Fundação Araucária / Fluidos de corte são utilizados para auxiliar no processo de usinagem, tendo por finalidade a refrigeração. Além disso, promove a lubrificação, a diminuição do atrito em relação à peça usinada e a ferramenta de corte, aumentando assim a eficiência do trabalho das fábricas. No sistema de usinagem, pode ocorrer o crescimento de microrganismos, uma vez que estes utilizam o fluido de corte como fonte de alimento, reduzindo assim a vida útil dos fluidos, proporcionando perdas econômicas e causando danos à saúde do operador da máquina. Para minimizar a presença de microrganismos, são utilizados produtos químicos denominados biocidas, que em altas concentrações pode causar danos à saúde. Dentro desse panorama, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a eficiência dos óleos essenciais de Ocimum gratissimum (alfavacão), Cymbopogon winterianus (citronela) Syzygium aromaticum (cravo) e Carapa guianensis (andiroba) como agentes de controle do crescimento de bactérias em substituição ao biocida no sistema de usinagem. Inicialmente, foram realizadas coletas de fluido de corte em uma indústria automobilística para quantificar, isolar e caracterizar as bactérias (heterotróficas e potencialmente patogênicas) presentes no fluido de corte. Na sequência, as bactérias isoladas foram testadas quanto a susceptibilidade às diferentes concentrações dos óleos essenciais. O estudo procurou definir a concentração mínima inibitória (CMI) e antibiograma para avaliar a resistência a antibióticos das bactérias isoladas. Realizou-se, então, o teste de tempo de contato dos óleos essenciais e de encapsulamento do óleo essencial de citronela por meio da técnica de gelificação iônica, que consistiu em simular a situação do reservatório (i) com óleo encapsulado, (ii) com óleo misturado diretamente ao fluido de corte (iii) com fluido de corte contaminado, com o objetivo de avaliar a melhor forma de aplicação dos óleos no sistema de usinagem. Dentre os resultados, obteve-se 1,63x107 e 2,2x107 UFC/mL de bactérias heterotróficas e 3,5x105 e 2x106 UFC/mL de bactérias potencialmente patogênicas, na primeira e segunda coleta de fluidos, respectivamente. Foram isolados seis grupos de bactérias correspondentes às seguintes espécies: Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis e Acinetobacter spp. A bactéria que apresentou maior resistência aos antibióticos testados foi a Acinetobacter spp As que apresentaram maior sensibilidade foram a Enterobacter cloacae (A2), Escherichia coli (A3) e Proteus mirabilis (A6). O óleo de Syzygium aromaticum teve o maior halo formado na menor concentração testada (0,25%) - 11,07 mm, seguido por Ocimum gratissimum, com halo de 11,0 mm, e Cymbopogon winterianus ,10,7 mm. No teste de tempo de contato, o menor tempo de redução de crescimento ocorreu em 1 minuto para Ocimum gratissimum; 5 minutos para Syzygium aromaticum e 10 minutos para Cymbopogon nardus. O teste de encapsulamento foi realizado com o óleo de Cymbopogon nardus, obtendo-se redução significativa nas duas formas de aplicação do óleo essencial. / Cutting fluids are used to aid in the machining process, with the purpose of cooling, besides promoting lubrication, reducing friction in relation to the machined part and the cutting tool, thus increasing the efficiency of the work of the factories.In the machining system, the growth of microorganisms can occur, since they use the cutting fluid as food source, thus reducing the useful life of the fluids and providing economic losses and causing damages to the health of the worker.To minimize the presence of microorganisms is used a chemical called biocide, which in high concentrations can cause health damage.The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of the essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum (Alfavaca), Cymbopogon nardus (Citronella) Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) and Carapa guianensis (andiroba) as a control agent for the growth of bacteria in replacement of the biocide in the machining system.Initially, cutting fluid samples were collected in an automobile industry to quantify, isolate and characterize the bacteria (heterotrophic and potentially pathogenic) present in the cutting fluid.Following the isolated bacteria were tested for susceptibility to the different concentrations of the oils to define the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and antibiogram to evaluate the resistance of the bacteria isolated to antibiotics.The contact time test of the essential oils and encapsulation of the essential oil of Citronella was carried out by means of the ionic gelation technique, which consisted of the simulation of reservoirs containing cut fluid contaminated with encapsulated oil, with oil mixed directly with the oil. Cutting fluid and reservoir containing only contaminated cutting fluid, in order to evaluate the best way of applying the oils in the machining system.Among the results obtained were 1.63x107 and 2.2x107 CFU / mL heterotrophic bacteria and 3.5x105 and 2x106 CFU / mL of potentially pathogenic bacteria in the first and second fluids collection, respectively. Six groups of bacteria were isolated, corresponding to the following species: Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis and Acinetobacter spp.The bacterium that presented the highest resistance to the antibiotics tested was Acinetobacter spp and the ones with the highest sensitivity were Enterobacter cloacae (A2), Escherichia coli (A3) and Proteus mirabilis (A6). The oil of Syzygium aromaticum had the largest halo formed by the lowest concentration tested (0.25%) -11.07 mm, followed by Ocimum gratissimum with halo of 11 mm and Cymbopogon nardus 10.7 mm. In the test of contact time the shortest time reduction occurred in 1 minute for Ocimum gratissimum, 5 minutes for Syzygium aromaticum and 10 minutes Cymbopogon nardus for 4 of 6 bacterial isolates. The encapsulation test was performed with the Cymbopogon nardus oil, obtaining a significant reduction in the two forms of essential oil application.

