O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, por meio das radiografias panorâmicas, o comportamento longitudinal da inclinação axial mesiodistal dos molares superiores decorridos cinco anos após o tratamento realizado com o aparelho Pendulum seguido de aparelhagem ortodôntica fixa e comparar os resultados com os valores médios normais. A amostra consistiu de 20 pacientes (14 do gênero feminino e 6, do masculino) com má oclusão de Classe II tratada por meio da distalização dos molares superiores. A média da idade, ao início do tratamento (T1), foi de 14,27 ± 1,62 anos, ao final do tratamento (T2), 18,59 ± 1,82 anos, e, cinco anos pós-tratamento (T3), 23,77 ± 2,04 anos. A média do tempo de tratamento foi de 4,36 ± 0,79 anos e de avaliação pós-tratamento foi de 5,18 ± 1,14 anos. Como grupo controle, utilizou-se os valores angulares médios normais de molares superiores obtidos por Ursi (1989), sendo que essa obtenção partiu de radiografias panorâmicas de indivíduos com oclusão normal apresentando idades entre 12 e 17 anos. Para a análise estatística, utilizaram-se os traçados das radiografias panorâmicas nas 3 fases (T1, T2 e T3). Os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste ANOVA dependente seguido do teste de Tukey. As médias das inclinações axiais mesiodistais nas fases T1, T2 e T3 foram comparadas com os valores médios normais pelo teste t independente. Os resultados apontaram que os primeiros molares superiores, ao término do tratamento ortodôntico, estavam mais inclinados para a distal, porém, cinco anos após, tenderam a verticalizarem-se naturalmente, voltando a ocupar uma posição próxima ao inicial. Quando comparados com os valores normais, somente o primeiro molar superior esquerdo apresentou, no período T2, valor estatisticamente significante diferente do normal. Os valores correspondentes para os segundos molares superiores não apresentaram estatisticamente significantes quando comparados entre si, nem quando comparados com os valores normais. O tratamento com o Pendulum seguido de aparelhagem ortodôntica fixa promove uma inclinação das coroas dos molares para a distal, tendendo esses dentes, entretanto, no longo tempo pós-tratamento, a verticalizarem-se. / The objective of this study was to evaluate, through panoramic radiographs, the longitudinal conduct of mesiodistal inclination in maxillary molars five years after the treatment performed with the Pendulum device followed by fixed appliance and compare the results with normal mean values. The sample consisted of 20 patients (14 female and 6 male) with Class II malocclusion treated with molar distalization. The average age at pretreatment (T1) was 14.27 ± 1.62 years, at posttreatment (T2), 18.59 ± 1.82 years and at the long-term posttreatment (T3) 23.77 ± 2.04 years. The average length of time of the treatment was 4.36 ± 0.79 years and the evaluation of the long-term posttreatment was 5.18 ± 1.14 years. As a control, it was used the normal mean angular values of molar obtained by Ursi (1989), and this achievement came from panoramic radiographs of subjects with normal occlusion ranging in age from 12 to 17 years. Panoramic radiographs were taken for statistic analysis in all 3 stages (T1, T2, T3). The obtained data were statistically analysed through ANOVA Test dependent followed by Tukey test. The mean mesiodistal axial inclinations stages T1, T2, T3 were compared with normal mean values by the independent t test. The results showed that the first molars were more inclined to distal at posttreatment but five years later they tended to upright naturally, occupying the previous position, close to the original. When compared with normal values, only the left first maxillary molar showed in T2 a statistically different value to the normal. The correspondent values for the second maxillary molars did not show to be statistically significant when compared with each other, nor when compared with normal values. The treatment with the Pendulum, together with the orthodontic appliance, fosters an inclination of the molars to the distal, but tends to upright in the long-term posttreatment.