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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Approaches to bioclimatic urban design for the tropics with special referecne to Dhaka, Bangladesh

Ahmed, Khandaker Shabbir January 1995 (has links)
No description available.
2

A bio-climatic approach to house design for semi-desert and hot climates (with special reference to Egypt)

Abdin, Ahmed Reda January 1982 (has links)
The semi-desert and hot climate zones occupy one fifth of the Earth's surface. However, the design process for environmental control employs the same technical procedures as those of cold and temperate climates despite the differences in human response and the environmental factors in each zone. It is the thesis of this research to devise a bio-climatological approach to the design of building in these areas, with special reference to reidential units. Analysis of the housing problem in Egypt as a part of the global problem is considered. Both inside and outside the built environment metabolic rate, clothing, solar radiation, air temperature, air movement and humidity are the dominant parameters affecting human comfort. To assess the solar radiation contribution to the sensible effect of ambient air temperature, a computer program has been devised. A bioclimatic approach to the classification of cliniates is proposed, and analysis of the Egyptian climate and Cairo microclimates emphasizes the importance of ventilation for relieving thermal stress. A method of assessing ventilation performance in relation to human comfort during overheated periods has been proposed with emphasis on the importance of studying the aerodynamics of residential units comprising multi-cell spaces. A survey of historical precedent in house design in Egypt is aimed at defining the characteristics of both old and contemporary residential units, and how they responded to their micro-climates. As wind is the critical element determining the microclimates within Cairo and possibly other cities of similar climate, a programme for wind tunnel experiments was carried out to examine the parameters affecting air movement around and within buildings. A bioclimatic approach considering architectural design as a three phase process, ie analysis (feasibility studies), synthesis (spatial design) and appraisal (detail design), was considered. This included a procedure for optimization of ventilation systems. Conclusion and recommendations have been made for building forms, interior design, building regulations and new development design.
3

Liminal Landscapes: Conditioning Climates on the Chicago Riverfront

Iyengar, Varsha G. 09 July 2019 (has links)
No description available.
4

Avaliação da qualidade térmica de espaços de transição do tipo linear externo / Thermal quality evaluation of linear external transitional space

