Orientador: José de Alencar Simoni / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T20:46:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Curti_GabrielJeronymo_D.pdf: 2740453 bytes, checksum: e587cb4af6da5b69a349e04e62b2a63c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Sabe-se que na agricultura a qualidade de um solo é dependente do tipo de manejo. No presente trabalho foi aplicada a microcalorimetria isotérmica para se investigar a influência do herbicida atrazina na atividade microbiana de um solo envelhecido de mata nativa, mantido a aproximadamente 4 °C, durante três anos. Além da utilização da microcalorimetria isotérmica, foram realizadas as análises de DSC e TG com a finalidade de se avaliar a quantidade de matéria orgânica presente no solo estudado, cujo valor quantificado foi de (3,5 ± 0,2)% g/g. Também foi realizado o cálculo da humidade do solo e as análises elementares [CHN e EDS (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Detector) acoplado ao MEV (Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura)]. As amostras de solo utilizadas na análise microcalorimétrica foram previamente incubadas com acetonitrila e com soluções de atrazina em acetonitrila nas concentrações de 1000 e 2000 ppm, durante aproximadamente 48 horas. Em seguida, foi descoberto com o emprego da microcalorimetria isotérmica que a acetonitrila ainda permanecia no solo após o período de incubação, além do fato de que o efeito da atrazina sobre os microrganismos do solo não era detectável, uma vez que os valores para o calor gerado durante a incubação com aquele solvente e com as soluções de atrazina em acetonitrila nas concentrações de 1000 e 2000 ppm, respectivamente, eram iguais a: (-12,8 ± 0,8), (-12,9 ± 0,9) e (-13,5 ± 0,6) J, enquanto que os valores da constante do crescimento microbiano eram iguais a: (5,9 ± 1,4), (6,8 ± 1,6) e 6,37 min-1. A análise microbiológica também indicou que a atrazina não estaria influenciando os microrganismos, diferentemente do caso da acetonitrila, a qual foi responsável por uma redução nas quantidades dos microrganismos. No presente trabalho também foi investigada a influência do herbicida nicosulfuron sobre as atividades microbianas nos solos de mata nativa ou floresta e de cultivos do milho e do café. Foram empregadas as mesmas técnicas analíticas como no caso da atrazina, sendo que para se estudar o nicosulfuron foram investigadas as seguintes condições de incubação (durante 48 h) para cada tipo de solo: aplicação de acetonitrila, aplicação de uma solução de nicosulfuron em acetonitrila com uma concentração igual a 64 ppm e aplicação de uma solução com a mesma natureza, mas com uma concentração igual a 120 ppm. Os resultados indicaram que o solo de floresta era o mais rico em termos de matéria orgânica (4,0 ± 0,1)%, enquanto que o solo de cultivo do café era o mais rico em termos de humidade (21 %). Preliminarmente, as análises térmicas realizadas com o auxílio da microcalorimetria isotérmica indicaram que a acetonitrila foi novamente a espécie mais biodegradada, ao passo que nos casos das condições em que havia adição de água ao invés da solução de glicose pôde ser concluído que o solo cultivado com café foi aquele que mais sofreu influência do nicosulfuron do que nos casos dos outros solos, uma vez que para o valor de concentração mais elevado, i.e., 120 ppm, o valor da energia dissipada (calor; Q) foi estatisticamente superior (-6,6±0,3)J do que no caso da solução da mesma natureza com concentração igual a 64 ppm (-4,8±0,9)J. Para os solos de floresta ou mata nativa e de cultivo do milho o nicosulfuron não exerceu influência detectável. As análises microbiológicas para os solos de cultivo do café e do milho não indicam que ocorram diferenças estatisticamente significativas para algumas das condições estudadas, de tal maneira que para o estudo com o nicosulfuron podemos concluir que a microcalorimetria isotérmica se mostra uma técnica promissora que pode permitir estudos com xenobióticos como os pesticidas / Abstract: It is known in agriculture that soil quality does dependent on the kind of soil management. In the present work was applied the isothermal microcalorimetry to investigate the influence of the herbicide atrazine on the microbial activity of a forest soil that was aged (resting along 3 years under about 4°C). Besides the application of isothermal microcalorimetry it were performed the DSC and TG analyses with the purpose to evaluated the amount of organic matter present in the soil whose value was equal to (3.5±0.2) % to the studied soil. It were also performed the calculation of humidity in the soil and