Microbial mats are important components of perennially ice-covered Antarctic lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, where they often comprise the dominant biomass in this cold, shaded environment. These lakes represent some of the most extreme lacustrine environments on Earth, including a persistent ice-cover, stable, stratified water columns, with strong salinity related density gradients. In these low-disturbance environments, the microbial consortia develop macroscopic emergent structures such as pinnacles and ridges. Such structures are speculated to confer advantageous survival traits and have also been found in the Precambrian fossil record as “conophyton” stromatolites – arguably some of the earliest evidence of life – and it has been suggested that a better understanding of the growth dynamics of modern “conophyton” will inform our understanding of what was required for these early fossils to be produced. Despite decades of research, there are few studies of the structural basis of conophyton producing microbial mats in Antarctic lakes. To help address this gap, complex microbial mats along a transect established in Lake Fryxell, one of the McMurdo Dry Valley lakes, were examined; with the aim of documenting the distribution of different types of photosynthetic organisms and mat morphologies along environmental gradients such as light, conductivity, oxygen concentration and depth. Microbial mat samples were taken along the transect and analysed in New Zealand using confocal laser scanning microscopy, along with conventional pigment extraction techniques. Correlations between mat morphology, pigment content and lake properties were found. The appearance of bacteriochlorophylls, characteristic of green sulfur bacteria within and below the oxycline confirm a shift from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism that was consistent with mats taking on a prostrate appearance. The cyanobacterial pigment phycoerythrin was only found in the hyperoxic, relatively well lit region of the transect, and was associated with the mats forming a distinctive macroscale morphology with dense fields of cm-scale cuspate pinnacles. Between these, a hypoxic region was characterised by a relatively flat mat within which were many cm-scale pits. Structural investigations were focussed on two distinct morphologies, pinnacle and honeycomb mat. Nearly all photosynthetic organisms were located in the upper 2 mm of both pinnacle and honeycomb mats, mainly comprising diatoms and cyanobacteria. Pinnacle mats were dominated by a narrow cyanobacterium, probably a species of Leptolyngbya, which were mostly oriented vertically, which placed trichomes parallel to the direction of pinnacle extension. The honeycomb mat contained fewer narrow trichomes, rather the bulk of photosynthetic organisms were diatoms from the genera Muellaria, Navicula and Diadesmis, together with broad-trichome cyanobacteria that formed a thin skin on the surface of the mat, though absent from the pits. The type of emergent structure that is formed appears to be related to species composition, and this in turn appears to be related to the growth conditions. A model was developed to explain how species-specific growth mechanisms are involved in emergent structure formation for honeycomb and pinnacle mats.

Microbial mats exist in freshwater pools atop the Ward Hunt and Markham ice shelves in the Canadian high Arctic. In this study, culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques were used to describe the microbial diversity and activity of these mat communities.Bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were constructed from Markham and Ward Hunt mat samples. Bacterial libraries from both mats had high diversity, though the Markham library appeared more diverse than the Ward Hunt library. Over 95% of sequences in both bacterial libraries, and all isolates from both mats, grouped within the phyla Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. Archaeal diversity appeared low in both mats. Only one phylotype, potentially representing a novel Euryarchaeota, was observed in both archaeal libraries. Populations in both communities showed activity at subzero temperatures, with growth of isolates at -5°C and detectable metabolic activity at -10°C, measured by radiorespiration assays of mat microcosms.

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Biofilms are significant contributors to primary production, nutrient cycling, bio-stabilization and the food web of wetland ecosystems. Photoautotrophic biomass (PB) and primary production (PP) were determined for biofilms exposed to various treatments and materials in wetlands near Fort McMurray. Biofilm additions and oil sands process-affected materials were expected to increase the microbial colonization rates on treated substrates and subsequently PB and PP of biofilms over time as compared to controls and unaffected materials. Biofilms survived the transfers and colonized new substrates immediately. Oil sands process affected materials were found to increase PB and PP throughout the first year. A strong decreasing trend for both PB and PP in treatment microcosms occurred in year two, eventually coalescing with control conditions at a lower equilibrium. Transferred biofilms and treatment materials, therefore, increased overall wetland productivity during the initial stages of wetland development when growing conditions are most limiting. / Land Reclamation and Remediation