David, Priscilla Laceda Duarte [UNESP] 19 February 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Priscilla Lacerda Duarte David null (pridavid@gmail.com) on 2016-04-18T17:32:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO.pdf: 3221424 bytes, checksum: eae44cc8b6d04e771aaafa4496e5e231 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-19T14:16:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 david_pld_me_bauru.pdf: 3221424 bytes, checksum: eae44cc8b6d04e771aaafa4496e5e231 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-19T14:16:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 david_pld_me_bauru.pdf: 3221424 bytes, checksum: eae44cc8b6d04e771aaafa4496e5e231 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / Essa pesquisa investiga as relações entre a qualidade térmica dos espaços de transição com os seus atributos físicos e condições térmicas do entorno imediato, a partir de levantamentos microclimáticos em oito espaços de transição do tipo linear externo e nos espaços internos e externos a eles associados, em condições de tempo quente. Os espaços escolhidos estão inseridos em um ambiente universitário na cidade de Bauru-SP e, por estarem localizados em edifícios de salas de aula, constituem em importantes ambientes de convívio de estudantes. Para verificar a influência dos atributos projetuais, foram definidos parâmetros de avaliação (intensidade da radiação solar incidente, obstrução do entorno, relação altura (H) e largura (W) e desempenho térmico da cobertura) e indicadores para cada um desses quatro parâmetros (de peso 0,25), distribuídos em um escala semântica variando de 0-péssimo, 0,25-ruim, 0,50-regular, 0,75-bom e 1-ótimo. Assim, foi criada uma metodologia para avaliar a qualidade térmica dos espaços de transição do tipo linear externo, que foi aplicada aos espaços estudados, para identificar quais parâmetros contribuem positiva ou negativamente para a qualidade térmica de cada. Essa metodologia permite elencar os melhores indicadores para uma avaliação positiva para os espaços de transição e os que devem ser evitados. No entanto, a qualidade microclimática dos ambientes externos adjacentes aos de transição são decisivos para uma ótima avaliação térmica. Os resultados evidenciam que a qualidade térmica dos espaços de transição é influenciada por alguns atributos projetuais e também pelas características de obstrução do entorno, além da qualidade microclimática do entorno imediato. A pesquisa também comprovou o papel amenizador microclimático e das condições de conforto térmico, calculados por meio do índice PET e, assim, reforçou resultados obtidos em estudos abordados na revisão bibliográfica. Espera-se que essa pesquisa possa contribuir para subsidiar intervenções projetuais nos espaços avaliados; contribuir para o projeto de novos espaços de transição, além de incentivar o desenvolvimento de estudos similares em outros contextos climáticos e em diferentes condições de tempo. / This research investigates the relationship between the thermal quality of transitional spaces and their physical attributes, and the thermal conditions of their immediate surroundings. The study was based on microclimatic data monitoring conducted in warm weather conditions in eight linear, external transitional spaces, and in the internal and external spaces associated with them. The spaces selected are located at a university setting in the city of Bauru-SP; and because they are within classroom buildings, these spaces represent important environments for student interaction. In order to verify the influence of project attributes, evaluation parameters (solar radiation intensity, obstruction of surroundings, height (H) and width (W), and thermal performance of the roof), and indicators for each of these four parameters were set and distributed in a semantic scale that varied from 0-very bad, 0.25-bad, 0.50average, 0.75-good, to 1-very good. This way, a methodology was created to evaluate the thermal quality of linear external transitional spaces, and applied to the spaces studied to identify which parameters contribute positively or negatively to the thermal quality of each one. This methodology allows for the classification of the best indicators, as well as the ones that should be avoided, for a positive evaluation of the transitional spaces. The results reveal that the thermal quality of transitional spaces is influenced not only by some project attributes but also by obstruction of surroundings characteristics, and by the microclimatic quality of the immediate surroundings. This research also proved the mitigating roles of microclimatic and thermal comfort conditions, which were calculated using the PET index, thereby reinforcing the results obtained in studies addressed in the bibliographic review. It is expected that this research will contribute to subsidizing project interventions in the spaces evaluated, and projects of new transitional spaces, in addition to promoting the development of similar studies in other climatic contexts, and in different weather conditions.
5

Thermal landscapes and pest dynamic in Andean tropical agrosystems / Paysages thermiques et dynamique de ravageurs des cultures dans les Andes tropicales

