainability. Through WEMS, the outcome of work-related Specific Enhancing Resources (SER) may be highlighted and strengthened in workplace activities. When used as a dialogue tool in a continuous questionnaire process, WEMS has the potential of being a useful assessment tool in workplace health promotion. Such a dialogue tool is useful in discussions and tangible for the work of enhancing positive human capabilities and resources (SER) that improve work performance.

La complexité du traitement oncologique a amélioré les taux de survie des adolescents ayant le cancer mais a également augmenté leur souffrance. Le but de la présente étude était d'élaborer une échelle pour mesurer la souffrance chez cette population. À partir d’entrevues semi-structurées auprès de 19 adolescents et 16 experts, un pool d’items associés à la souffrance a été créé. Les items ont été présentés à un panel de neuf experts pour déterminer leur validité de contenu. Les analyses ont montré une validité de contenu élevée de l’échelle par l’indice de validité de contenu de 0,98 associé à un accord inter-juges de 0,88. La majorité des items étaient considérés faciles à comprendre et à y répondre. L’Échelle de Souffrance des Adolescents ayant le cancer (ESAC) est de type likert à quatre choix de réponses. Elle comprend 41 items portant sur la souffrance physique, psychologique, sociale, spirituelle, cognitive et globale. / The complexity of cancer treatment has improved the survival rates among adolescents with cancer but has also increased their suffering. The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to measure suffering in this population. A pool of items associated with suffering was created after analysing the verbatim of semi-structured interviews conducted with 19 patients and 16 experts. The items were then presented to nine experts to determine their content validity. The analysis showed a high content validity of the scale with a content validity index (CVI) of 0.98 associated with an interrater agreement (IRA) of 0.88. The majority of the items were considered easy to understand and answer. The scale, called the “Suffering Scale of Adolescents with Cancer” (SSAC), is a likert type scale with four answer choices. It comprises 41 items about physical, psychological, social, spiritual, cognitive and global suffering.