the elemental analyses [CHN and EDS (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Detector) coupled to SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy)]. The soil samples used for the microcalorimetric analysis were previously incubated with acetonitrile and atrazine solutions in acetonitrile (1000 ppm and 2000 ppm), during approximately 48 hours. Afterwards, with the aid of the Isothermal Microcalorimetry it was discovered that actually the acetonitrile was remaining in the soil, even after the incubation period and that the effect of atrazine on the soil microorganisms was undetectable, once the heat generated for the incubation with acetonitrile and with atrazine solutions in acetonitrile of 1000 and 2000 ppm were equal respectively to: (-12.8 ± 0.8); (-12.9 ± 0.9) and (-13.5 ± 0.6) J, whilst that the values of the microbial growth constant were equal to: (5.9±1.4); (6.8±1.6) and 6.37 min-1. The microbiological analysis also indicated that the atrazine was not influencing the microorganisms, differently for the case of acetonitrile that was responsible for a decrease on the amounts of them. It was also investigated in that work the influence of the herbicide nicosulfuron on the microbial activities of soils under forest, and under maize and coffe tree crops. The same kind of analyses were performed as for the case of atrazine, but the investigations occured after a previous period of incubation along 48 h, and the conditions evaluated were: application of acetonitrile, application of nicosulfuron solution in acetonitrile with concentration equal to 64 ppm and application of a solution with the same nature but with concentration equal to 120 ppm. The results indicated that the forest soil was the richest one in terms of organic matter ( 4.0 ± 0.1) % , whilst the soil that lies under a coffe tree crop was the richest one in terms of humidity (21 % ). The thermal analyses with the aid of the Isothermal Microcalorimetry indicated preliminary that again acetonitrile was biodegradated mostly. However, for the soil tilled under coffe tree crop, considering the same conditions discussed previously for nicosulfuron but with the addition of deionized water after 48 h, the microbial activity was more stimulated by the nicosulfuron than respect to the other conditions, once with the solution of nicosulfuron with the highest concentration, i. e., 120 ppm, the value for the heat dissipated (Q) was statistically higher (-6.6±0.3) than for the concentration equal to 64 ppm (- 4.8 ± 0.9), while that in the forest soil and for the soil tilled with maize crop its influence was undetectable. The microbiological analysis for the forest soil and for the soil under maize crop shown that there are no differences that are statistically significant for some conditions studied, in such a way that for the study with nicosulfuron we can conclude that the Isothermal Microcalorimetry shows itself a promising technique that can allow studies with xenobiotics as the pesticides / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutor em Ciências

The flow properties of two types of operating and clean coolants (A and B) were measured, both used in metalworking. Four samples of both operating liquids were sampled from the process monthly (from the beginning to the end of its use). All liquids were measured at 25 °C with an oil emulsion content of 4%. In addition, flow curves of pure cooling emulsions with concentration of coolant 2, 4, 6 and 8% were measured at 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 °C. Rheological measurement was performed at geometry of concentric cylinders. Microbial activity and content of additives (Thermogravimetry) was determined in operating liquid A. Both operating liquids exhibited non-Newtonian behavior. Viscosity increased with the shear rate (10–100 s-1) and impurity level. Although the amount of impurity was approximately the same in both liquids, viscosity varied. For pure liquids, the viscosity increased with increasing concentration and decreased with increasing temperature, except for liquid A with concentration of coolants 6 and 8%, which, depending on the temperature, exhibited both shear thinning, shear thickening and Newtonian behavior. The results shown that impurity level of operating liquids has only minor effect on viscosity and flow properties, but it had an effect on cooling effect. Impurities diluted operating liquids, partial decomposition of the oil component may occur, but in particular, microbial activity causes skin problems of staff. Recommended is to introduce a specific control test for the presence of bacteria.