Faye, Emile 20 November 2015 (has links)
Dans un contexte de changement climatique et d’augmentation de la variabilité du climat, une raison majeure qui freine le développement et l’adoption d’une gestion efficace des ravageurs des cultures est celle des caractéristiques thermiques des paysages agricoles, qui sont reconnues pour leur effet sur la dynamique ces ravageurs. De plus, la différence entre la taille des organismes considérés et les échelles auxquelles les données climatiques sont collectées et modélisées est une problématique clé pour comprendre et prédire la distribution des ravageurs des cultures. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous explorons la prise en compte des microclimats ressentis par les ravageurs des cultures dans leur environnement afin de mieux déduire leur distribution spatiotemporelle. Par conséquent, cette thèse s’est intéressée à: 1) réduire les différences d’échelles entre les prédictions des modèles climatiques globaux et la fine échelle spatiotemporelle des microclimats vécus par les organismes, 2) développer des approches techniques innovantes, comme la combinaison de caméras thermiques avec des drones aéroportés, pour faciliter l’étude de l’écologie thermique des ravageurs des cultures dans leur milieu, 3) déterminer dans quelle mesure la caractérisation de l’hétérogénéité thermique spatiotemporelle des paysages agricoles est utile pour comprendre les dynamiques des ravageurs des cultures et 4) comment intégrer les microclimats dans les modèles de prédiction des ravageurs des cultures. Ce travail montre que les microclimats conditionnent partiellement la dynamique des ravageurs des cultures dans les agrosystèmes et peuvent leur fournir des opportunités pour améliorer leur performances (et atténuer les effets du changement climatique) dans quelques centimètres carrées seulement. Par conséquent, cette thèse a montré l’importance d’une meilleure prise en compte des microclimats dans les modèles de distribution d’espèces (et de vulnérabilité face au changement climatique). Finalement, ce travail a révélé que l’étude des microclimats pourrait ouvrir de nouvelles voies de lutte intégrée agro-écologiques contre les ravageurs des cultures. / In the context of global warming and increasing climatic variability, a major uncertainty that hampers effective pest management is that related to the thermal characteristics of agricultural landscapes, which are known to have profound effects on insect pest dynamics. Moreover the spatial mismatch between the size of organisms and the scale at which climate data are collected and modeled is also a major barrier to better understand and predict pest distribution and dynamics. In this thesis, we addressed the issue of considering microclimates experienced by crop pests in their environments with the main objective to infer their spatiotemporal distribution. Therefore, we focused on the following questions: 1) How to bridge the gap between the predictions of coarse-scale climatic models and the fine-scale climatic reality experienced by organisms (i.e. microclimates), 2) How to develop innovative technological approaches such as thermal infrared cameras and unmanned aerial vehicle as a tool for the study of crop pest thermal ecology, 3) to what extent the fine spatiotemporal variability in thermal heterogeneity of natural and agricultural landscapes is useful to understand pest dynamics, and 4) how to integrate microclimatic data in models predicting the interrelation between pest organisms and the microclimate of their environments.This work revealed that microclimate substantially affects pest dynamics in agrosystems and may offer them opportunities to enhance their performances, as well as to buffer global warming effects within only few centimetres. Consequently, this thesis stresses the need of a better incorporation of microclimatic data into models of species distribution (and vulnerability to climate change) and evidences that microclimates might provide new insights towards agro-ecological pest management.
6

Geospatial Analysis to Site Urban Agriculture

Parece, Tammy E. 17 March 2016 (has links)
The rapid expansion of urban systems in both area and population represents the most significant landuse/landcover change occurring in the world today. Urbanization is often accompanied by increasing environmental degradation. This degradation is related to stormwater runoff, air temperatures greater than surrounding rural areas, increased air and water pollution, losses of vegetated lands, and lack of access to sufficient and healthy foods in lower-income areas. Urban agriculture (UA), a practice long established in previous eras but neglected for many decades, can mediate such concerns by providing greenspaces to improve ecosystem services. Successful practice of UA requires recognition of interactions between social and environmental patterns. Neglect of these interactions leads to failure in spatially integrating social and environmental dimensions of the urban landscape, limiting the success of UA. This study investigates siting of UA within Roanoke, Virginia, a compact urban region characterized by social and environmental conditions that can be addressed by effective siting and practice of UA. This research takes a broader perspective than prior studies on UA and urban greenspaces. It proposes innovative applications of geospatial technologies for urban assessment. Studies on UA have typically focused on food insecurity, while studies on greenspaces focus on parks and tree canopy cover, without investigating interactions that promote synergies between these two efforts. Research over the past few years is now recognizing potential contributions for urban agriculture to alleviate environmental issues such as stormwater runoff, soil infertility, and the urban heat island effect. Little of this research has been devoted to the actual siting of urban agriculture to specifically alleviate both socio-economic and environmental issues. This research applies geospatial technologies to evaluate spatial patterns characterizing both environmental and socio-economic disparities within the City of Roanoke, Virginia. This approach has identified specific locations that are open and available for urban agriculture, and has appraised varying levels of socio-economic and environmental parameters. This research identified, at the census block group level, areas with varying levels of degradation. Thus, those locations in which a new urban agriculture greenspace can contribute to both socio-economic and environmental reparation. This research has identified spatial dimensions in which UA will assist in restoring ecosystem services to guide various food production activities. These results can be generalized to other urban locations and contribute to efficient use of urban land and space, improving the three pillars of worldwide sustainability – economic, environment, and social. / Ph. D.
7

O impacto das fachadas verdes nos microclimas urbanos / Dado não fornecido pelo autor.

