京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第21410号 / 経博第585号 / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 黒澤 隆文, 教授 渡邊 純子, 講師 IVINGS Steven / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Resumo: No processo de retificação e utilização de fluidos de corte é uma maneira de implementar a qualidade final ao processo, pois os fluidos têm como finalidade a lubrificação na área de contato entre a peça e ferramenta e a refrigeração das superfícies, assim evitando danificações na superfície da peça. Com isso, a utilização de fluidos de corte tem sido constantemente estudada, visando diminuir a utilização deste, pois a utilização de fluidos de corte tem seus problemas. O custo do produto final aumenta consideravelmente com o uso de fluidos de corte no processo de retificação, além de que os fluidos de corte são substâncias tóxicas e nocivas tanto às pessoas quanto ao meio ambiente. Portanto indústrias, universidades e centro de pesquisas são levados a pesquisar métodos alternativos menos prejudiciais ao meio ambiente. Dentre as alternativas surge e técnica da mínima quantidade de lubrificante (MQL), que também tem suas desvantagens, como por exemplo, a formação de uma borra de óleo na superfície de corte do rebolo, o que gera uma rugosidade maior na peça. Porém, visando minimizar esse problema podem ser usados jatos de ar comprimido incidindo na superfície de corte do rebolo, com o objetivo de limpar a superfície de corte do rebolo, com o objetivo de limpar a superfície do rebolo. Dessa forma, avaliou-se a eficiência desse sistema de ar comprimido para a limpeza e pôde-se verificar que, a utilização da limpeza juntamente com a técnica do MQL, torna-se viável, pois de uma maneira geral a técnica do MQL com limpeza obteve melhores resultados na qualidade da peça e desgaste da ferramenta, em relação ao MQL sem limpeza. A limpeza com um ângulo tangente à superfície do rebolo foi a condição de limpeza que obteve melhores resultados para a limpeza o que comprova que a melhoria na técnica do... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In grinding process the use of cutting fluids is a way to implement the final quality of the process because the fluids are intended for the lubrication in the contact area between the work piece, the tool and the cooling of the surfaces avoiding damages on the work piece surface. However, the use of cutting fluids has been constantly studied in order to reduce its use since this practice brings a lot of problems about. The final product cost increases considerably along with the use of cuting fluids in gringing process, besides those substances are toxic and harmful to people and to the environment as well. Therefore, industries, universities and research center have been taken as sites for investigating less harmfulll alternative methods to the environment. Among such alternatives comes up of minimum quantify of lubricant technique (MQL), which also has some disadvantages, such as the formation of oil sludge on the cut surface of the wheel, which creates a greater surface roughness on the work piece. However, in order to minimize this problem compressed air jets can be used focusing on the cut surface of the wheel, in order to clean it. Thus, we could evaluated the effectiveness of that compressed air system used for cleaning, and it was possible to observe that the use of cleaning with the MQL technique is feasible because from a general view the use of the MQL technique in the cleaning process showed better results in the quality of the work piece and wornout of the tool comparing to the to the MQL with no cleaning. The cleaning with a tangent angle to the surface of the wheel was the condition of cleanliness that showed better results for the cleanliness which proves that the improvements for the MQL techniques does not lead to significant results compared to the conventional technique. However, the MQL technique with cleanliness has its... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Eduardo Carlos Bianchi / Coorientador: Anselmo Eduardo Diniz / Banca: Carlos Elias da Silva Junior / Banca: Celso Naves de Souza / Mestre