Blackwater rivers and lakelets are a common feature of the landscape in the South Western Cape. Contrastingly, white rivers can also be found in the region. Key to the colour of blackwaters is the increased presence of dissolved organic carbon. The vegetation of the regions is known to posses' large amounts of polyphenols and potentially low microbial decomposition. Therefore, are the plant-soil dynamics a possible answer to variation in river colour? To answer this, the chemical correlates of rivers in the region, along with the in vitro leaching of the fynbos vegetation compared to other types and the effects of nutrient fertilisation on microbial activity in soil were determined. The results revealed that organic carbon, Fe and pH are significantly correlated with blackwaters. The Fe in the water appears to be bound to humic compounds. Fynbos vegetation is able to produce greater concentrations of polyphenol leachates (315 mg/l humic acid) compared to savanna species (246 mg/ humic acid) over a four-day period. P fertilisations increased the concentrations of humic acids from 30 mg/1 to 200 mg/l in some soils through their affinity to bind with humic compounds. The N fertilisations moderately increased the humic acid concentrations and in some cases lowered the concentration by 10 mg/l, indicating that it provided a nutrient source to the microbes for carbon breakdown. The interactions between humic compounds, nutrients and Fe are key to the formation of blackwaters in the region. Attached to this is the limited decomposition that takes place due to nutrient limitations. Therefore, the interactions between the carbon leached from the vegetation and below ground activities are determinants of water colour in the South Western Cape.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are the most common nanomaterials incorporated in commercial products due to their antimicrobial activity. Recently, AgNPs were detected in surface waters suggesting the potential for bioavailability in the aquatic receptor organisms. This dissertation research attempts to understand the potential toxicity of AgNPs on water quality indicators, focusing on the microbial community and amphipods. This study evaluated whether: (1) the antimicrobial properties of AgNPs pose potential risks to microbial communities in pathogen impaired streams; (2) AgNPs can cause a shift in functional diversity and metabolic fingerprinting of microbial communities; (3) survival and growth of Hyalella azteca (amphipods) could be affected by AgNPs; and (4) surface coating agents influence AgNP toxicity in H. azteca. Microbial community responses to AgNPs were assessed using standard plate count, microbial enzyme assays, and carbon substrate utilization with Biolog EcoPlates™. Ten-day and 28-d toxicity tests were conducted in a static system to assess AgNP effects on H. azteca. AgNPs caused a 69% decrease in microbial concentration and a 77% decrease in β-glucosidase activity at 0.32 mg Ag kg-1 dry sediment. The substrate utilization pattern of the microbial community was altered by AgNPs at 0.33 mg Ag kg-1 dry sediment. Ten-day LC50s for the survival of H. azteca were 3.3, 9.2, and 230.0 µg Ag L-1 for AgNO3, citrate-AgNP, and PVP-AgNP, respectively, whereas the 28-d LC50s were 3.0, 3.5, and 66.0 µg Ag L-1 for AgNO3, citrate-AgNP, and PVP-AgNP, respectively. The EC20s for growth (calculated as biomass) for the 10-d test were 1.6, 4.7, and 188.1 µg Ag L-1 for AgNO3, citrate-AgNP, and PVP-AgNPs; while the 28-d EC20s for AgNO3, citrate-AgNP and PVP-AgNP were 3.2, 0.5, and < 50 µg Ag L-1. The NOECS for dry weight were 4 and 1, and 100 µg Ag L-1, while those for biomass were 2, 0.5, and < 50 µg Ag L-1 for AgNO3, citrate-AgNP, and PVP-AgNP, respectively. The overall toxicity followed the trend: AgNO3 > citrate-AgNP > PVP-AgNP. The studies suggest that AgNPs pose potential risks to microbial communities and epibenthic macroinvertebrates used as bioindicators of water quality to protect public health and ecosystem health.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第17933号 / 地環博第112号 / 新制||地環||22(附属図書館) / 30753 / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎環境マネジメント専攻 / (主査)教授 勝見 武, 教授 高岡 昌輝, 准教授 乾 徹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

