Illness is the painful and uncomfortable body state. It would endanger the healthy and even determine the life. People who were attack by disease could not perform in the role of socialization, and they would become the encumbrance of the healthy people. Therefore people develop the strategy which is research the medical therapy for counteract disease. After time the medical therapy get progress and become the medical system. The arrangement of medical resources, organization of medical supply and service, and efficiently medical management are the important fundamental elements of the medical system. According to protect public interest and constitutional right of people, the nation should administrate the medical system because of it is related to maintenance of social order, improvement of people health and life. The nation administrate medical matters by authorize medical self-administration, legislative administration, Executive administration and justice administration, in consideration of the medical professional self control deficiency. When there is coincidence between the administrative methods or means that is dealt with the principles as fallow: ¡§neb is in idem¡¨ , ¡§give a heavier punishment¡¨ or the criminal penalty is superior. The methods of remedy include the amendment, the referendum, administrative appeal, administrative produce, asking for state liability, the inner approach of medical autonomy. This study focus on nation administrate the medical system and the research scope involve: the medical worker; the medical institute (the hospital), the publish health (the control of infectious diseases, e.g. SARS ) , the medical advertisement and the medical waste material. The purpose of this study is which clarify and find out the advantage and disadvantage of the national administration of medical system through analysis overall the administration of medical system at present.

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Many Thai scholars are skeptical that Thai medical doctors can utilize knowledge and skills in Thailand from experience acquired when they study abroad, due to cultural differences, including a hierarchical culture that places importance on seniority and can prevent medical doctors seeking to actualize those new skills when they return to work in Thailand. Despite growing interest in and study of globalization, there are few existing studies that explore the relationship between social and individual consequences of formal study abroad programs. Nor are there many studies that apply sociological theory on the professions to less developed countries, or that focus on the relationship between power and culture in medical education in Thailand. This thesis will explore these topics by first reviewing and discussing three main bodies of sociological literature on medical professionalization, educational institutions, and study abroad. Given the gaps in the literature, it proposes a comparative study that relies on in-depth interviews with two groups of Thai medical doctors: those who have studied abroad and those who have not. The comparative design will allow the researcher to gain leverage on the consequences of study abroad to individual career trajectories, as well as the broader healthcare system, and contributes to the building of new sociological theory. Despite the many challenges that Thai doctors who go abroad face in adapting and actualizing new skills, I hypothesize that study abroad alters Thailand’s social hierarchy through the creation of a new class of “international doctors,” endowed with new skills, knowledge and cultural capital. While the benefits of belonging to this elite class may not be manifested immediately, due to the seniority system, they become apparent over time.

L'objet de la présente étude est de déterminer quelle place était accordée à la pratique de la médecine et aux professionnels de santé dans les cours princières occidentales du bas Moyen Age, à travers l'exemple de la cour des ducs de Bourgogne Valois, de l'avènement de Philippe Hardi en 1363 à la mort de Marie de Bourgogne en 1482. Dans une première partie sont identifiées les différentes professions médicales représentées à la cour de Bourgogne : physiciens ou médecins, chirurgiens, barbiers, épiciers-apothicaires et sages-femme, ainsi que leurs différentes voies d'accès à la cour ducale. Ces spécialistes se distinguent par la formation qu'ils ont reçue et par leurs compétences particulières qui, réunies, leurs permettent de former une équipe soignante polyvalente. L"organisation de celle-ci au sein de l'hôtel ducal et ses limites seront abordées dans une deuxième partie. Ce personnel médical, gravitant au plus près de la famille ducale, bénéficie de revenus et privilèges notables, afférents à la place qui leur est attribuée à la cour. La troisième partie de cette thèse est consacrée à la pratique médicale proprement dite : les différentes étapes de la prise en charge du patient, nommée "collatio", sont détaillées. Elles visent à établir le diagnostic. Les divers procédés permettant de rétablir l'équilibre humoral sont ensuite décrits : ils prennent la forme, en préventif, de conseils d'hygiène de vie ; en curatif, de traitements physiques et psychologiques, médicamenteux et chirurgicaux. Le rôle fondamental de praticiens de santé au moment des naissances et décès princiers constituent les dernières analyses de ces travaux; Fondés sur un dépouillement de sources comptables essentiellement, mais aussi normatives, didactiques et narratives, ils sont accompagnés d'un catalogue prosopographique reprenant la biographique de chacun des praticiens ayant fréquenté la cour de Bourgogne au cours de la période considérée. / The purpose of this study is to determine what place was given to the practice of medicine ans health professionals in Western princely courts of the late Middle Ages, through the example of the court of dukes of Burgundy Valois, from the accession of Philip the Bold in 1363 to the death of Mary Burgundy in 1482. In the first part are identified the various medical professions represented at the court of Burgundy : physicians, surgeons, barbers, apothecaries ans midwives, and their different access to the ducal court. These spécialists are distinguished by their training and their special sdills which, combined allows them to form e versatile healthcare team. The organization of the latter in the "hôtel", and limitations, will be addressed in the second part. This gravitating medical personnel closer to the ducal family gains income and notable privileges relating to the place assigned to them in court. The third part of this dissetation is devoted to the actual medical practice : the different stages of the parient's care are detailed, namely the collective consultation, to estavlish the diagnosis. The various methods to restore humoral balance are then desceibed : lifestyle advices for the prenventive aspect ; and physical, psychological, medical and surgical treatments for the curative one. The fundamental role of health practitoners at the time of princely births and deaths constitute the latest analysis of this work. Based mainly on accounting sources, but also normative, didactic and narrative, they are accompanied by a prosopographic catalog gathering the biography of each practitioner who attended the court of Burfundy during the period.

Establishment of Chaplaincy Service at the Hospital in Cheb This thesis describes the process of implementation of the hospital chaplain service in a hospital in Cheb, including a description of the obstacles and problems related to organizational culture change in this medical device. The aim of launching this new service was to contribute in improving the quality of services through complementing existing health services with the spiritual dimension of patient care. In the theoretical part the thesis focuses on knowledge about ecumenically-scale pastoral work of the hospital chaplains in the specific environment of hospitals. These findings are derived from publicly available sources - from secondary sources, or from websites. The practical part of the thesis describes the sequential steps that have been made in the implementation of chaplaincy services in Cheb hospital. The practical part contains interview with a professional chaplain, an experienced priest and nurses of Cheb hospital and a subsequent analysis of these interviews. Processed outputs of the interviews were then applied in the process of individualization of services according to the specific needs of this hospital. In this part also the state of new services a month after its launch had been evaluated. In the conclusion of the...