Orientador: Maria Helena Robert / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / These (docteur) - Universite de Savoie, Ecole Superiore D'Ingenieurs D'Annecy, France / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T16:12:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pires_GiselePuime_D.pdf: 10020252 bytes, checksum: d17ac3ccc26b5a239dcb6fa99c211603 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta estudo sobre a viabilidade da estampagem, no estado semisólido, de chapas da liga A5052. Inicialmente, para a obtenção de chapas tixofundidas, chapas comerciais laminadas foram submetidas ao processo de fusão parcial controlada, variando-se os parâmetros tempo e temperatura, com o objetivo de analisar a estampabilidade das chapas no estado sólido. Os parâmetros utilizados foram: fusão parcial a 627°C por 5 e 10 minutos, e 634°C, por 5 e 15 minutos, em chapas com 0,8 mm; fusão parcial a 624°C por 5 e 10 minutos, e 631°C por 5 e 15 minutos, em chapas com 2,0 mm; e fusão parcial a 625, 630 e 635°C por 15 minutos em chapas de 4,0 mm de espessura. As chapas foram caracterizadas com relação à microestrutura, sendo observada homogeneidade estrutural em toda a chapa. Também foram caracterizadas quanto às propriedades mecânicas, sendo que o material tixofundido (obtido por fusão parcial) apresentou diferenças significativas em relação ao material laminado. Para a caracterização da estampabilidade do material, foram feitos ensaios de Erichsen e obtidas curvas limite de conformação de chapas nos estados laminado, recozido e tixofundido, utilizando o método Marciniak e um método de análise de imagens para a obtenção das deformações principais da liga nos diferentes estados. Os resultados mostraram que o material tixofundido apresenta formabilidade semelhante à do material recozido. Foi buscada a caracterização do arranjo espacial de glóbulos em pastas tixofundidas; os resultados mostraram a presença de aglomerados tridimensionais de partículas com evidente interação entre elas, indicando a possibilidade da estrutura suportar esforços de tração. Portanto, para estudos da viabilidade de tixoestampagem, foi construída matriz com geometria tal a apresentar condições severas de conformação. As chapas foram tixoestampadas (temperaturas acima da solidus) e comparadas com chapas estampadas a quente. Observou-se que a tixoestampagem é um processo perfeitamente viável, levando a excelentes resultados de acabamento da peça e redução da força necessária para a obtenção do produto / Abstract: This work presents an analysis of the viability of drawing A5052 sheets in the semisolid state. Initially, to produce thixocast sheets, rolled commercial sheets were submitted to partial melting by different temperatures and holding times, to analyse the sheets draw ability in the solid state. The parameters utilised were: 627°C for 5 and 10 minutes, and 634°C, for 5 and 15 minutes, in sheets of 0,8 mm; 624°C for 5 and 10 minutes, and 631°C for 5 and 15 minutes, in sheets of 2,0 mm; and 625, 630 and 635°C for 15 minutes in sheets of 4,0 mm thickness. The sheets had their microstructure characterised; results showed high homogeneity of the structure throughout the test piece. Mechanical properties of the thixocast material (obtained by partial melting) were also characterised, showing significant differences when compared to the rolled condition. For drawing ability characterisation, Erichsen tests were performed and forming limit diagrams of the sheets in the rolled, annealed and thixocast states were obtained, using Marciniak's technique and image analysis to obtain the main deformations of the alloy in the different conditions. Results showed that the thixocast material shows good formability, similar to the annealed material. Characterisation of the spatial structure of thixocast slurry showed the presence of tridimensional agglomerates of globular solid particles, with evident interaction among globules, indicating the possibility of the structure to stand tensile stresses. Therefore, for thixodrawing tests, a die was especially designed to impose severe flow conditions. The sheets were formed by thixodrawing (temperatures above the solidus) and compared to hot drawing tests. It was observed that thixodrawing is a perfectly viable process, requiring lower forces than conventional solid processing and resulting in excellent finishing products / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

No description available.

