In the context of this work, a computer program is developed for the simulation of the interference fringe patterns of laboratory-scale pool-fires of organic fuels. With the help of this simulation tool, the formation as well as the dynamics of typical structural components in the interference fringe patterns in the flame neck and the flame plume are modelled. A model conception for the formation of the interference fringe patterns in the flame plume is developed. The temperature field is modelled as a relatively cold convection column, into which a large amount of statistically distributed hot volume elements with gaussian temperature distribution is inserted. The simulation with this model conception shows the typical structure of the measured interference fringe patterns in the flame plume with good congruence. The physical meaning of the velocity of the interference fringe pattern shift within the areas of the flame neck and the flame plume is examined. It is shown in particular that the temporally averaged shifting velocity in vertical direction in the flame neck can be identified as a temporally averaged ascent rate of the flame gases within the region of the thermal boundary layer. For the flame plume, the shifting velocity can be interpreted as a flow velocity averaged over time and the line of sight.

Can UN conflict management be effective in African civil wars? In order to answer this question, the study chooses the Global Governance approach as a frame of reference and applies it to peace and conflict research. A short historical excursion considers the role of the United Nations in the Congo conflict (1960-1964) and in southern Africa. Five case studies form the empirical core of the thesis: Namibia, Angola, Mozambique, Somalia and Rwanda. The thesis compares the experiences of the 1990's and discusses current proposals on the reform of UN peace operations (e.g. the Brahimi Report).

In examine the photocycloadditions of the title compounds the following questions are of interest: 1. Aside of [2+2]-cycloadditions to the C(2)=C(3) bonds, can any cycloaddition occur to the benzoid ring? 2. Which factors govern the regio- and stereoselectivity? Irradiation of either benzo[b]pyrrole-, -furane- or -thiophene-2-carboxylates in the presence of 2-morpholinopropennitril in cyclohexane leads, in a highly regioselective reaction, to [2+2] photoadducts. The regioselectivity seems to follow the formation of the most stable intermediate 1,4-biradicals. No photocycloadditions of the title alkene have been observed with 4-acceptor substituted benzo[b]pyrroles.

This paper is the product of a research and development project for an alternative system for the seaworthy lashing of containers on ocean-going vessels jointly drawn up by terminal operators, stevedore companies, shipping companies, shipbuilders and chandlers, a classification society and scientific institutions, working together in a co-operation community. The development project was conducted over the period from 1988 - 1996 and was temporarily sponsored by the Federal Ministry for Research and Technology and the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. Within the framework of this project, in addition to acting as general overall manager the author was responsible for economic and social questions with especial emphasis being placed on aspects relating to labour science. This paper presents the development project as an example of the use of innovative procedures in the field of labour science in a real economic-technical area of activity. Both the procedure for developing and evaluating a technological and l labour-organisational solution intended for implementation by the economic actors involved and the method of presentation in this paper are characterised by the particular conditions imposed by the fact that all the specialists in the fields of labour science, microeconomics and engineering were given equal status with the aim of achieving a joint project objective. Hitherto, container handling has been ignored by the social sciences; to this extent the work was pioneering in its nature. As far as we know, there are no ergonomic studies available on this field. The area of container lashing is therefore presented in a relatively comprehensive way from various specialist viewpoints, supported by multimedia elements. In order to obtain design criteria for a new lashing system, first of all a detailed ergonomic record of the actual situation in container lashing was made, particular importance being attached to the participation of the lashers themselves in determining the specific problem areas of their work and in drawing up the target criteria. A lashing system was developed which fulfils the following criteria, among others: improvement of the work processes flexibility of container lashing increase in system safety simplification of container handling reduction of handling costs increase in productivity The VACU-Lashing-System comprises technological and organisational solutions which are suitable for container handling on container ships of all standard sizes and can in principle be used on all container terminals world-wide. The individual system solutions were subjected to a comprehensive technical, microeconomic and ergonomic evaluation. The Hamburg Solution developed was tested on a container vessel on a Mediterranean voyage as well as on several European container terminals, with the involvement of the lashers. The lashing solutions have been modified in line with the results of the evaluation, particular attention being devoted to the experience gained by the lashers, and then developed to the point of readiness for marketing. The evaluation showed that the new lashing system is technically feasible, leads to improvements in the working conditions of the seamen and lashers, ensures the security of the cargo, makes it possible to increase the capacity of container ships and improves handling speed. The extended calculation of economic efficiency showed that taking all economic, technical and ergonomic criteria into account, the introduction of VACU-Lashing-Solutions is realistic, makes a real difference and is to be recommended.