[pt] A contaminação de solos por hidrocarbonetos é uma real preocupação ambiental em muitas partes do mundo devido a crescente dependência econômica dos derivados do petróleo, principalmente os combustíveis fósseis que estão frequentemente sujeitos a vazamentos e derramamentos acidentais. Estudos capazes de entender os mecanismos de biodegradação dos componentes da gasolina no solo não saturado se fazem necessários, pois auxiliam no processo de tomada de decisões em relação ao gerenciamento e controle da propagação em subsuperfície. No Brasil, o etanol é utilizado como aditivo oxigenado à gasolina e alguns autores sugerem para solo saturado que, por ser mais degradável, ele atrasa a degradação dos outros componentes mais tóxicos desse combustível. O trabalho anterior realizado por esse grupo de pesquisa para solo não saturado obteve conclusões semelhantes às já constatadas para solo saturado. No entanto, os mecanismos de degradação na zona não saturada ainda foram pouco estudados e compreendidos. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a degradação do contaminante em blocos não saturados indeformados de solo arenoso e siltoso, oriundos do município de Duque de Caxias – RJ, submetidos a um pulso de contaminante. Dois blocos, um arenoso (BA) e outro argiloso (BS), foram contaminados pela solução de dois porcento de Benzeno, quatro porcento de Tolueno em Heptano (BT); outros dois blocos, também um arenoso (EA) e outro argiloso (ES), foram submetidos à mesma solução adicionados etanol a vinte porcento (BTE). Foram realizados ensaios com a finalidade de monitorar a atividade degradadora total do meio, carbono disponível, perfil metabólico da microbiota, concentração dos contaminantes, além de medições da umidade volumétrica através do uso do Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR). A atividade microbiana inicial, antes da contaminação, apresentou valores baixos. Logo após a contaminação dos blocos, àqueles sujeitos a etanol apresentaram ausência de atividade enquanto os sujeitos apenas à mistura BT mostraram um aumento, contrariando as expectativas. As atividades microbianas oscilaram ao longo de todo o experimento o que pode indicar uma adaptação da microbiota às novas condições do meio. Com base nos resultados dos ensaios e monitoramentos realizados, podemos sugerir que o principal fator determinante para alteração da atividade foi à composição do solo. O contaminante não exerceu a influência esperada e vista nos estudos anteriores. / [en] The soil contamination by hydrocarbons is a real environmental concern in many parts of the world due to growing economic dependence on petroleum, mostly fossil fuels are often subject to leaks and accidental spills. Studies able to understand the mechanisms of biodegradation of gasoline components in unsaturated soil are necessary because they help in making decisions regarding the management and control of the propagation process in the subsurface. In Brazil, ethanol is used as an oxygenate gasoline additive and some authors suggest that for saturated soils, being more degradable, it delays the degradation of other more toxic components of this fuel. The previous study by this research group to unsaturated soil obtained similar results to those already observed for saturated soil. However, the mechanism of degradation in the unsaturated zone have few studies. This study aims to analyze the degradation mechanisms of the contaminant in unsaturated blocks of sand and silt soil from the city of Duque de Caxias - RJ, subjected to a pulse of contaminant. Two blocks, one sandy (BA) and silty (BS), were contaminated by two percent solution of benzene, four percent toluene in heptane (BT); other two blocks, also sandy (EA) and silty (ES), underwent the same solution added to twenty percent ethanol (BTE). Analyzes were performed to monitor the overall activity of the degrading medium, available carbon, the microbiota metabolic profile, concentration of the contaminants were performed as well as measurements of the water content through the use of Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR). The initial microbial activity before the contamination, showed low values. Soon after contamination of the blocks, those subjected to ethanol showed no activity while subject to BT mixture showed an increase, contrary to expectations. Microbial activities ranged throughout the experiment which may indicate an adaptation of microbes to new environmental conditions. Based on the results of testing and monitoring conducted, we suggest that the main determinant for changing the activity factor was the composition of the soil. The contaminant did not exert the expected influence and seen in previous studies

No description available.