Silva, Priscila Weruska Stark da 26 March 2018 (has links)
O uso de vegetação nas superfícies urbanas tem despertado a atenção de pesquisadores, empreendedores e da população em geral, pelos benefícios que pode proporcionar às construções, geralmente como coberturas e fachadas verdes. Comparadas às coberturas, as fachadas verdes podem representar maiores superfícies em edifícios altos de áreas densamente ocupadas, incrementando massa foliar e trocas térmicas úmidas no entorno imediato, contribuindo para o balanço de energia nas áreas urbanas. Neste trabalho realizaram-se levantamentos da inclusão das paredes verdes nas políticas públicas, das diferentes tecnologias de paredes verdes, além de estudos de desempenho microclimático de paredes verdes. Há uma série de trabalhos quantificando o efeito das superfícies verdes no desempenho térmico dos edifícios, sabendo-se pouco sobre seus efeitos microclimáticos urbanos. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é quantificar o impacto das fachadas verdes no microclima urbano no nível do pedestre, considerando as variáveis temperatura e umidade do ar, temperatura de superfície e temperatura média radiante. Em função das restrições e recursos do modelo ENVI-met, adotado neste estudo, a pesquisa incluiu, inicialmente, um método dedutivo, exploratório, através de medições de densidade foliar da vegetação do tipo escaladora e monitoramento de alguns dados microclimáticos em uma fachada verde. Na etapa seguinte o método é indutivo, realizando-se testes de sensibilidade do modelo em cenário hipotético, variando-se índice de área foliar (IAF 0,5m²/m², 1m²/m² e 2m²/m²) e umidade do solo (50% e 60%). As conclusões confirmam o efeito microclimático bastante localizado da parede verde do tipo escaladora e um comportamento distinto nos períodos diurno e noturno, como acontece em outras formas de inserção do verde em áreas urbanas. À noite, na ausência da evapotranspiração, o resfriamento é mais influenciado pela troca convectiva. Durante o dia percebe-se o efeito da evapotranspiração no ligeiro aumento da umidade do ar em 1,0g/kg, à temperatura do ar de 26°C, e na diminuição da temperatura do ar, em ambos os casos quando comparadas ao cenário sem vegetação, em 0,17°C, 0,36°C e 0,68°C com os incrementos sucessivos do IAF, para umidade do solo 50%, às 14h, principalmente a sotavento. Os efeitos da vegetação na temperatura radiante média são bastante localizados, tornando sua influência praticamente imperceptível no microclima exterior sob o efeito da radiação solar, apesar dos incrementos do IAF. O incremento na umidade do solo, de 50% para 60%, resulta em aumento da evapotranspiração provocando redução máxima de cerca de 0,36°C na temperatura do ar a 1,5m do solo, para o mesmo IAF. O sombreamento provocado pela vegetação resulta em variação insignificante na TRM mesmo com o aumento na umidade relativa do solo, para o mesmo IAF. Os testes de sensibilidade mostram que o modelo é adequado para realização de estudos mais aprofundados, justificando o investimento em pesquisas futuras visando à calibração entre dados microclimáticos medidos e simulados para paredes verdes em clima tropical e subtropical e à simulação microclimática de áreas urbanas com o uso dessa tecnologia. / The use of greenery on urban surfaces, normally green roofs or green facades has attracted the attention of researchers, entrepreneurs and the population in general for its benefits to buildings. Compared to green roofs, green facades may represent higher surfaces in tall buildings of densely occupied areas, increasing foliage mass and latent heat exchanges for the immediate environment, contributing to energy balance in urban areas. With a focus on green walls, this work carried out investigations about their inclusion in public policies, green walls\' technologies and microclimate performance studies. Despite the existence of numerous papers quantifying the effect of green surfaces on the thermal performance of buildings, there is limited available knowledge regarding their effects on urban microclimate. In this context, the aim of this work is to quantify the impact of green façades on urban microclimate at pedestrian level, considering the variables air temperature, air humidity, surface temperature, and mean radiant temperature. Based on the restrictions and resources of the ENVI-met model, which was adopted in this study, the research initially included a deductive exploratory method through measurements of leaf area density of climbing plants and monitoring of some microclimatic data at a green façade. In the next stage, the method was inductive, with sensitivity tests of the model in a hypothetical scenario, varying the leaf area index (LAI 0.5m²/m², 1m²/m² and 2m²/m²) and soil humidity (50% and 60%). The results confirm the localized microclimatic effects of the climbing green wall and a distinct behaviour between daytime and night time, equivalent to those caused by other forms of greenery in urban areas. At night, with the lack of evapotranspiration, cooling is more influenced by convective exchange. The effect of evapotranspiration is clearly perceived during the day due to a) the slight increase in air humidity by 1.0 g/kg at a temperature of 26°C, and b) the decrease of air temperature, when compared to the scenario without vegetation, of 0.17 °C, 0.36 °C and 0.68 °C (for LAI=0,5m²/m², 1,00m²/m² and 2,0m²/m²), for a 50% soil humidity, mainly in the leeward direction. The effects of greenery on mean radiant temperature, despite the LAI increase, are quite localized, making its influence practically imperceptible on the outdoor microclimate under the effect of solar radiation. The increase of soil humidity from 50% to 60% results in increased evapotranspiration leading to a maximum reduction around 0.36 °C on air temperature, at 1.5 m from ground level, for the same LAI. Vegetation shading results in insignificant variation in mean radiant temperature. Sensitivity tests show that the model is suitable for further studies, justifying an investment in future research aiming at calibration between measured and simulated microclimate data for green walls in tropical and subtropical climates and the microclimatic simulation of urban areas with green walls\' technology.
8

