Earth-abundant first-row transition metals have seen a renaissance in chemistry in recent years due to their relatively low toxicity and cost in comparison to precious metals. Furthermore open-shell transition metal complexes exhibit useful one-electron redox processes which contrasts to their heavier d block anologues. This thesis aims to synthesize and analyse the structure and reactivity of low-coordiante first-row transition metal complexes of from groups 7-9 with an aim to utilize these species in catalysis. The divalent compound [Co{N(SiMe3)2}2] reacts with the primary phosphines PhPH2 in the presence of an NHC ligand (IMe4) to yield the phosphinidene bridged dimer [(IMe4)2Co(µ-PMes)]2. The complex has interesting magnetic properties due to strong antiferromagnetic coupling between the two cobalt(II) centres. Increasing the steric bulk of the NHC yielded carbene-phosphinidene adducts (NHC·PAr). This transformation was shown to be catalytic. The structure and reactivity of complexes of the type [(NHC)xMn{(N(SiMe3)2}2] were investigated. The complexes exhibit similar structural properties to their iron and cobalt analogues; however their reactivity has been shown to differ. The addition of primary phosphines to complexes of the type [(NHC)xMn{N(SiMe3)2}2] yielded a range of manganese phosphide complexes. [Mn{N(SiMe3)2}2] also reacts with imidazolium salts at elevated temperatures to yield heteroleptic manganese NHC complexes. The reaction of [Mn{N(SiMe3)2}2] with IPr·HCl afforded the abnormal carbene complex [(aIPr)Mn{N(SiMe3)2}µ-Cl]2. A new monoanionic bidentate ligand is reported which has shown to be a useful ligand system to stabilize three-coordiante iron(II) complex. The reaction of [(L)Fe(Br)] with mesitylmagnesium Grignard or n-butyllithium yield the iron hydrocarbyls [(L)Fe(Mes)] and [(L)Fe(nBu)] with the latter being stable to β-hydrogen elimination. Finally [(L)Fe(nBu)] has been utilized as a pre-catalyst in the hydrophosphination of internal alkynes, showing selectivity for the E-isomeric vinylphosphine.

This thesis describes the catalysed addition of X-H bonds (X = S, O and N) to alkynes using a range of novel rhodium(I) and iridium(I) complexes containing hybrid bidentate phosphine-pyrazolyl, phosphine-imidazolyl and phosphine-N heterocyclic carbene (NHC) donor ligands. The synthesis of novel bidentate phosphine-pyrazolyl, phosphine-imidazolyl (P-N) and phosphine-NHC (PC) donor ligands and their cationic and neutral rhodium(I) and iridium(I) complexes [M(P N)(COD)]BPh4, [M(PC)(COD)]BPh4, [Ir(P-N)(CO)2]BPh4 and [M(P-N)(CO)Cl] were successfully performed. An unusual five coordinate iridium complex with phosphine-NHC ligands [Ir(PC)(COD)(CO)]BPh4 was also obtained. Seventeen single crystal X-ray structures of these new complexes were determined. A range of these novel rhodium and iridium complexes were effective as catalysts for the addition of thiophenol to a variety of alkynes. Iridium complexes were more effective than rhodium analogues. Cationic complexes were more effective than neutral complexes. Complexes with hybrid phosphine-nitrogen donor were more effective than complexes containing bidentate nitrogen donor ligands. An atom-economical, efficient method for the synthesis of cyclic acetals and bicyclic O,O-acetals was successfully developed based on the catalysed hydroalkoxylation. Readily prepared terminal and non-terminal alkyne diols were cyclised into bicyclic O,O-acetals in quantitative conversions in most cases. The efficiency of a range of rhodium and iridium complexes containing bidentate P-N and PC donor ligands as catalysts for the cyclisation of 4-pentyn-1-amine to 2-methyl-1-pyrroline varied significantly. The cationic iridium complexes with the bidentate phosphine-pyrazolyl ligands, [Ir(R2PyP)(COD)]BPh4 (2.39-2.42) were extremely efficient as catalysts for this transformation. Increasing the size of the substituent on or adjacent to the donor led to improvement in catalytic activity of the corresponding metal complexes. The mechanism of the catalysed hydroalkoxylation was proposed to proceed by the initial activation of the alkyne via ?? coordination to the metal centre. The ?? binding of both aliphatic and aromatic alkynes to [Ir(PyP)(CO)2]BPh4 (2.44) was observed by low temperature NMR and no reaction between 2.44 and alcohols was observed. In contrast, the facility in which thiol and amine oxidatively added to 2.44 led the proposal that in the hydrothiolation and hydroamination reaction, the catalytic cycle commences with the activation of the X-H bond (X = S, N) by an oxidative addition process.