Este estudo apresenta os resultados de dados coletados em testemunhos de sondagem e afloramentos na sucessão aptiana-albiana da Bacia do Araripe, NE do Brasil. Carbonatos micríticos laminados se intercalam com rochas siliciclásticas, cujo índice de alteração química (CIA) é indicativo de um clima tipicamente árido a semi-árido. O Membro Crato foi formado sob regime hidrológico altamente variável, em uma laguna salina costeira sujeita a flutuações da profundidade da lâmina d´água, salinidade e grau de oxigenação. As condições ambientais estressantes favoreceram o desenvolvimento de extensos tapetes microbiais, responsáveis pela precipitação da maior parte dos carbonatos laminados. A origem microbial dos carbonatos é atestada por uma variedade de feições de esteiras microbiais, incluindo feições relativas ao crescimento (biolaminações, bioconstruções dômicas, padrões semelhantes a Kinneyia) e feições derivadas da destruição física das esteiras (estruturas “roll-up”, fissuras lineares incompletas, e fragmentos de esteiras oriundos da dessecação dos filmes microbiais). A presença de esteiras microbiais que recobriram os fósseis com EPS foi primordial na preservação extraordinária de tecidos moles. / This study presents the results on data collected in drill cores and outcrops in the Aptian-Albian succession in the Araripe Basin, NE Brazil. Laminated, micritic carbonates are interbedded with siliciclastic rocks that yielded CIA values typical of arid to semi-arid climate. The Crato Member was formed under a highly variable hydrologic regime (with fluctuating water depth, salinity and degree of oxygenation) in a coastal, saline lagoon. The stressful environmental conditions favored the development of extensive microbial mats, responsible for the precipitation of most laminated carbonates. The microbial origin of the carbonates is attested by a variety of microbial mat features, including growth-related features (biolaminations, domal buildups, patterns resembling Kinneyia) and features derived from physical mat destruction (roll-up structures, linear, incomplete fissures, and mat chips from desiccation of microbial films). The presence of microbial mats that covered the fossils with EPS was paramount for the extraordinary preservation of soft tissues.

Este estudo apresenta os resultados de dados coletados em testemunhos de sondagem e afloramentos na sucessão aptiana-albiana da Bacia do Araripe, NE do Brasil. Carbonatos micríticos laminados se intercalam com rochas siliciclásticas, cujo índice de alteração química (CIA) é indicativo de um clima tipicamente árido a semi-árido. O Membro Crato foi formado sob regime hidrológico altamente variável, em uma laguna salina costeira sujeita a flutuações da profundidade da lâmina d´água, salinidade e grau de oxigenação. As condições ambientais estressantes favoreceram o desenvolvimento de extensos tapetes microbiais, responsáveis pela precipitação da maior parte dos carbonatos laminados. A origem microbial dos carbonatos é atestada por uma variedade de feições de esteiras microbiais, incluindo feições relativas ao crescimento (biolaminações, bioconstruções dômicas, padrões semelhantes a Kinneyia) e feições derivadas da destruição física das esteiras (estruturas “roll-up”, fissuras lineares incompletas, e fragmentos de esteiras oriundos da dessecação dos filmes microbiais). A presença de esteiras microbiais que recobriram os fósseis com EPS foi primordial na preservação extraordinária de tecidos moles. / This study presents the results on data collected in drill cores and outcrops in the Aptian-Albian succession in the Araripe Basin, NE Brazil. Laminated, micritic carbonates are interbedded with siliciclastic rocks that yielded CIA values typical of arid to semi-arid climate. The Crato Member was formed under a highly variable hydrologic regime (with fluctuating water depth, salinity and degree of oxygenation) in a coastal, saline lagoon. The stressful environmental conditions favored the development of extensive microbial mats, responsible for the precipitation of most laminated carbonates. The microbial origin of the carbonates is attested by a variety of microbial mat features, including growth-related features (biolaminations, domal buildups, patterns resembling Kinneyia) and features derived from physical mat destruction (roll-up structures, linear, incomplete fissures, and mat chips from desiccation of microbial films). The presence of microbial mats that covered the fossils with EPS was paramount for the extraordinary preservation of soft tissues.