O impacto das fachadas verdes nos microclimas urbanos / Dado não fornecido pelo autor.

Priscila Weruska Stark da Silva 26 March 2018 (has links)
O uso de vegetação nas superfícies urbanas tem despertado a atenção de pesquisadores, empreendedores e da população em geral, pelos benefícios que pode proporcionar às construções, geralmente como coberturas e fachadas verdes. Comparadas às coberturas, as fachadas verdes podem representar maiores superfícies em edifícios altos de áreas densamente ocupadas, incrementando massa foliar e trocas térmicas úmidas no entorno imediato, contribuindo para o balanço de energia nas áreas urbanas. Neste trabalho realizaram-se levantamentos da inclusão das paredes verdes nas políticas públicas, das diferentes tecnologias de paredes verdes, além de estudos de desempenho microclimático de paredes verdes. Há uma série de trabalhos quantificando o efeito das superfícies verdes no desempenho térmico dos edifícios, sabendo-se pouco sobre seus efeitos microclimáticos urbanos. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é quantificar o impacto das fachadas verdes no microclima urbano no nível do pedestre, considerando as variáveis temperatura e umidade do ar, temperatura de superfície e temperatura média radiante. Em função das restrições e recursos do modelo ENVI-met, adotado neste estudo, a pesquisa incluiu, inicialmente, um método dedutivo, exploratório, através de medições de densidade foliar da vegetação do tipo escaladora e monitoramento de alguns dados microclimáticos em uma fachada verde. Na etapa seguinte o método é indutivo, realizando-se testes de sensibilidade do modelo em cenário hipotético, variando-se índice de área foliar (IAF 0,5m²/m², 1m²/m² e 2m²/m²) e umidade do solo (50% e 60%). As conclusões confirmam o efeito microclimático bastante localizado da parede verde do tipo escaladora e um comportamento distinto nos períodos diurno e noturno, como acontece em outras formas de inserção do verde em áreas urbanas. À noite, na ausência da evapotranspiração, o resfriamento é mais influenciado pela troca convectiva. Durante o dia percebe-se o efeito da evapotranspiração no ligeiro aumento da umidade do ar em 1,0g/kg, à temperatura do ar de 26°C, e na diminuição da temperatura do ar, em ambos os casos quando comparadas ao cenário sem vegetação, em 0,17°C, 0,36°C e 0,68°C com os incrementos sucessivos do IAF, para umidade do solo 50%, às 14h, principalmente a sotavento. Os efeitos da vegetação na temperatura radiante média são bastante localizados, tornando sua influência praticamente imperceptível no microclima exterior sob o efeito da radiação solar, apesar dos incrementos do IAF. O incremento na umidade do solo, de 50% para 60%, resulta em aumento da evapotranspiração provocando redução máxima de cerca de 0,36°C na temperatura do ar a 1,5m do solo, para o mesmo IAF. O sombreamento provocado pela vegetação resulta em variação insignificante na TRM mesmo com o aumento na umidade relativa do solo, para o mesmo IAF. Os testes de sensibilidade mostram que o modelo é adequado para realização de estudos mais aprofundados, justificando o investimento em pesquisas futuras visando à calibração entre dados