<p>Conjugated polymers that exhibit high electronic conductivities play key roles in the emerging field of molecular electronics. In particular, linking metal centres with useful electrochemical, photophysical, or catalytic properties to the backbone, or within the polymer chain itself, is a topic which has attracted a significant amount of interest lately. Structurally rigid monomers that can be electropolymerised to form highly conducting molecular wires may provide new insights into conduction mechanisms, e.g., exploiting resonant superexchange (electron-hopping) by tuning the energies of redox centre and bridge states. The focus of this thesis lies on the electrochemical investigation of preparation, growth dynamics, and charge transport dynamics of oligothiophene/transition metal hybrid materials. The incorporation of ruthenium(II) and osmium(II) terpyridine complexes into such polymeric assemblies was accomplished by an electropolymerisation procedure, to produce rod-like oligothienyl-bridged metallopolymers. The properties of the monomers used were characterised by optical spectroscopy and electrochemical techniques. Charge transport was studied in detail for some of the materials created, and it was found that the electron transport rate and dc conductivity was enhanced by up to two orders of magnitude compared to relevant non-conjugated polymers, demonstrating the usefulness of this approach for optimization of charge transport in metallopolymers. The charge transport diffusion coefficent was determined to (2.6 ± 0.5) x 10^-6 cm² s^-1 for a quaterthienyl-bridged {Os(tpy)₂} polymer by use of an electrochemical steady-state method carried out using a transistor-like experimental geometry. It was found that charge transport in these materials is concentration-gradient driven. The rate limiting step of the charge transport process was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electropolymerisation dynamics of one of the monomers was studied using microelectrodes, and the results obtained shows that electropolymerisation is highly efficient, and indicate that mass transport controls this process. Through a combination of controlled potential deposition and SEM imaging it was demonstrated that it is possible to exploit the edge effect of microelectrodes to promote film growth in a direction co-planar with the electrode surface.</p>

Conjugated polymers that exhibit high electronic conductivities play key roles in the emerging field of molecular electronics. In particular, linking metal centres with useful electrochemical, photophysical, or catalytic properties to the backbone, or within the polymer chain itself, is a topic which has attracted a significant amount of interest lately. Structurally rigid monomers that can be electropolymerised to form highly conducting molecular wires may provide new insights into conduction mechanisms, e.g., exploiting resonant superexchange (electron-hopping) by tuning the energies of redox centre and bridge states. The focus of this thesis lies on the electrochemical investigation of preparation, growth dynamics, and charge transport dynamics of oligothiophene/transition metal hybrid materials. The incorporation of ruthenium(II) and osmium(II) terpyridine complexes into such polymeric assemblies was accomplished by an electropolymerisation procedure, to produce rod-like oligothienyl-bridged metallopolymers. The properties of the monomers used were characterised by optical spectroscopy and electrochemical techniques. Charge transport was studied in detail for some of the materials created, and it was found that the electron transport rate and dc conductivity was enhanced by up to two orders of magnitude compared to relevant non-conjugated polymers, demonstrating the usefulness of this approach for optimization of charge transport in metallopolymers. The charge transport diffusion coefficent was determined to (2.6 ± 0.5) x 10-6 cm2 s-1 for a quaterthienyl-bridged {Os(tpy)2} polymer by use of an electrochemical steady-state method carried out using a transistor-like experimental geometry. It was found that charge transport in these materials is concentration-gradient driven. The rate limiting step of the charge transport process was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electropolymerisation dynamics of one of the monomers was studied using microelectrodes, and the results obtained shows that electropolymerisation is highly efficient, and indicate that mass transport controls this process. Through a combination of controlled potential deposition and SEM imaging it was demonstrated that it is possible to exploit the edge effect of microelectrodes to promote film growth in a direction co-planar with the electrode surface.