Este estudo apresenta os resultados de dados coletados em testemunhos de sondagem e afloramentos na sucessão aptiana-albiana da Bacia do Araripe, NE do Brasil. Carbonatos micríticos laminados se intercalam com rochas siliciclásticas, cujo índice de alteração química (CIA) é indicativo de um clima tipicamente árido a semi-árido. O Membro Crato foi formado sob regime hidrológico altamente variável, em uma laguna salina costeira sujeita a flutuações da profundidade da lâmina d´água, salinidade e grau de oxigenação. As condições ambientais estressantes favoreceram o desenvolvimento de extensos tapetes microbiais, responsáveis pela precipitação da maior parte dos carbonatos laminados. A origem microbial dos carbonatos é atestada por uma variedade de feições de esteiras microbiais, incluindo feições relativas ao crescimento (biolaminações, bioconstruções dômicas, padrões semelhantes a Kinneyia) e feições derivadas da destruição física das esteiras (estruturas “roll-up”, fissuras lineares incompletas, e fragmentos de esteiras oriundos da dessecação dos filmes microbiais). A presença de esteiras microbiais que recobriram os fósseis com EPS foi primordial na preservação extraordinária de tecidos moles. / This study presents the results on data collected in drill cores and outcrops in the Aptian-Albian succession in the Araripe Basin, NE Brazil. Laminated, micritic carbonates are interbedded with siliciclastic rocks that yielded CIA values typical of arid to semi-arid climate. The Crato Member was formed under a highly variable hydrologic regime (with fluctuating water depth, salinity and degree of oxygenation) in a coastal, saline lagoon. The stressful environmental conditions favored the development of extensive microbial mats, responsible for the precipitation of most laminated carbonates. The microbial origin of the carbonates is attested by a variety of microbial mat features, including growth-related features (biolaminations, domal buildups, patterns resembling Kinneyia) and features derived from physical mat destruction (roll-up structures, linear, incomplete fissures, and mat chips from desiccation of microbial films). The presence of microbial mats that covered the fossils with EPS was paramount for the extraordinary preservation of soft tissues.

Les tapis microbiens sont des communautés benthiques, calcifiées (i.e. microbialites) ou non, diverses à la fois phylogénétiquement et métaboliquement. Les tapis microbiens fossiles constituent les plus anciennes traces de vie sur Terre et leurs représentants modernes peuvent donc être utilisés pour comprendre le fonctionnement de ces écosystèmes anciens. J'ai étudié les communautés microbiennes (archées, bactéries et eucaryotes) de plusieurs microbialites (lac Alchichica, Mexique) et tapis microbiens (dans une mare du salar de Llamara, Chili) afin de caractériser finement leur structure phylogénétique et d'améliorer notre compréhension de leur fonctionnement. J'ai pour cela utilisé une approche combinant des outils moléculaires (métabarcoding, métagénomique) à des données environnementales (paramètres physico-chimiques de la colonne d'eau ou composition minérale des microbialites). Mon travail de thèse a permis d'affiner le modèle de formation des microbialites d'Alchichica, en montrant notamment que, en plus de la photosynthèse oxygénique cyanobactérienne, le potentiel à précipiter des carbonates de la photosynthèse eucaryote et, surtout, de la photosynthèse anoxygénique est important. Les communautés des tapis de Llamara étaient quant à elles caractérisées par la présence de nombreuses lignées d'archées et de bactéries très divergentes, dont certaines ont été identifiées pour la première fois dans ce travail. Nos analyses ont aussi souligné la diversité des organismes impliqués dans les cycles du soufre et de l'azote au sein de ces systèmes et permis d'identifier de potentielles interactions biotiques entre des lignées procaryotes dont l'écologie est peu connue. Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence que les paramètres environnementaux influencent fortement la composition des communautés associées à ces microbialites et à ces tapis microbiens. L'ensemble de ces résultats permet de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement de ces systèmes ainsi que les facteurs qui influencent leur structure phylogénétique et fonctionnelle. / Microbial mats are phylogenetically and functionally diverse benthic microbial communities, which can be sometimes calcified (i.e. microbialites). Fossil microbial mats constitute the oldest traces of life on Earth and their modern representatives are thus used as analogues of those primordial ecosystems to gain insights into their functioning. I have studied the microbial communities (archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes) of several microbialites (lake Alchichica, Mexico) and microbial mats (in a small pond in the salar de Llamara, Chile). The main objectives of my PhD were to finely characterize their phylogenetic structure and to improve our understanding of the functioning of these complex ecosystems. To do so, I have applied a multi-disciplinary approach combining molecular approaches (metabarcoding, metagenomics) to environmental data (physico-chemical parameters of the water column or mineral composition of the microbialites).The results presented in this thesis allowed refining our model of microbialite formation in Lake Alchichica. We showed that, in addition to cyanobacterial photosynthesis, both eukaryotic and, particularly, anoxygenic photosyntheses were potentially important to promote carbonate precipitation. Llamara mat communities were characterised by the presence of numerous novel archaeal and bacterial lineages, some of which were identified for the first time in this work. Our analyses have also highlighted the diversity of organisms involved in both sulphur and nitrogen cycles in these mats and identified potential biotic interactions between poorly known prokaryotic lineages. Finally, we showed that the composition of the microbial communities associated to these microbialites and microbial mats was strongly influenced by environmental parameters. Overall, these results represent a substantial contribution to our understanding of the ecology of these systems as well as of the factors that influence their phylogenetic and functional structures.

No description available.