Metal played important role in the social and economic development of societies since its discovery. It is so important that the some part of humankind historical development were designated by the type of metal which was extensively used depending upon the level of technology of that period enabling the processing of metal like bronze age and iron age. In this frame, the rich metal deposits of Anatolia made this region a very important metal working and civilization center. K&uuml / ltepe where it was the center of the trade organization in Anatolia realized between Assur and Anatolia during 1945-1730 B.C called Assyrian Trade Colonies Period was one of the most important metal working center of Anatolia at that period. In this thesis, it is aimed to make a contribution to understand the metal working technology in K&uuml / ltepe by examining the uncovered metal artifacts dated to that period. For this purpose, the metal artifacts uncovered from K&uuml / ltepe Ancient Site belonging to Colonies Period which are exhibited in the Anatolian Civilization Museum were examined by portable XRF (PXRF) to obtain the quantity of elements that constituted the artifacts without giving any harm to the artifact. Besides the examination of exhibited artifacts in the Anatolian Civilization Museum, the uncovered metal artifact parts belonging to Colonies Period which are not suitable for exhibition and separated for studying were examined by energy dispersive X-ray unit of scanning electron microscope for elemental analysis and by X-ray diffraction for the analysis of minerals. The microstructures of artifacts were examined by scanning electron microscope and optical microscope for revealing the operations on metal applied by ancient metalsmith. In addition to analysis mentioned above, in order to make a contribution to understand the copper trade between K&uuml / ltepe and its environs lead isotope analysis of some samples from the separated metal artifacts for studying was also performed. As a result of all those analyses, it was concluded that K&uuml / ltepe ancient metalsmiths in Colonies Period had the knowledge to smelt the copper and to pour molten metal into a mold to produce an object of desired shape. Moreover, they also discovered that the addition of some elements to copper hardens the structure. In this frame the bronze to be obtained by deliberately adding of tin to copper was attained. In addition, they were aware of shaping the casted object by hammering. In the meantime, they had the knowledge of heat treatment that allows them forging the object many times till giving the desired shape without causing the fracture in the structure.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on January 31, 2008) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Mémoire (M.Eng.)-- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1994. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Mémoire (M.Sc.A.)--Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2000. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

The diploma thesis is focused on hand metalworking in Technical Education, which is taught at Upper Primary School, in 6th and 7th classes. Content and range of this thesis is adapted for pupils of 6th and 7th class at Primary School. The work includes descriptions of particular training of hand metalworking supplemented by author's photographic material. There are fourteen videos as a multimedia material in the appendix. The created videos contain demonstrations of technique of hand metalworking which are mentioned in the thesis. This created multimedia material could be used not only by pupils in the lesson of Technical Education but also by uncertificated teachers, who taught this subject.

Fundação Araucária / Fluidos de corte são utilizados para auxiliar no processo de usinagem, tendo por finalidade a refrigeração. Além disso, promove a lubrificação, a diminuição do atrito em relação à peça usinada e a ferramenta de corte, aumentando assim a eficiência do trabalho das fábricas. No sistema de usinagem, pode ocorrer o crescimento de microrganismos, uma vez que estes utilizam o fluido de corte como fonte de alimento, reduzindo assim a vida útil dos fluidos, proporcionando perdas econômicas e causando danos à saúde do operador da máquina. Para minimizar a presença de microrganismos, são utilizados produtos químicos denominados biocidas, que em altas concentrações pode causar danos à saúde. Dentro desse panorama, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a eficiência dos óleos essenciais de Ocimum gratissimum (alfavacão), Cymbopogon winterianus (citronela) Syzygium aromaticum (cravo) e Carapa guianensis (andiroba) como agentes de controle do crescimento de bactérias em substituição ao biocida no sistema de usinagem. Inicialmente, foram realizadas coletas de fluido de corte em uma indústria automobilística para quantificar, isolar e caracterizar as bactérias (heterotróficas e potencialmente patogênicas) presentes no fluido de corte. Na sequência, as bactérias isoladas foram testadas quanto a susceptibilidade às diferentes concentrações dos óleos essenciais. O estudo procurou