Mémoire (M.Eng.)-- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1993. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / The contribution of the metalworking sector to the gross domestic product is decreased by 8.6% in the 2017–2018 period because of problems such as high rejection rates, lead times, and raw material losses. Consequently, the sector’s production was reduced by PEN 1,200,000 while demand remained flat. Thus, this article proposes a production control model using 5S, Single-Minute Exchange of Dies, and tools such as Kanban and Constant Work-in-Progress (CONWIP) to increase the productivity of a sand casting line in a Peruvian metalworking enterprise that manufactures parts for mining on request. The improvement proposal involves the implementation of lean manufacturing tools and analyzes low productivity effects. The problems identified are typical of the Peruvian metalworking sector; thus, this study may contribute to finding possible solutions for issues faced by other enterprises. / Revisión por pares

This thesis focuses on the tribological performance of tool surfaces in two steel working operations, namely wire drawing and hot rolling. In all forming operations dimensions and surface finish of the products are of utmost importance. Forming basically includes three parts – forming conditions excluded – that may be changed; work material, tool and (possibly) lubricant. In the interface between work material and tool, the conditions are very aggressive with – generally or locally – high temperatures and pressures. The surfaces will be worn in various ways and this will change the conditions in the process. Consequently, the surface finish as well as the dimensions of the formed product may change and in the end, the product will not fulfil the requirements of the customer. Therefore, research and development in regard to wear, and consequently tribology, of the forming tools is of great interest. The investigations of wire drawing dies focus on coating adhesion/cohesion, surface characteristics and material transfer onto the coated steel both in laboratory scale as well as in the wire drawing process. Results show that it in wire drawing is possible to enhance the tribological performance of drawing dies by using a lubricant together with a steel substrate coated by a polished, dual-layer coating containing both hard and friction-lowering layers. The investigations of hot rolling work rolls focus on microstructure and hardness as well as cracking- and surface characteristics in both laboratory scale and in the hot strip mill. Results show that an ideal hot work roll material should be made up of a matrix with high hardness and a large amount of complex, hard carbides evenly distributed in the microstructure. The surface failure mechanisms of work rolls are very complex involving plastic deformation, abrasive wear, adhesive wear, mechanical and thermal induced cracking, material transfer and oxidation. This knowledge may be used to develop new tools with higher wear resistance giving better performance, lower costs and lower environmental impact.

The area of research dealing with joining of dissimilar metals has been active in recent time. Although fusion and non-fusion techniques of joining have been effectively used for manufacturing components, a comprehensive scientific understanding of the process is lacking. This void exists both in fusion and non-fusion welding methods. The present investigation addresses some of these aspects. The investigation consists of two sections - Part A and Part B. Part A is on Friction welding and Part B deals with Fusion welding using laser. Each section has two chapters each. Following an introductory chapter, basic aspects of friction welding is presented in chapter 2. Chapter 3 deals with the work on friction welding of Fe-Cu couple. Fe-Cu couple is a system with positive heat of mixing. After a brief introduction on various non-equilibrium processes that can occur in this system, experimental details and results are presented. Using the results an attempt is made to understand the flash formation, formation of pores at the interface and the formation of chemically altered zone. It is observed that a chemically altered layer forms predominantly on the Cu side of the interface. It consists of Fe entrapped as fragments/fine crystals and as solid solution in Cu matrix. This zone has higher thickness at the edges than at the center. The mechanism of formation of this interfacial layer which is central to the joining process is related to the fracture and transport of fragments during plastic deformation. Fe forms solid solution in copper under non-equilibrium conditions promoted by shear energy. Using the concept of ballistic mixing, the formation of solid solution is explored. Using nano-indentation experiments mechanical properties of the weldment is estimated and an attempt is made to correlate mechanical properties with the amount of second element present in that location. The chapter 4 in part A deals with the friction welding of Ni-Ti couple. Ni-Ti system has negative heat of mixing and it forms a number of intermetallics. After a brief introduction to the chapter, various experimental techniques and strategies followed to carry out the experiments