In the beginnings, Protestant theology was very hostile to all kinds of metaphysics. Theology and Aristotelian philosophy excluded themselves each other. During the later 16th and the early 17th century the attitude towards philosophy and even metaphysics changed. It appeared impossible to teach theology without discussing metaphysical questions. Thus Aristotelian metaphysics returned to the protestant universities and colleges. At the little university of Duisburg Johannes Clauberg, under the influence of Nederland cartesianism and covenant theology, started an new philosophical approach to theology which fitted in very well with the tolerant church regiment of prince of this region, the duke Elector of Brandenburg.

Algal alginates are of great importance for industrial applications. Since their properties depend on the kind of algae and the time of harvesting, supply problems caused price fluctuations. Hence, current research focuses on alternative alginate sources. Back in the 60s, exopolysaccharides similar to algal alginates were found. They were produced by mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains which embed themselves in a slime matrix containing bacterial alginates. The focus of this thesis was a comparisons of the physico-chemical properties of bacterial and algal alginates. The main results of the performed investigations are as follows: a) both substances aggregate in highly diluted solutions, b) bacterial alginates have a bigger molar mass than algal alginates, c) their mean squared radii of gyration are bigger than those of algal alginates, d) the second osmotic virial coefficients of these systems are negative and temperature dependent, e) acetylation of alginates support the aggregation, f) bacterial alginate do not gel analog to the egg box mechanism.

The filtration efficiency of fibrous filters shows in the submicron particle regime a bold reduction. The reason for this behavior is the transition from interceptional to diffusional particle capture. Particle size dependent filtration mechanisms cause a minimum in filtration efficiency at particle sizes about 0,2 micrometer. Previous investigations have shown that a reduction of particle penetration, i. e. enhancement of filtration efficiency due to variation of the filterstructure (diameter of fibres, packing density, depth of filterlayer) results in a higher resistance to flow and causes a higher pressure drop. Another way to improve filtration efficiency without changing the filter structure is the use of additional electric particle capture mechanisms. The main advantage is the higher filtration efficiency without increasing the pressure drop. Today electric particle capture mechanisms are mainly applied in electret filters, which consist of electric inhomogeneous charged fibres. However, the fibres of electret filters loose their charge with time and particle loading. The electric field inside the filter layer will be neutralized so that filtration efficiency decreases. To avoid this disadvantage a new type of filter can be used, in which dielectric fibres become polarized by an external electric field. This field maintains an inhomogeneous electric field inside the filter layer. Aim of this thesis is the development of a new filter, which will be optimized for filtration efficiency without increased pressure drop in conjunction with external electric fields. The new filter will be produced with alternating thin translucent conducting layers and filterlayers of dielectric fibres. In that way it will be possible to obtain strong electric fields at low applied voltages inside the filter layers. The applied voltage should be in the range of 220V. The flow direction is perpendicular to the layers and parallel to the direction of the electric field.