A loss of soil organic matter (SOM), whether through natural means or management practices, results in soil degradation. Biochar as a soil amendment can alter soil properties, ultimately affecting the availability of nitrogen and water to plants and thus crop growth. The effects of biochar are not definitive, and often dependent on both the soil type and the biochar applied. Biochar properties can change according to the feedstock and production parameters, thus for their effective use further investigation is required to link biochar properties to its effects in soil. A high-temperature (600˚ C) biochar from a mixed-hardwood feedstock was investigated. The biochar increased the soil water retention, as demonstrated by a water release curve and field trials. This retention was predominant at higher water potentials, which was attributed to the greater number of meso (storage) pores in the biochar. Biochar did not affect the soil’s saturated hydraulic conductivity; this is thought to be due to the low number of macro (transmission) pores in the biochar. Thus there was no effect on the transmission rate in the soil. Biochar reduced gross ammonium levels in the soil via adsorption, but resulted in increased non-exchangeable ammonium levels, possibly due to physical entrapment. Where carbon was already abundant in the organically managed soil, the adsorbed ammonium reduced nitrification through lower substrate availability. The range of carbon fractions added as a result of the biochar amendment increased the total organic carbon (TOC) content of the soil, but this supplementary carbon was released by the microorganisms as carbon dioxide. Microorganisms in the relatively carbon poor conventionally managed soil (with lower TOC), assimilated the additional labile carbon increasing microbial biomass. The higher microbial biomass, combined with improvements in pH and the higher ammonium levels (as a result of the ammoniacal fertiliser) increased nitrification. These changes in water and nitrogen availability did not alter crop yields as measured in the glasshouse and field trials. The effects of this biochar in a sandy agricultural soil depended on the type and level of carbon and nitrogen present in the soil, thus consideration of these factors should be taken when applying.

Des études récentes ont permis de constater qu'une part de plus en plus importante des sols agricoles présente des déficiences en micronutriments. Ces carences posent donc de graves problèmes en terme de productivité. Il existe de nombreuses études sur le rôle des micronutriments dans le métabolisme des plantes et des microorganismes. Cependant aucune étude basée sur une approche holistique visant à prendre en considération l'ensemble des trois composantes biologiques du sol (plante, faune, microorganismes) par rapport à l'apport de micronutriments n'a été entreprise à ce jour. L'objectif de cette étude était de préciser l'impact des micronutriments sur les trois composantes biologiques d'un sol en étudiant différents paramètres tels que la production de biomasse végétale, les communautés bactériennes et les aspects fonctionnels à travers l'analyse de l'activité des enzymes du sol.Une expérimentation menée en champ a été réalisée sur une culture de colza. Une comparaison entre blocs parcellaires traités et non traité a été réalisé en analysant le nombre et le poids de siliques ; la teneur en chlorophylle des feuilles, le poids et la densité des vers de terre, les activités enzymatiques, la structure des communautés microbiennes et l'activité microbienne globale. L'apport de micronutriments induit des changements de tous les paramètres biologiques étudiés en fonction du stade de développement de la plante. Parmi les enzymes étudiées (phosphatases alcaline et acide, beta-glucosidase, alpha-glucosidase, beta xylosidase), une augmentation significative de la phosphatase alcaline et de l'alpha-glucosidase a été mesurée mais seulement lorsque la plante est au stade de grenaison. A ce stade, on constate également une augmentation de l'activité microbienne totale ainsi qu'une plus forte densité de vers de terre dans les blocs parcellaires traités. De plus, l'apport de micronutriments affecte de manière significative les communautés de bactéries nitrifiantes mais ce phénomène ne s'observe qu'au stade de la floraison. L'ensemble des ces résultats suggère donc que les