definir a concentração mínima inibitória (CMI) e antibiograma para avaliar a resistência a antibióticos das bactérias isoladas. Realizou-se, então, o teste de tempo de contato dos óleos essenciais e de encapsulamento do óleo essencial de citronela por meio da técnica de gelificação iônica, que consistiu em simular a situação do reservatório (i) com óleo encapsulado, (ii) com óleo misturado diretamente ao fluido de corte (iii) com fluido de corte contaminado, com o objetivo de avaliar a melhor forma de aplicação dos óleos no sistema de usinagem. Dentre os resultados, obteve-se 1,63x107 e 2,2x107 UFC/mL de bactérias heterotróficas e 3,5x105 e 2x106 UFC/mL de bactérias potencialmente patogênicas, na primeira e segunda coleta de fluidos, respectivamente. Foram isolados seis grupos de bactérias correspondentes às seguintes espécies: Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis e Acinetobacter spp. A bactéria que apresentou maior resistência aos antibióticos testados foi a Acinetobacter spp As que apresentaram maior sensibilidade foram a Enterobacter cloacae (A2), Escherichia coli (A3) e Proteus mirabilis (A6). O óleo de Syzygium aromaticum teve o maior halo formado na menor concentração testada (0,25%) - 11,07 mm, seguido por Ocimum gratissimum, com halo de 11,0 mm, e Cymbopogon winterianus ,10,7 mm. No teste de tempo de contato, o menor tempo de redução de crescimento ocorreu em 1 minuto para Ocimum gratissimum; 5 minutos para Syzygium aromaticum e 10 minutos para Cymbopogon nardus. O teste de encapsulamento foi realizado com o óleo de Cymbopogon nardus, obtendo-se redução significativa nas duas formas de aplicação do óleo essencial. / Cutting fluids are used to aid in the machining process, with the purpose of cooling, besides promoting lubrication, reducing friction in relation to the machined part and the cutting tool, thus increasing the efficiency of the work of the factories.In the machining system, the growth of microorganisms can occur, since they use the cutting fluid as food source, thus reducing the useful life of the fluids and providing economic losses and causing damages to the health of the worker.To minimize the presence of microorganisms is used a chemical called biocide, which in high concentrations can cause health damage.The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of the essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum (Alfavaca), Cymbopogon nardus (Citronella) Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) and Carapa guianensis (andiroba) as a control agent for the growth of bacteria in replacement of the biocide in the machining system.Initially, cutting fluid samples were collected in an automobile industry to quantify, isolate and characterize the bacteria (heterotrophic and potentially pathogenic) present in the cutting fluid.Following the isolated bacteria were tested for susceptibility to the different concentrations of the oils to define the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and antibiogram to evaluate the resistance of the bacteria isolated to antibiotics.The contact time test of the essential oils and encapsulation of the essential oil of Citronella was carried out by means of the ionic gelation technique, which consisted of the simulation of reservoirs containing cut fluid contaminated with encapsulated oil, with oil mixed directly with the oil. Cutting fluid and reservoir containing only contaminated cutting fluid, in order to evaluate the best way of applying the oils in the machining system.Among the results obtained were 1.63x107 and 2.2x107 CFU / mL heterotrophic bacteria and 3.5x105 and 2x106 CFU / mL of potentially pathogenic bacteria in the first and second fluids collection, respectively. Six groups of bacteria were isolated, corresponding to the following species: Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis and Acinetobacter spp.The bacterium that presented the highest resistance to the antibiotics tested was Acinetobacter spp and the ones with the highest sensitivity were Enterobacter cloacae (A2), Escherichia coli (A3) and Proteus mirabilis (A6). The oil of Syzygium aromaticum had the largest halo formed by the lowest concentration tested (0.25%) -11.07 mm, followed by Ocimum gratissimum with halo of 11 mm and Cymbopogon nardus 10.7 mm. In the test of contact time the shortest time reduction occurred in 1 minute for Ocimum gratissimum, 5 minutes for Syzygium aromaticum and 10 minutes Cymbopogon nardus for 4 of 6 bacterial isolates. The encapsulation test was performed with the Cymbopogon nardus oil, obtaining a significant reduction in the two forms of essential oil application.