Mon travail de thèse se focalise sur la compréhension de différents aspects de la réactivité des acides hydroxamiques avec les métaux, comme la thermodynamique des équilibres, la structure des complexes métalliques, la cinétique des réactions et l'identification d'intermédiaires réactionnels. J'ai réalisé une analyse des systèmes réactionnels en variant les conditions environnementales, afin de déterminer les facteurs clefs qui gouvernent la réactivité. En particulier, j'ai déterminé les mécanismes réactionnels pour les processus de formation/dissociation des complexes métal-acide hydroxamique. Cela permet de mieux comprendre ce qui se passe à l'échelle moléculaire en conditions dynamiques et, donc, de maîtriser certaines propriétés physico-chimiques de la réaction lors d'une application de la réaction même. Les acides hydroxamiques sont une famille de composés organiques ayant une affinité importante pour différents métaux de transition. Pour cette raison, ce sont des ligands ubiquitaires en chimie et biochimie. En particulier, un des rôles physiologiques des acides hydroxamiques est associé à leur utilisation comme sidérophores, mais ils sont aussi des molécules bioactives avec des propriétés anti-tumorales, anti-fungales, anti-malaria et antituberculeuse. D'autre part, dans le domaine industriel, les acides hydroxamiques sont largement utilisés comme agents chélatants de différents métaux (Cr, Zn, Ni, Cu, Fe) ou comme agent de flottation dans la métallurgie extractive. Compte tenu de ces diverses applications, les études sur les mécanismes de formation/dissociation de complexes métalliques des acides hydroxamiques suscitent un intérêt croissant dans les communautés de physico-chimie et biochimie. Dans ce contexte, j'ai effectué une analyse détaillée, en solution aqueuse et en milieu micellaire, des mécanismes de réaction de différents acides hydroxamiques avec des ions métalliques communs dans les domaines biologique, industriel et environnemental. En particulier, j'ai étudié en détail la polyvalence des modes de coordination des acides hydroxamiques à travers les mécanismes de formation (i) d'un complexe mononucléaire (Ni(II)/acide salicylhydroxamique), (ii) d'un complexe dinucléaire (Fe(III)2/acide salicylhydroxamique), (iii) de composés supramoléculaires (metallacrowns) basés sur la chélation du Cu(II) par l'acide (S)-a-aminohydroxamique. De plus, j'ai accomplis une caractérisation chimique et structurale de ces différents complexes, dans le but de définir un lien entre leur structure et leur réactivité. Ce travail met aussi en évidence l'importance d'une approche basée sur l'utilisation de méthodes complémentaires (thermodynamiques et cinétiques) pour l'analyse de mécanismes de réaction complexes contrôlés par des équilibres multiples.

This thesis describes the catalysed addition of X-H bonds (X = S, O and N) to alkynes using a range of novel rhodium(I) and iridium(I) complexes containing hybrid bidentate phosphine-pyrazolyl, phosphine-imidazolyl and phosphine-N heterocyclic carbene (NHC) donor ligands. The synthesis of novel bidentate phosphine-pyrazolyl, phosphine-imidazolyl (P-N) and phosphine-NHC (PC) donor ligands and their cationic and neutral rhodium(I) and iridium(I) complexes [M(P N)(COD)]BPh4, [M(PC)(COD)]BPh4, [Ir(P-N)(CO)2]BPh4 and [M(P-N)(CO)Cl] were successfully performed. An unusual five coordinate iridium complex with phosphine-NHC ligands [Ir(PC)(COD)(CO)]BPh4 was also obtained. Seventeen single crystal X-ray structures of these new complexes were determined. A range of these novel rhodium and iridium complexes were effective as catalysts for the addition of thiophenol to a variety of alkynes. Iridium complexes were more effective than rhodium analogues. Cationic complexes were more effective than neutral complexes. Complexes with hybrid phosphine-nitrogen donor were more effective than complexes containing bidentate nitrogen donor ligands. An atom-economical, efficient method for the synthesis of cyclic acetals and bicyclic O,O-acetals was successfully developed based on the catalysed hydroalkoxylation. Readily prepared terminal and non-terminal alkyne diols were cyclised into bicyclic O,O-acetals in quantitative conversions in most cases. The efficiency of a range of rhodium and iridium complexes containing bidentate P-N and PC donor ligands as catalysts for the cyclisation of 4-pentyn-1-amine to 2-methyl-1-pyrroline varied significantly. The cationic iridium complexes with the bidentate phosphine-pyrazolyl ligands, [Ir(R2PyP)(COD)]BPh4 (2.39-2.42) were extremely efficient as catalysts for this transformation. Increasing the size of the substituent on or adjacent to the donor led to improvement in catalytic activity of the corresponding metal complexes. The mechanism of the catalysed hydroalkoxylation was proposed to proceed by the initial activation of the alkyne via ?? coordination to the metal centre. The ?? binding of both aliphatic and aromatic alkynes to [Ir(PyP)(CO)2]BPh4 (2.44) was observed by low temperature NMR and no reaction between 2.44 and alcohols was observed. In contrast, the facility in which thiol and amine oxidatively added to 2.44 led the proposal that in the hydrothiolation and hydroamination reaction, the catalytic cycle commences with the activation of the X-H bond (X = S, N) by an oxidative addition process.