microclimáticos medidos e simulados para paredes verdes em clima tropical e subtropical e à simulação microclimática de áreas urbanas com o uso dessa tecnologia. / The use of greenery on urban surfaces, normally green roofs or green facades has attracted the attention of researchers, entrepreneurs and the population in general for its benefits to buildings. Compared to green roofs, green facades may represent higher surfaces in tall buildings of densely occupied areas, increasing foliage mass and latent heat exchanges for the immediate environment, contributing to energy balance in urban areas. With a focus on green walls, this work carried out investigations about their inclusion in public policies, green walls\' technologies and microclimate performance studies. Despite the existence of numerous papers quantifying the effect of green surfaces on the thermal performance of buildings, there is limited available knowledge regarding their effects on urban microclimate. In this context, the aim of this work is to quantify the impact of green façades on urban microclimate at pedestrian level, considering the variables air temperature, air humidity, surface temperature, and mean radiant temperature. Based on the restrictions and resources of the ENVI-met model, which was adopted in this study, the research initially included a deductive exploratory method through measurements of leaf area density of climbing plants and monitoring of some microclimatic data at a green façade. In the next stage, the method was inductive, with sensitivity tests of the model in a hypothetical scenario, varying the leaf area index (LAI 0.5m²/m², 1m²/m² and 2m²/m²) and soil humidity (50% and 60%). The results confirm the localized microclimatic effects of the climbing green wall and a distinct behaviour between daytime and night time, equivalent to those caused by other forms of greenery in urban areas. At night, with the lack of evapotranspiration, cooling is more influenced by convective exchange. The effect of evapotranspiration is clearly perceived during the day due to a) the slight increase in air humidity by 1.0 g/kg at a temperature of 26°C, and b) the decrease of air temperature, when compared to the scenario without vegetation, of 0.17 °C, 0.36 °C and 0.68 °C (for LAI=0,5m²/m², 1,00m²/m² and 2,0m²/m²), for a 50% soil humidity, mainly in the leeward direction. The effects of greenery on mean radiant temperature, despite the LAI increase, are quite localized, making its influence practically imperceptible on the outdoor microclimate under the effect of solar radiation. The increase of soil humidity from 50% to 60% results in increased evapotranspiration leading to a maximum reduction around 0.36 °C on air temperature, at 1.5 m from ground level, for the same LAI. Vegetation shading results in insignificant variation in mean radiant temperature. Sensitivity tests show that the model is suitable for further studies, justifying an investment in future research aiming at calibration between measured and simulated microclimate data for green walls in tropical and subtropical climates and the microclimatic simulation of urban areas with green walls\' technology.
9