micronutriments agissent comme des catalyseurs de l'activité biologique des différents acteurs du sol (plante, microorganismes et macrofaune). Ils sont à l'origine d'une succession d'inter action complexes et modifient alors les processus biologiques qui s'opèrent dans le sol.Le deuxième objectif de cette étude était de comparer l'impact de micronutriments sur les communautés microbiennes en présence /absence de plantes ou de vers de terre. Une expérimentation conduite en microcosme a été entreprise. Compte- tenu que les paramètres physico –chimiques du sol influent la biodisponibilité des micronutriments, l'expérience a été réalisée avec trois types de sols (sols limoneux, argileux et sableux). Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence que l'impacte des micronutriments sur les communautés bactériennes est subordonné à la présence et le type d'organismes (vers de terre/plante) ainsi qu'à la nature du sol.Finalement, les micronutriments ne doivent plus être perçus en terme de productivité à travers une simple relation avec la plante mais au contraire comme des agents agissant comme catalyseur de l'activité biologique des principaux acteurs du sol. Une telle vision holistique constitue les premières données pour établir les bases de l'agroécologie. / Numerous arable lands in the world have a low availability of micronutrients. This lack of micronutrients has a serious impact on crop production. To increase plant productivity more attention must be paid to micronutrients. A number of studies have focused on the effect of micronutrients on plant and bacterial metabolism. However, studies on the impact of these micronutrients, when all living organisms (plant, macrofauna and microorganism) present in a field are taken into account, are scarce..The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of these micronutrients on the three soil components. Different parameters were chosen such as plant productivity, bacterial community, soil enzyme and fauna to determine the impact of micronutrients on these organisms.A field experimental approach consisted of micronutrient treatments during oilseed rape cultivation in the Aisne Department (France) was carried out. In comparison to control plots, the weight and number of siliques (seed pods), the chlorophyll content of leaves, the weight and density of earthworms, soil enzyme activities, bacterial communities and total microbial activity were analysed. The addition of micronutrients caused changes to all the biological parameters studied in relation to the plant growth stage. Among the enzymes tested (alkaline and acid phosphatase, beta-glucosidase, alpha-glucosidase, beta xylosidase), a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase and alpha-glucosidase was measured at the 3rd stage of oilseed rape development with the addition of micronutrients. At this stage of oilseed rape development, total microbial activity and the weight and density of earthworms were higher in plots under micronutrient treatment. On the other hand, micronutrients had a significant impact on the nitrifying bacterial community and the total bacterial community only at the 2nd stage of oilseed rape development. All these results suggest that micronutrients act as a catalyst by stimulating plants, soil fauna and microorganisms directly or indirectly. Thus micronutrients can modify biological processes in all living organisms through successive complex interactions.The second objective of this study was to compare the impact of micronutrients on bacterial communities in presence/absence of plants or earthworms. An in vitro experimental approach using microcosms has been conducted to study different parameters (bacterial community, soil enzyme activity, total microbial activity). Because characteristics of soil contents are important in determining the availability of micronutrients in soils the experiment was conducted on three type of soil: sandy; loamy and clay soil. Our results bring to light that the application of micronutrients affected the bacterial communities. However the nature and the importance of this impact varies according to the organisms presents (plant or earthworms) and the nature of the soil.The results of this study provide a scientific basis for fertilizing and utilizing soil, protecting microbial diversity, and accomplishing the sustainable development of agroecology.