The modern world faces a number of challenges related to energy and the environment. Atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide have now surpassed the 400 ppm mark due to the burning of fossil fuels, yet despite its abundance and potential use as a C1 feedstock for value-added products, there are both thermodynamic and kinetic barriers associated with the strong carbon-oxygen bonds that preclude its widespread deployment in industry. Nuclear energy is an alternative power source that reduces carbon emissions by billions of tonnes each year, but there are widespread concerns regarding the treatment of the radioactive waste that it accrues (of which the main component is uranyl, [UO2]2+). Most of the work presented in this thesis concerns the synthesis of transition-metal complexes, with the aim of directing catalytic reactivity to convert CO2 to useful products. Part of this thesis also concerns the synthesis of uranyl complexes and the study of uranyl reduction chemistry, which is relevant to uranyl remediation and nuclear waste treatment at a fundamental level. Making use of Earth-abundant metals to carry out hydrocarbon oxidation catalysis is a further focus of this work, as the efficient production of oxygenated compounds under mild conditions is of importance to the fine-chemical industry. Chapter 1 reviews important complexes reported in the literature that successfully convert CO2 to useful products through molecular, homogenous electro-catalysis and ring-opening copolymerisation catalysis. Reactions that exemplify a two-electron reduction of uranyl (i.e. uranium(VI) to uranium(IV)) are reviewed, along with uranyl complexes that undergo ligand-centred redox to give ligand-based radicals. The state of the literature on hydrocarbon oxidation catalysis is reviewed in the introduction. The development of multinuclear, macrocyclic complexes and the reactivity of dinuclear Pacman complexes are also presented. Chapter 2 reports the synthesis and characterisation of a new set of Schiff-base macrocycles and acyclic dipyrrin ligands. A number of attempted synthetic routes towards incorporating a dipyrrin coordination compartment in a macro-cyclic setting are discussed. Differences in electronic structures between dipyrromethanes and dipyrromethenes are also examined by theoretical and experimental methods. Chapter 3 introduces the coordination chemistry of these new macrocycles with zinc(II), where the isolation of dinuclear and tetranuclear complexes is demonstrated using different zinc(II) precursors. Tetranuclear zinc-alkyl complexes presented here are shown to be resistant to insertion chemistry with small molecules, but readily form zinc-oxo, -hydroxyl and -alkoxide clusters upon protonolysis with water and alcohols. These molecular clusters display reactivity towards CO2: a zinc-hydroxyl complex precipitates ZnCO3 at high temperature; and zinc-alkoxide complexes have been used to catalyse the copolymerisation reaction between CO2 and cyclohexene oxide to form polycarbonates. Chapter 4 describes the synthesis of late-transition-metal complexes of macrocyclic ligands and dipyrrins, and explores the relationship between macrocycle geometry and electronic structure. Their reactivities towards CO2 are assessed here, using cyclic voltammetry to assess the electro-catalytic activity of a number of the complexes. Chapter 5 reports the oxidation chemistry of hydrocarbon substrates catalysed by copper(II) complexes. High-temperature catalysis occurs with bimetallic copper(II) complexes, and this chapter describes how added FeCl3 acts as a co-catalyst, leading to greater catalyst stability and allowing the catalytic reaction to occur at room temperature. A range of analytical methods have been used to deduce the catalytically active species, and chemical kinetic measurements have been used to deduce a possible reaction mechanism. Chapter 6 reports the synthesis of a uranyl(VI) dipyrrin complex and details characterisation of its electronic structure by theoretical and experimental methods. Theoretical modelling has indicated that the observed two-electron reduction of uranium(VI) to uranium(IV) is facilitated by the dipyrrin ligand, representing a novel uranyl reduction mechanism.