Desenvolvimento de diferentes populações de Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) em temperaturas variáveis e consequências na modelagem fenológica

Scomparin, Ana Luiza Xavier [UNESP] 07 December 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:42:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 scomparin_alx_dr_jabo.pdf: 5977037 bytes, checksum: 8ab4f778519f1e5f248fa28ab2c97182 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A maioria dos organismos vivos são ectotérmicos, com exceção de pássaros e mamíferos. A temperatura corporal (Tc) de um ectotérmico é resultado da troca de calor entre o organismo e o meio ambiente e esta afeta a maioria das funções biológicas. Por exemplo, os insetos, para mudarem de estágio de desenvolvimento, requerem um mínimo de energia acumulada (calor). Para as pragas, a maioria dos modelos fenológicos é baseada na relação entre características do de desenvolvimento (ex., crescimento) e a temperatura do ar. Todavia, a utilização destes modelos ainda é limitada em razão da falta de exatidão na estimativa das temperaturas máximas e mínimas de desenvolvimento para a maioria das pragas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a importância dos fatores: resistência a inseticidas e termoperíodo, assim como discutir os métodos de modelagem para o inseto endofítico Cydia pomonella. Para tal, se submeteu larvas e pupas de 4 linhagens diferentes desta espécie: sensível (Sv), resistente a diflubenzuron (Rdfb), resistente a deltametrina (Rdelta) e resistente ao granulovírus (Rgv), a 4 termoperíodos (15°C-20°C, 20°C-25°C, 25°C-30°C e 30°C- 35°C). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: taxa de crescimento, mortalidade, razão sexual e temperatura base, mínima e ótima de desenvolvimento do inseto. Com o auxílio dos valores obtidos nestes parâmetros, modelos lineares e curvilineares foram desenvolvidos, comparados entre si e com modelos obtidos por autores a temperaturas constantes. Os resultados mostraram que em condições de temperaturas variáveis a resistência implica em mudanças nos parâmetros biológicos (taxa de crescimento, mortalidade e razão sexual) e que o termoperíodo acelera o crescimento de larvas e pupas de carpocapsa. Com o auxílio dos modelos obtidos, foi realizada uma simulação do período de desenvolvimento de C. pomonella utilizando... / The majority living organisms are ectotherms except birds and mammals. The body temperature (Tb) of an ectotherm results from the energy balance between this the organisms and its environment. The Tb determines most of the biological functions. For instance, a minimum of heat accumulation by insects is needed to pass from a development stage to another during their life cycle. For insect pests, most of phenological models are based on life history trait (e.g., growth) and air temperature. Unfortunately, the use of phenological models is limited since there is a lack of accuracy estimatives in maximum and minimum temperatures. The aim this work was to study the importance of two factors ((i) the insecticide resistance, (ii) the thermoperiod) and the modelling methods to design a phenological model for the the endophyte insect Cydia pomonella. Four strains of C. pomonella: (i) Sv (susceptible strain), (ii) Rdfb (resistant to diflubenzuron), (iii) RD (resistant to deltamethrin), RGv (resistant to C. pomonella granulovirus) and 4 thermoperiods (15°C-20°C, 20°C-25°C, 25°C-30°C e 30°C-35°C) were used. Measured parameters were the development rate, the mortality, the sex ratio, the Toptm, Tmin and Tmax of the development rate. Based on the obtained values for each parameter, linear and curvilinear phenological models were made and compared between them and with those obtained at constant temperature by some authors. Thus, in fluctuating thermal conditions, it was shown that insecticide resistance involved aftereffects on life-history traits as the development rate, the mortality and sex ratio. Also, it was shown that the C. pomonella development rate at larval stage is higher in thermoperiodic conditions. With the models the development of C. pomonella was simulated using air and micro-habitat temperatures for two areas of apple orchards in Europe (e.g., Valais in Switzerland and la Drôme...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Desenvolvimento de diferentes populações de Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) em temperaturas variáveis e consequências na modelagem fenológica /