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, por meio das radiografias panorâmicas, o comportamento longitudinal da inclinação axial mesiodistal dos molares superiores decorridos cinco anos após o tratamento realizado com o aparelho Pendulum seguido de aparelhagem ortodôntica fixa e comparar os resultados com os valores médios normais. A amostra consistiu de 20 pacientes (14 do gênero feminino e 6, do masculino) com má oclusão de Classe II tratada por meio da distalização dos molares superiores. A média da idade, ao início do tratamento (T1), foi de 14,27 ± 1,62 anos, ao final do tratamento (T2), 18,59 ± 1,82 anos, e, cinco anos pós-tratamento (T3), 23,77 ± 2,04 anos. A média do tempo de tratamento foi de 4,36 ± 0,79 anos e de avaliação pós-tratamento foi de 5,18 ± 1,14 anos. Como grupo controle, utilizou-se os valores angulares médios normais de molares superiores obtidos por Ursi (1989), sendo que essa obtenção partiu de radiografias panorâmicas de indivíduos com oclusão normal apresentando idades entre 12 e 17 anos. Para a análise estatística, utilizaram-se os traçados das radiografias panorâmicas nas 3 fases (T1, T2 e T3). Os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste ANOVA dependente seguido do teste de Tukey. As médias das inclinações axiais mesiodistais nas fases T1, T2 e T3 foram comparadas com os valores médios normais pelo teste t independente. Os resultados apontaram que os primeiros molares superiores, ao término do tratamento ortodôntico, estavam mais inclinados para a distal, porém, cinco anos após, tenderam a verticalizarem-se naturalmente, voltando a ocupar uma posição próxima ao inicial. Quando comparados com os valores normais, somente o primeiro molar superior esquerdo apresentou, no período T2, valor estatisticamente significante diferente do normal. Os valores correspondentes para os segundos molares superiores não apresentaram estatisticamente significantes quando comparados entre si, nem quando comparados com os valores normais. O tratamento com o Pendulum seguido de aparelhagem ortodôntica fixa promove uma inclinação das coroas dos molares para a distal, tendendo esses dentes, entretanto, no longo tempo pós-tratamento, a verticalizarem-se. / The objective of this study was to evaluate, through panoramic radiographs, the longitudinal conduct of mesiodistal inclination in maxillary molars five years after the treatment performed with the Pendulum device followed by fixed appliance and compare the results with normal mean values. The sample consisted of 20 patients (14 female and 6 male) with Class II malocclusion treated with molar distalization. The average age at pretreatment (T1) was 14.27 ± 1.62 years, at posttreatment (T2), 18.59 ± 1.82 years and at the long-term posttreatment (T3) 23.77 ± 2.04 years. The average length of time of the treatment was 4.36 ± 0.79 years and the evaluation of the long-term posttreatment was 5.18 ± 1.14 years. As a control, it was used the normal mean angular values of molar obtained by Ursi (1989), and this achievement came from panoramic radiographs of subjects with normal occlusion ranging in age from 12 to 17 years. Panoramic radiographs were taken for statistic analysis in all 3 stages (T1, T2, T3). The obtained data were statistically analysed through ANOVA Test dependent followed by Tukey test. The mean mesiodistal axial inclinations stages T1, T2, T3 were compared with normal mean values by the independent t test. The results showed that the first molars were more inclined to distal at posttreatment but five years later they tended to upright naturally, occupying the previous position, close to the original. When compared with normal values, only the left first maxillary molar showed in T2 a statistically different value to the normal. The correspondent values for the second maxillary molars did not show to be statistically significant when compared with each other, nor when compared with normal values. The treatment with the Pendulum, together with the orthodontic appliance, fosters an inclination of the molars to the distal, but tends to upright in the long-term posttreatment.