are explained. Following these, the results are presented. It is observed that TiNi3 formed at initial stage. Theories based on effective heat of formation and surface energy also predict the nucleation of TiNi3. With the continuation of frictional processes, the formation of TiNi and Ti2Ni phases were also observed. Formation of Ti2Ni was shown to greatly accelerate due to shear process. In this system two complementary processes like ballistic mixing and thermal assisted diffusion accelerate Ti2Ni formation. From mechanical tests it is found that Ti2Ni layer in the weldment is weak and hence formation of Ti2Ni in the weldment is detrimental. In chapter 5 an introduction to fusion welding of dissimilar metals is presented as background materials for the subsequent chapters. Chapter 6 deals with nature of segregation of Ag during laser welding of Fe-Ni couple. Ag is used as a tracer to probe fluid flow in the Fe-Ni couple during laser welding. Ag is immiscible both in Fe and Ni whereas Fe and Ni form a complete solution at an elevated temperature and in liquid state. Besides the experimental work, numerical simulation of the weld pool were carried out using homogeneous mixture model using SIMPLER algorithm. Experiments and simulations indicate that fluid flow is asymmetrical and in the deep penetration welding strong convection in the pool drives the tracer to the top of the pool. Overall distribution of the tracer is due to the combined effect of convection and diffusion. In shallow welding there exists a boundary region where tracer does not penetrate. In chapter 7 the results of instrumented indentation experiments on laser welded Fe-Cu weldment has been presented. It was earlier reported that during laser welding of Fe-Cu couple, a variety of microstructures evolves at various locations in the weldment and hardness of the weldment were found to be very high. Here an attempt has been made to explore in details the origin of such a high hardness. The chapter starts with a description of various microstructures that are observed in this weldment followed by the various procedures used for extracting data from instrumented indentation tests. It is followed by the presentation of the experimental results. It is found that rule of mixture along with Hall-Petch strengthening explains the observed increase in hardness of the weldment. The fine scale microstructure consisting of alternate Fe rich and Cu rich layers increases the hardness of the weldment. On copper side of the weldment, composition and scale of microstructure fluctuates and so also the hardness. Finally in chapter 8 overall conclusions of the various chapters in the thesis have been summarised.

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die Wechselwirkung von Verarbeitung und Gefüge Mn-Al basierter hartmagnetischer Werkstoffe sowie die Auswirkung des Gefüges auf deren Eigenschaften. Dabei wurde das Gefüge der metastabilen tau-Phase im Anschluss an die Phasenbildung aus der Hochtemperaturphase epsilon-MnAl und die Auswirkung einer anschließenden Umformung untersucht. Der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit lag in der Analyse der Evolution verschiedener Gefügebestandteile, wie Grenzflächenverteilung, Versetzungen und Korngröße unter Verwendung von Rasterelektronenmikroskopie und Elektronenrückstreubeugung. Die epsilon-tau Umwandlung kann auf 2 verschiedene Routen erfolgen. In beiden Fällen wird die Bildung von 3 kristallographisch unterschiedlichen zwillingsähnlichen Defekten beobachtet, die als wahre Zwillinge, Ordnungszwillinge und Pseudozwillinge bezeichnet werden. Sie lassen sich als Rotationen um einen kristallographischen {111}-Pol beschreiben. Der Anteil der Zwillingsdefekte nach der Umwandlung, aber auch die Korngröße und Versetzungsdichte sind von der gewählten Umwandlungsroute abhängig. Während die Sättigungspolarisation annähernd gleich ist, reagiert die Koerzitivfeldstärke sensitiv auf den Gefügezustand. Eine niedrige Korngröße und hohe Versetzungsdichte tragen zu ihrer Erhöhung bei. Eine anschließende Kaltumformung erzeugt ein vielfach verzwillingtes Verformungsgefüge mit hoher Koerzitivfeldstärke. Wärmebehandlungen und die Analyse der Schärfe von Kikuchi-Beugungsbildern haben gezeigt, dass nicht die hohe Zwillingsdichte, sondern primär Versetzungen im Verformungsgefüge die Koerzitivfeldstärke steigern. Warmumformung von tau-MnAl führt zur dynamischen Rekristallisation. Die Kinetik der Gefügeneubildung und die resultierende Korngröße sind stark von der Umformtemperatur abhängig. Durch Umformung lässt sich eine kristallographische Texturierung von tau-MnAl erreichen. Die Orientierung der magnetisch leichten [001]-Richtung ist dabei vom gewählten Umformverfahren und gegebenenfalls von der Nachbehandlung abhängig. Statische und dynamische Rekristallisation reduzieren den Anteil der Zwillingsdefekte signifikant und besonders Pseudozwillinge und Ordnungszwillinge werden im Gefüge beseitigt. Das Rekristallisationsgefüge weist gegenüber dem Umwandlungsgefüge einen geringeren Widerstand gegen die mit der Zersetzungsreaktion verbundene Bildung von beta-Mn auf. Die Ursache liegt in einer selektiven beta-Mn-Bildung an allgemeinen Korngrenzen, während die Zwillingsdefekte einen erhöhten Widerstand gegen sie Zersetzung aufweisen.