The aim of this study was to investigate the catalytic activity of three complexes exhibiting Lewis acid character: butylstannoic acid, di-n-butyl-oxo-stannane and ibutyltin dilaurate. These catalysts were tested in ethanolysis of soybean oil in order to obtain a mixture of alkyl esters, known as biodiesel. The interest of this study is to verify the efficiency of catalysts in reactions of ethanolysis and determine the yield of biodiesel. Ethanol was employed as alcoholysis agent due their renewable nature and be less toxic than methanol. In all conditions tested the following order of activity can be established: DBTO> DBTDL> BTA. All experiments performed in the closed reactor shown higher yields compared to those obtained employing one reactor operating under reflux conditions. In the reactions carried out in the presence of ethanol, lower yields were obtained compared to methanol. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a atividade catalítica de três complexos metálicos exibindo caráter ácido de Lewis: ácido butilestanóico, óxido de dibutil estanho e dibutildilaurato de estanho. Esses catalisadores foram testados na etanólise do óleo de soja visando a obtenção de uma mistura de ésteres alquílicos, denominada biodiesel. O interesse desse estudo é verificar a eficiência dos catalisadores em reações de etanólise e determinar o rendimento em biodiesel. O etanol foi empregado como agente de alcóolise por ser proveniente de fontes renováveis e ser menos tóxico que o metanol. Em todas as condições testadas a seguinte ordem de atividade pode ser estabelecida: DBTO > DBTDL > BTA. Todos os experimentos realizados no reator fechado apresentaram rendimentos superiores comparados ao reator operando em condições de refluxo. Nas reações conduzidas na presença do etanol, foram obtidos rendimentos inferiores, comparativamente ao metanol.

O estudo computacional da interação de biomoléculas com metais de transição é bastante desafiador. Sendo assim, investigamos computacionalmente diferentes propriedades eletrônicas, estruturais e hiperfinas de complexos metálicos, a saber: a) o gradiente do campo elétrico de Crown thioethers coordenados à Ag e ao Cd e comparado com as medidas da técnica espectroscópica Time Differential Perturbed Angular Correlation durante o decaimento nuclear 111Ag -> 111Cd ; b) o acoplamento hiperfino no metal coordenado à bases de Schiff e comparado com as medidas de ressonância eletrônica paramagnética durante o equilíbrio ceto-enol; c) a interação termodinâmica entre o complexo [Cu(isaenim)]2+ e o sulco menor do DNA, por meio da dissociação do complexo supramolecular [Cu(isaenim)]2+-DNA, comparada com a energia livre experimental fornecida pela constante de equilíbrio de formação deste sistema; e d) por meio do cálculo do acoplamento hiperfino realizamos alguns passos na direção da caracterização teórica do complexo supramolecular no estado ligado. Utilizamos a teoria do funcional da densidade no esquema de Kohn-Sham para obter as propriedades hiperfinas eletrônicas e magnéticas dos complexos metálicos. No estudo do equilíbrio ceto-enol utilizamos simulações de dinâmica molecular clássica e híbrida QMMM para estimar as distancias Cu-Oágua. No caso do complexo supramolecular [Cu(isaenim)]2+-DNA, simulações de dinâmica molecular e metadinâmica clássica foram utilizadas para propor uma rota de reconhecimento molecular em um oligômero de DNA. / Computational study of the interaction of biomolecules with transition metals is very challenging. Thus, we have investigated different electronic, structural and hyperfine properties of the metal complexes: a) the electric field gradient properties of Crown thioethers coordinated with Ag and Cd and compared to Time Differential Perturbed Angular Correlation measurements during nuclear decay; b) the hyperfine coupling in the metal of Schiff basis coordinated with copper and compared to electronic paramagnetic resonance measurements during the keto-enol equilibrium; c) the thermodynamic interaction between [Cu(isaenim)]2+ complex and the DNA minor groove, by the dissociation of this supramolecular complex, comparing its free energy experimental provided by the formation constant; and d) through the calculation of the hyperfine coupling in the Cu, we characterized the bound state of this supramolecular complex. We used the density functional theory in the Kohn-Sham scheme in order to obtain the electric and magnetic hyperfine properties of the metal complexes. In the keto-enol equilibrium study, we used classic and QMMM molecular dynamics to estimate the Cu-Owater distances. Regarding [Cu(isaenim)]2+-DNA system, classical molecular dynamics and metadynamics simulations were used to propose a molecular recognition route in a DNA oligomer.