Objective: To associate mesiodistal inclination of the second molar with the presence of premature / retrusive contact points contact in patients that would lose the first permanent molar in the UPC clinic in February 2011- March 2013 Methods: The study was observational, descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective. The sample was formed for panoramic radiographs of 196 patients (15-60 years) who had unilateral o bilateral loss of upper or lower first molar. The characteristics of loss unilateral and bilateral upper and lower loss were evaluated to in order analyze the mesiodistal of second molars with the software ImageJ® and then it was associated with contact points, premature or retrusive. Results: The mesiodistal inclination of second molars in the maxilla was 100% of the mild type (0-29.9°) for second mandibular molars was moderate rate (30 ° - 59.9 °) by 87%. Between 40 and 60% of patients have the contact point of premature / retrusive affected by the loss of the first molar area however, no statistically significant association with the mesiodistal inclination of second molars. Conclusions: The 100% of individuals with loss of first upper molars unilateral or bilateral presented slight inclination. The 90% of individuals presented a retrusive contact point. The inclination of the second permanent molar loss of the first permanent molar, no statistically significant association with points of contact in the affected area. / Objetivo: asociar la inclinación mesiodistal de la segunda molar con puntos de contacto prematuro/retrusivo en pacientes con pérdida de la primera molar permanente de la clínica docente UPC durante el periodo febrero 2011 y abril 2013. Métodos: el estudio fue de tipo observacional, descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo. La muestra estuvo conformada por radiografías panorámicas de 196 pacientes (edad 15- 60 años) que tenían pérdida unilateral o bilateral de primera molar superior o inferior. Se evaluaron las características de pérdida unilateral y bilateral superior e inferior para luego analizar el eje mesiodistal de segundas molares con el software ImageJ®. Posteriormente, se relacionó con puntos de contacto, prematuro o retrusivo. Resultados: la inclinación mesiodistal de segundas molares en el maxilar superior fue 100% del tipo leve (0° - 29.9°) y para segundas molares mandibulares fue del tipo moderada (30° - 59.9°) en un 87%. Entre el 40 y 60% de pacientes presenta el punto de contacto prematuro / retrusivo en la zona afectada por la pérdida de la primera molar sin embargo, no tiene asociación estadísticamente significante con la inclinación mesiodistal de segundas molares. Conclusiones: el 100% de individuos con pérdida de primeras molares superior unilateral o bilateral presentó inclinación leve. El 90% del total de individuos seleccionados presentaban punto de contacto del tipo retrusivo. La inclinación de la segunda molar permanente, por pérdida de la primera molar permanente, no tiene asociación estadísticamente significante con puntos de contacto en la zona afectada. / Tesis

Dental anthropologists study the variation around the common shared patterns of teeth. These differences in the development, size and morphology of teeth are often used to help estimate the age and sex of unknown individuals. The aim of the study was two-fold. Firstly, it was determined whether sexually dimorphic characteristics exist in the size of permanent canines of South Africans, and whether these differences are of sufficient magnitude to make them usable as a method to determine sex from unknown remains. For this purpose the mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters and the maxillary/mandibular canine index were used. Secondly, the Lamendin technique of age estimation was tested and adapted to a South African sample. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the usability of human permanent canines in the determination of two demographic characteristics, namely sex and age, in a South African sample. A sample of known sex, age and population group was obtained from the Pretoria Bone Collection (University of Pretoria, South Africa) and the Raymond A. Dart Collection (University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa). The canines of 498 skulls were measured from four groups namely, black males, black females, white males and white females. The age of the sample ranged from 20 to 90 years. Using discriminant function analysis, it was possible to differentiate between the sexes with a relatively good accuracy of up to 87%. It was also evident that the two populations differed from one another as far as tooth size is concerned. Lamendin’s method of age estimation yielded poor precision and accuracy. Periodontosis was better correlated with age than root transparency, where the highest R2 value was 0.35. In summary it seems that the dimensions of the canine are useful in estimation of sex, should the population group be known. The Lamendin technique, however, gave relatively poor results even though new population specific formulae were created for the black and white populations of this sample. It could only estimate the age of the sample with an R2 value of 0.41 and mean errors ranging from 12.02 to 15.76 years. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Anatomy / unrestricted