During the electronic excitation of 4-halo-1-acylnaphthalenes in the presence of a-cyanoenamines one could not only observe the typical cycloaddition, but also substitution of the halogen through C-3 of the cyanoenamine in a high degree. The photoreaction of halogenated 1-acetonaphthones as well as 1-methyl naphthoates with a-cyanoenamines resulted as a rule in two substitution products and regioselective in two "head/tail" 1,2-cycloadducts. One exception is 4-chloro-methyl-1-naphthoate with an additional "head/head"-adduct. The main product in all explored reactions is the E-substitutionproduct. The halogen substituent has an influences on the reaction pathway; 4-bromoacylnaphthalenes show much higher yields of substitutionproduct, which is due to the lower dissociation energy of the C-Br bond. As expected the halogenated methylketones show higher reactivity than the methyl ester. The methylketones prefer 1,2-Cycloadducts with donor-anti and the esters with donor-syn orientation. There is every reason to be ieve that the reaction mechanism for the formation of the substitution products is based on an electron transfer from the olefin to the triplet excited aromatic compound.

Ueber 50 Jahre nach dem Ende der nationalsozialistischen Diktatur in Deutschland ist dieses Kapitel der Vergangenheit in vielen Kirchengemeinden noch relativ unbearbeitet. Es gibt zwar eine ganze Reihe von Veroeffentlichungen ueber Gemeinden, die treu auf der Seite der Bekennenden Kirche gestanden haben, aber die Gemeinden mit deutschchristlicher Praegung und gleichermassen die, die sich eher neutral verhielten, waren durchweg froh, als nach Kriegsende das große Schweigen einsetzte. Das gilt auch fuer die Ev. Kirchengemeinde Oberhausen I. Ein Beitrag über die Gemeinde im Gemeindebuch des Kirchenkreises an der Ruhr von 1952 zeigt das recht deutlich. In dem dort abgedruckten historischen Rueckblick fanden die Jahre 1933-1945 nur Beruecksichtigung, soweit es sich um Kriegsschaeden an Gebaeuden und zu beklagende Opfer handelte. Die kirchenpolitischen Auseinandersetzungen der damaligen Zeit wurden ueberhaupt nicht thematisiert. Wenn man jedoch zwischen den Zeilen liest, so wird deutlich, daß derartige Auseinandersetzungen auch hier stattfanden.

Mit der Formel von der Polarisierung der Städte wurde zunächst ein Prozeß beschrieben,der in den entwickelten kapitalistischen Ländern in den 1980er Jahren mit dem Ausein-anderdriften der Perspektiven der Wirtschafts- und Beschäftigungsentwicklung städti-scher Agglomerationen im nationalen Wirtschaftsraum begann (Für die BRD vgl. Krum-macher,Rommelspacher et al., 1985). Auslöser waren Prozeß- und Produktinnovationen n der Ökonomie. Diese wurden insbesondere aufgrund der breiten Durchsetzung von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien möglich, und verknüpften sich mit drei weiteren Tendenzen: Der Internationalisierung von Produktion und Kapitalverwertung, der Flexibilisierung von Produktion und Arbeitsmarkt sowie der damit einhergehenden Polarisierung von Beschäftigungsstrukturen. Im Kontext dieser Entwicklungen verscho-ben sich die Zentren des ökonomischen Wachstums national und global. Dabei wurden ehemals bedeutende Industriegebiete - in der BRD etwa das Ruhrgebiet und die Schiff-bauregionen - von De-Industrialisierung betroffen, während andere Räume vom Wachs-tum bei produktionsorientierten Dienstleistungen und der Entwicklung und Produktion von High-Tech-Artikeln profitierten. Diese räumlichen Umstrukturierungsprozesse wa-ren weltweit zu beobachten. In der BRD wurden sie als Süd-Nord-Gefälle diskutiert (vgl. Friedrichs 1986), in den USA als Sun- und Rustbelt, und in Großbritannien wurde der Gegensatz zwischen den niedergehenden Industrieregionen der Mitte und des Nordens und den prosperierenden Dienstleistungsregionen im Südosten als Wiederaufleben der Spaltung in die two nations" der Industrialisierungsphase kommentiert.