A determinação de estruturas tridimensionais de quelatos com metais pesados e de alguns potencialmente úteis agentes quelantes, é uma ferramenta muito importante no estudo de complexos que poderão agir como antídotos na intoxicação por ingestão de metais pesados. Um conhecimento detalhado destes complexos é exigido para auxiliar na modelagem de estruturas moleculares e na determinação de procedimentos que sejam mais efetivos na neutralização dos processos, desenvolvidos por indivíduos com intoxicação crônica por metais pesados. Aqui serão reportados os resultados de um estudo sistemático de complexos [TlMe2L], onde L = 2-mercapto-3-piridina ácido carboxílico (I), 6-mercapto-3-piridinametoxicarboxilato (II), 2-mercapto-3-piridina-metoxicarboxilato (III), 6-mercapto-3-piridina-etoxicarboxilato (IV) e 2-mercapto-3-piridina-etoxicarboxilato (V). O estudo dos arranjos supramoleculares destes complexos mostra que, apesar das diferenças na simetria dos grupos espaciais e os substituintes nos ligantes, o empacotamento no cristal são similares. Os complexos formam polimeros infinitos em uma, duas e três dimensões, baseadas em interações TI - S, T1 - N e T1 - O e ligações de hidrogênio. Existem várias formas de correções dos dados de difração de raios X em monocristais. Durante o processamento das intensidades coletadas realizam-se várias correções, tais como de Lorentz, polarização, absorção e eventualmente correção por deterioração da amostra. A correção por absorção é fortemente recomendada para cristais que possuem fortes absorvedores em sua forma estrutural. Foram estudados os efeitos da absorção dos raios X em amostras cristalinas e uma comparação dos resultados obtidos ao aplicar os diferentes métodos de correções por absorção disponíveis. Constatou-se que após serem realizados diferentes formas de correção por absorção, houve diferenças significativas nas figuras de mérito, picos e vales de densidade de carga residual e parâmetros de deslocamentos anisotrópicos. Já nos ângulos e distâncias de ligações não foram observados mudanças significativas. / The determination of the three-dimensional structures of heavy-metal chelates and of some potentially useful chelating agents is a very important to01 in the study of complexes that may act as antidotes against poisoning by ingestion of heavy metals. A detailed knowledge of these complexes is expected to assist in the design of molecular structures and procedures that are more effective in counteracting the life threatening processes inevitably developed by individuals with chronic heavy-metal intoxication. Within this framework a series of dimethylthallium(III) complexes were studied. Here we present complexes of the type [TlMe2L], where L=2-mercapto-3- pyridine carboxylic acid(I), 6-mercapto-3-pyridine-methoxycarboxylate(II), 2-mercapto-3-pyridine-methoxycarboxylate(III), 6-mercapto-3-pyridineethoxycarboxylate(IV) and 2-mercapto-3-pyridine-ethoxycarboxylate(V). The study of the supramolecular arrangement of these complexes shows that, in spite of the differences in space group symmetry and substituents in the ligand, the crystals packing are remarkably similar. The complexes form infinite polymers in one, two and three dimensions, based upon TI-S, T1-0 e T1-N covalent bonds and intermolecular secondary interactions. The complexes also present strong hydrogen bond intermolecular interactions. There are many forms of corrections to the data collected in a single crystal X-ray diffration experiment. During the data reduction many corrections take place, such as: Lorentz, polarization, absorption and eventualy corrections for the deterioration of the sample. The absorption correction is strongly recommended for crystals with strong absorbers in its structural form. The effect of the absorption of the X rays has been studied in crystalline samples, as well as a comparison between the result obtained from the different available methods of absorption corrections. This work that showed different forms of absorption correction, made significant differences in the merit figures, peak and hole of residual charge density, as well as the anisotropic displacements parameters. Bonds distances and angles, on the other hand, did not change significantly.