Scomparin, Ana Luiza Xavier. January 2009 (has links)
Resumo: A maioria dos organismos vivos são ectotérmicos, com exceção de pássaros e mamíferos. A temperatura corporal (Tc) de um ectotérmico é resultado da troca de calor entre o organismo e o meio ambiente e esta afeta a maioria das funções biológicas. Por exemplo, os insetos, para mudarem de estágio de desenvolvimento, requerem um mínimo de energia acumulada (calor). Para as pragas, a maioria dos modelos fenológicos é baseada na relação entre características do de desenvolvimento (ex., crescimento) e a temperatura do ar. Todavia, a utilização destes modelos ainda é limitada em razão da falta de exatidão na estimativa das temperaturas máximas e mínimas de desenvolvimento para a maioria das pragas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a importância dos fatores: resistência a inseticidas e termoperíodo, assim como discutir os métodos de modelagem para o inseto endofítico Cydia pomonella. Para tal, se submeteu larvas e pupas de 4 linhagens diferentes desta espécie: sensível (Sv), resistente a diflubenzuron (Rdfb), resistente a deltametrina (Rdelta) e resistente ao granulovírus (Rgv), a 4 termoperíodos (15°C-20°C, 20°C-25°C, 25°C-30°C e 30°C- 35°C). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: taxa de crescimento, mortalidade, razão sexual e temperatura base, mínima e ótima de desenvolvimento do inseto. Com o auxílio dos valores obtidos nestes parâmetros, modelos lineares e curvilineares foram desenvolvidos, comparados entre si e com modelos obtidos por autores a temperaturas constantes. Os resultados mostraram que em condições de temperaturas variáveis a resistência implica em mudanças nos parâmetros biológicos (taxa de crescimento, mortalidade e razão sexual) e que o termoperíodo acelera o crescimento de larvas e pupas de carpocapsa. Com o auxílio dos modelos obtidos, foi realizada uma simulação do período de desenvolvimento de C. pomonella utilizando... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The majority living organisms are ectotherms except birds and mammals. The body temperature (Tb) of an ectotherm results from the energy balance between this the organisms and its environment. The Tb determines most of the biological functions. For instance, a minimum of heat accumulation by insects is needed to pass from a development stage to another during their life cycle. For insect pests, most of phenological models are based on life history trait (e.g., growth) and air temperature. Unfortunately, the use of phenological models is limited since there is a lack of accuracy estimatives in maximum and minimum temperatures. The aim this work was to study the importance of two factors ((i) the insecticide resistance, (ii) the thermoperiod) and the modelling methods to design a phenological model for the the endophyte insect Cydia pomonella. Four strains of C. pomonella: (i) Sv (susceptible strain), (ii) Rdfb (resistant to diflubenzuron), (iii) RD (resistant to deltamethrin), RGv (resistant to C. pomonella granulovirus) and 4 thermoperiods (15°C-20°C, 20°C-25°C, 25°C-30°C e 30°C-35°C) were used. Measured parameters were the development rate, the mortality, the sex ratio, the Toptm, Tmin and Tmax of the development rate. Based on the obtained values for each parameter, linear and curvilinear phenological models were made and compared between them and with those obtained at constant temperature by some authors. Thus, in fluctuating thermal conditions, it was shown that insecticide resistance involved aftereffects on life-history traits as the development rate, the mortality and sex ratio. Also, it was shown that the C. pomonella development rate at larval stage is higher in thermoperiodic conditions. With the models the development of C. pomonella was simulated using air and micro-habitat temperatures for two areas of apple orchards in Europe (e.g., Valais in Switzerland and la Drôme...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Odair Aparecido Fernandes / Coorientador: Marc Saudreau / Coorientador: David G.Biron / Coorientador: Hervé Sinoquet / Banca: Benoit Sauphanor / Banca: Mario Eidi Sato / Banca: Nilza Maria Martinelli / Banca: Sergio Antonio de Bortoli / Doutor

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