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die Wechselwirkung von Verarbeitung und Gefüge Mn-Al basierter hartmagnetischer Werkstoffe sowie die Auswirkung des Gefüges auf deren Eigenschaften. Dabei wurde das Gefüge der metastabilen tau-Phase im Anschluss an die Phasenbildung aus der Hochtemperaturphase epsilon-MnAl und die Auswirkung einer anschließenden Umformung untersucht. Der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit lag in der Analyse der Evolution verschiedener Gefügebestandteile, wie Grenzflächenverteilung, Versetzungen und Korngröße unter Verwendung von Rasterelektronenmikroskopie und Elektronenrückstreubeugung. Die epsilon-tau Umwandlung kann auf 2 verschiedene Routen erfolgen. In beiden Fällen wird die Bildung von 3 kristallographisch unterschiedlichen zwillingsähnlichen Defekten beobachtet, die als wahre Zwillinge, Ordnungszwillinge und Pseudozwillinge bezeichnet werden. Sie lassen sich als Rotationen um einen kristallographischen {111}-Pol beschreiben. Der Anteil der Zwillingsdefekte nach der Umwandlung, aber auch die Korngröße und Versetzungsdichte sind von der gewählten Umwandlungsroute abhängig. Während die Sättigungspolarisation annähernd gleich ist, reagiert die Koerzitivfeldstärke sensitiv auf den Gefügezustand. Eine niedrige Korngröße und hohe Versetzungsdichte tragen zu ihrer Erhöhung bei. Eine anschließende Kaltumformung erzeugt ein vielfach verzwillingtes Verformungsgefüge mit hoher Koerzitivfeldstärke. Wärmebehandlungen und die Analyse der Schärfe von Kikuchi-Beugungsbildern haben gezeigt, dass nicht die hohe Zwillingsdichte, sondern primär Versetzungen im Verformungsgefüge die Koerzitivfeldstärke steigern. Warmumformung von tau-MnAl führt zur dynamischen Rekristallisation. Die Kinetik der Gefügeneubildung und die resultierende Korngröße sind stark von der Umformtemperatur abhängig. Durch Umformung lässt sich eine kristallographische Texturierung von tau-MnAl erreichen. Die Orientierung der magnetisch leichten [001]-Richtung ist dabei vom gewählten Umformverfahren und gegebenenfalls von der Nachbehandlung abhängig. Statische und dynamische Rekristallisation reduzieren den Anteil der Zwillingsdefekte signifikant und besonders Pseudozwillinge und Ordnungszwillinge werden im Gefüge beseitigt. Das Rekristallisationsgefüge weist gegenüber dem Umwandlungsgefüge einen geringeren Widerstand gegen die mit der Zersetzungsreaktion verbundene Bildung von beta-Mn auf. Die Ursache liegt in einer selektiven beta-Mn-Bildung an allgemeinen Korngrenzen, während die Zwillingsdefekte einen erhöhten Widerstand gegen sie Zersetzung aufweisen.

A heating technology was combined with forming processes to enlarge the formable channel depth of metallic bipolar plates in two process routes. To apply a rapid heating process, electrical resistance heating was chosen and integrated into a forming tool. With a hot forming as well as a two-stage forming process with annealing, two different process routes are presented. According to the results, the technology of resistance heating is well suited for the improvement of the formable channel depth. For both process routes, an increase in forming depth was demonstrated. In hot forming, the channel depth could be improved by up to 50% depending on geometrical parameters of the tool as well as the state of temperature of the sheet. / Zur Vergrößerung der umformbaren Kanaltiefe von metallischen Bipolarplatten wurde eine Erwärmungstechnologie mit dem Umformprozess kombiniert. Zur Anwendung eines schnellen Erwärmungsprozesses wurde die elektrische Widerstandserwärmung gewählt und in ein Umformwerkzeug integriert. Mit der Warmumformung sowie einem zweistufigen Umformprozess mit Zwischenglühen wurden zwei unterschiedliche Prozessrouten analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Technologie der Widerstandserwärmung für eine Verbesserung der umformbaren Kanaltiefe geeignet ist. Für beide Prozessrouten konnte eine Erhöhung der Umformtiefe nachgewiesen werden. Bei der Warmumformung konnte die Kanaltiefe in Abhängigkeit der geometrischen Parameter des Werkzeugs sowie des Temperaturzustands des Blechs um bis zu 50% verbessert werden.