Les essences de forêts tropicales sont caractérisées par une importante variabilité de la qualité et de la stœchiométrie des feuilles qui tombent au sol. Les microorganismes hétérotrophes à la base des réseaux trophiques de décomposeurs dépendent principalement de ces ressources organiques qui varient de façon substantielle à petite échelle quant à la quantité et la contribution relative de certains éléments clés tels que le carbone (C), l'azote (N) et le phosphore (P). J'ai évalué au cours de cette thèse comment les variations de qualité et de stœchiométrie C:N:P de la ressource influençaient l'activité, la biomasse, la stœchiométrie et la structure des communautés des décomposeurs microbiens. J'ai réalisé ce travail en forêt Amazonienne de Guyane française sur des sols extrêmement appauvris en nutriments où les microorganismes hétérotrophes sont supposés être particulièrement dépendants du C et des nutriments provenant des litières. J'ai d'abord démontré que la qualité du C et le contenu en P des feuilles de litières expliquaient plus de 50% de la variabilité observée du processus de respiration microbien (SIR) du sol sous-jacent. Lors d'une expérience de fertilisation factorielle avec du C (sous forme de cellulose), de l'N (sous forme d'urée) et du P (sous forme de phosphate) sur le terrain, j'ai ensuite confirmé que la SIR de la communauté du sol était co-limitée par C et P, alors la SIR dans la litière était co-limitée par N et P. Ces limitations différentielles dans les litières et le sol sous-jacent étaient reliées à des modifications de la structure des communautés microbiennes, et en particulier des changements du ratio champignon:bactérie et de la proportion de bactéries copiotrophes et oligotrophes. Finalement au cours d'une expérience d'incubation au laboratoire, j'ai montré que la biomasse, la stœchiométrie et la structure des communautés microbiennes de la litière différaient fortement entre six litières chimiquement contrastées variant dans leur stœchiométrie initiale C:N:P. Cependant, les variations des paramètres microbiens étaient mieux expliqués par les caractéristiques de la fraction soluble des litières (y compris sa stœchiométrie) que par la qualité de la litière dans son ensemble, entrainant des variations de la stœchiométrie de la biomasse microbienne et un shift vers une dominance fongique en réponse à une augmentation de la stœchiométrie C:N:P des lessivâts. Collectivement, ces résultats montrent que des qualités de litière distinctes produites par une importante diversité d'essences forestières contrôlent la structure, la stœchiométrie, l'abondance et l'activité des communautés microbiennes des litières à petites échelles spatiales en forêt tropicale d'Amazonie. Par ailleurs, les litières en décomposition stimulent également les communautés microbiennes du sol sous-jacent, qui apparaissent être limitées par l'accès combiné à une source de C (énergie) et de P. L'importance de la contrainte stœchiométrique pour les microorganismes hétérotrophes à la base des réseaux trophiques de décomposeurs suggère que des modifications de la composition des communautés végétales ou des dépositions atmosphériques de N et/ou P peuvent avoir des conséquences plus lointaines sur les cycles du C et des nutriments au sein des biomes tropicaux. / Tree species-rich tropical rainforests are characterized by a high variability in quality and stoichiometry of leaf litter input to the soil. Microbial heterotrophs in the decomposer food web depend primarily on these organic resources that can vary dramatically in quantity, quality and relative contribution in key elements such as carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). I evaluated during this thesis how differences in leaf litter resource quality and C:N:P stoichiometry influence the activity, biomass, stoichiometry and community structure of microbial decomposers. I did this work in the Amazonian rainforest of French Guiana, where the soils are highly nutrient-impoverished and microbial heterotrophs are assumed to be particularly dependent on litter-derived nutrients. I first showed that leaf litter C quality and P content explained more than 50% of the observed variability of the microbial respiration process in the underlying soil. Using a fertilization experiment with C (as cellulose), N (as urea), and P (as phosphate) in the field, I further showed that microbial respiration process in the litter layer was co-limited by N and P, while that in the soil was co-limited by C and P. Additionally, distinct nutritional limitations in litter and underlying soil were related to shifts in the microbial community structure, especially regarding the fungi:bacteria ratio and the proportion of copiotrophic versus oligotrophic bacteria. Finally, during a laboratory incubation experiment, I showed that litter microbial biomass, stoichiometry and community structure differed strongly among leaf litter from six different tree species varying in C:N:P stoichiometry. The variations in microbial parameters among substrate litters, however, were not related to bulk leaf litter quality, but rather driven by the stoichiometry of the soluble fraction, with larger microbial C:nutrients ratios and a shift towards fungal dominance with increasing litter leachate C:N:P stoichiometry. Collectively, these results showed that the distinct leaf litter quality produced by a diverse tree canopy controls the structure, stoichiometry, abundance and activity of microbial communities in the studied Amazonian rainforest at small spatial scales. Moreover, the decomposing leaf litter stimulates microbial communities in the underlying soil that appear to be under the combined control of energy (C) and P availability. The strong stoichiometric constraint on microbial heterotrophs in the decomposer food web suggests far-ranging consequences on ecosystem C and nutrient cycling with ongoing alteration of nutrient deposition and tree species diversity in tropical rainforests..