O fluido de corte é largamente utilizado no processo de usinagem de metais, porém é vulnerável à contaminação microbiológica que contribuem para sua perda de qualidade fazendo com que diminua o seu tempo de vida útil. Tendo em vista que diversos trabalhos estudam a contaminação microbiológica do fluido, mas poucos relacionam com as alterações químicas do óleo constituinte do fluido, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi monitorar o crescimento de microrganismos em duas bases de fluidos de corte cada um contendo um tipo de óleo (mineral e vegetal) sob duas condições de funcionamento de máquina ferramenta: processo normal e processo utilizando um catalisador eletrofísico que direcionava fluxo de ozônio no fluido de corte, avaliar as mudanças químicas do óleo extraído do fluido e a capacidade dos microrganismos isolados de degradar o fluido de corte e o óleo extraído. Foram realizados contagem e isolamento de bactérias e fungos no fluido de corte utilizado na máquina ferramenta ao longo de 166 horas de utilização da máquina. Para a análise da qualidade do óleo, este foi extraído do fluido de corte e posteriormente medidos o índice de acidez (óleo mineral e vegetal), iodo e saponificação do óleo vegetal. Para o teste de degradação de hidrocarbonetos foi utilizado o 2,6 diclorofenol-indofenol como indicador de degradação, sendo as fontes de carbono: fluido de corte e os óleos extraído do fluido de corte em diferentes tempos de uso da máquina. Os resultados demonstraram que no fluido de corte mineral operado na máquina por 126 horas a quantidade de bactérias e fungos foi na ordem de 105 e 102 UFC/mL, respectivamente, com a utilização do catalisador (em 40 horas de operação da máquina) foi para 106 e 101 UFC/mL. No fluido de corte vegetal os valores foram de 102 UFC/mL para bactérias e fungos e após a aplicação do catalisador as quantidades foram para 105 e 103 UFC/mL, respectivamente. Dos microrganismos isolados do fluido de corte mineral que foram avaliados quanto a degradação de hidrocarbonetos, verificou-se que 42% das bactérias e 84% dos fungos foram capazes de degradar o fluido de corte ou o óleo em 5 dias de análise. Enquanto 54% das bactérias e 74% dos fungos do fluido de corte vegetal foram capazes de degradar o fluido de corte ou o óleo. Pode-se concluir que houve alterações químicas no óleo utilizado no fluido de corte e que os microrganismos podem ter influenciado diretamente na degradação do óleo, pois o aumento da quantidade de microrganismos acompanhou a degradação do óleo. / The cutting fluid is widely used in metal machining process, but it is vulnerable to microbiological contamination contributing to loss in quality causing the decrease of its useful lifetime. Considering that many papers study the microbiological contamination of the fluid, but few associated to chemical changes of the oil constituent of the fluid, the objective of this study was to monitor the growth of microorganisms in two cutting fluids bases each containing a type of oil (mineral and vegetable) under two operating conditions of the machine tool: normal process and process using a electrophysical catalyst which directs the flow of ozone to the cutting fluid, to evaluate the chemical changes of the fluid oil extracted and the capability of microorganisms to degrade the cutting fluid and the oil extracted. Counting and isolation of bacteria and fungi were performed on cutting fluids used in machine tool throughout 166 hours of operation of the machine. For analysis of oil quality, it was extracted oil of the cutting fluid and posteriorly it was measured the acidity index (mineral and vegetable oils), iodine and saponification of vegetable oil. For the hydrocarbon degradation test it was used 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol as degradation indicator, being carbon sources: cutting fluid and oil extracted from the cutting fluid at different times of use of the machine. The results demonstrated that the amount of bacteria and fungi present in the mineral cutting fluid operated on the machine for 126 hours was in the order of 105 to 102 CFU/ml, respectively, and using the catalyst (40 hours of machine operation) it was 106 and 101 CFU/mL, respectively. The amount of bacteria and fungi from vegetable cutting fluid were 102 CFU/ml and after the application of the catalyst they were 105 and 103 CFU/ml, respectively. In the degradation tests of hydrocarbon, it was found that 42% of bacteria and 84% of the fungi were able to degrade the mineral cutting fluid or extracted oil on 5 days of analysis. 54% of bacteria and 74% of the fungi found on vegetable cutting fluid were able to degrade the cutting fluid or extracted oil. It can be concluded that there were chemical changes in the oils used to prepare cutting fluid and that microorganisms can be directly influenced in oil degradation, since the increased amount of microorganisms followed the oil degradation.