L’objectif de cette thèse a été d’étudier, en présence d’un écoulement laminaire, la génération et la détection électrochimiques de gradients locaux de concentration à l’intérieur de canaux microfluidiques. L’influence des paramètres géométriques et hydrodynamiques sur les réponses ampérométriques de microélectrodes a été analysée théoriquement par simulation numérique. Pour cela, plusieurs approches ont été entreprises par le biais de modèles à deux et à trois dimensions afin de résoudre l’équation du transport pour différentes géométries de dispositifs et conditions d’écoulement. Des critères ont été fixés afin de délimiter les régimes et conditions optimales de fonctionnement. Les prévisions issues des calculs ont été testées puis validées à l’aide de mesures expérimentales effectuées à partir de microdispositifs fabriqués au laboratoire. Ainsi, deux concepts innovants ont été définis pour la mise en œuvre au sein de microdispositifs de fonctions combinant microfluidique et électrochimie. Le premier est celui d’une sonde de concentration à très haute résolution temporelle. Le second est la génération d’un gradient linéaire de concentration sur la section d’un canal microfluidique rectangulaire. / The aim of this thesis was to study the electrochemical generation and electrochemical detection of local concentration gradients within microfluidic channels in presence of a laminar flow. The influence of geometric and hydrodynamic parameters on the amperometric responses of microelectrodes was analyzed theoretically by means of numerical simulations. Several approaches were undertaken using two-dimensional and three-dimensional models in order to solve the transport equation according to the device geometries and flow conditions. Criteria were set to delineate the operating regimes and optimal conditions. Predictions from calculations were tested and validated experimentally using microdevices fabricated in the laboratory. Therefore, two innovative concepts were defined for the implementation of functions within microdevices combining microfluidics and electrochemistry. The first one is a probe of concentration leading to very high temporal resolution. The second one is the generation of a linear concentration gradient over the cross section of a rectangular microfluidic channel.

Avec les avantages intrinsèques de l'électrochimie et les progrès sans précédent dans l'instrumentation, les microélectrodes jouent un rôle de premier plan dans l'analyse du comportement de cellules vivantes. Aujourd'hui, la microfluidique gagne également en popularité en raison de la possibilité d'effectuer l'ensemble de l'expérience de bioanalyse dans un dispositif automatisé. Dans cette thèse, la fabrication de microbandes Pt/noir-Pt a été optimisée pour détecter les espèces ROS/RNS durant le stress oxydant. Celles-Ci ont été intégrées dans des microdispositifs en PDMS-Verre afin d'analyser la libération de quatre composés clés (i.e., H2O2, ONOO-, NOo, et NO-2) à partir de populations de cellules. Les performances analytiques ont été évaluées suivant la géométrie des dispositifs et les conditions hydrodynamiques. Le contrôle des réponses électrochimiques par le transport de masse a été validé par comparaison avec des prédictions théoriques. Des détections simultanées de ROS/RNS libérées par des macrophages ont ensuite été réalisées sous deux configurations différentes de dispositifs. Des résultats reproductibles et statistiquement pertinents ont été obtenus en seulement quelques expériences. Ces microdispositifs permettent de caractériser facilement le comportement moyen de populations de cellules. Cette étude préalable ouvre la voie à un très large champ d'applications bioanalytiques intégrant des détections électrochimiques à haut débit pour le suivi de cellules vivantes. / With intrinsic benefits of electrochemistry and unprecedented progress in instrumentation, microelectrodes are playing prominent roles in the analysis of living cells behaviors. Nowadays, microfluidics also gains in popularity due to the feasibility of performing the entire bioanalytical experiment within an automated device. In this thesis, fabrication of Pt/Pt-Black microband electrodes was thus optimized to detect ROS/RNS species during oxidative stress. They were integrated into PDMS-Glass microdevices in order to analyze four key compounds (i.e., H2O2, ONOO–, NO•, and NO–2) released from cells populations. High analytical performances were first evidenced according to the devices geometry and hydrodynamic conditions. The control of the electrochemical responses by mass transport was validated through comparison with theoretical predictions. Simultaneous detections of ROS/RNS release from macrophages were then carried out under two different configurations of microdevices. Reproducible and statistically relevant results were obtained within only few experiments. These microdevices allow for easy characterizations of average behaviors of cells populations. This study paves the way to a very broad field of bioanalytical applications integrating electrochemical detections for high-Throughput monitoring of living cells

Ce travail de thèse concerne l’étude des propriétés électrochimiques des fibres de nanotubes de carbone (NTC). D’une part, nous nous sommes intéressés à leurs caractéristiques en tant que nouveau capteur analytique. Pour cela, une procédure de fabrication de microélectrodes au comportement stable et reproductible a été mise en place. Puis leur comportement analytique intrinsèque fut caractérisé avant de procéder à des modifications de surface pour les rendre plus sélectives. D’autres part, nous nous sommes intéressés aux propriétés électromécaniques des fibres de NTC, soit leur comportement en tant qu’actionneur électrochimique capable de générer une déformation mécanique en réponse à une injection de charge électrique. Nous avons caractérisé leurs performances en terme de contrainte et déformation mécanique générée. Des voies d’optimisation ont été investies. Enfin, nous montrons l’influence que peut avoir l’alignement des NTC au sein de la fibre sur leur propriétés. Ces premières investigations électrochimiques concernant les fibres de NTC, ouvrent de nombreuses voies d’applications prometteuses vers des systèmes analytiques (capteurs, biocapteurs) mais aussi mécaniques (robots, outils chirurgicaux, muscle artificiel) performants et fiables. / This thesis deals with the study of the electrochemical properties of carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers. On the one hand, we have characterized this material as new analytical sensors. With respect to this, a fabrication procedure to obtain stable and reproducible microelectrodes has been elaborated. Their analytical performance has been characterized with and without surface modification in order to emphasize their selectivity. On the other hand, we have studied the electromechanical properties of CNT fibers in the context of electrochemical actuators that can convert electrical into mechanical . The performances has been characterized in term of generated strain and stress. Possible ways of optimization have been investigated. Finally, we demonstrate the influence of the CNT orientation on the fiber properties. This first study on electrochemical properties of CNT fibers opens various promising applications regarding reliable and efficient analytical tools (sensors, biosensors) and mechanical devices (robots, microchirurgical tools, artificial muscle).

Cette thèse s'intéresse à l'application d'un modèle mathématique unidimensionnel de formation et de croissance de biofilms multi-espèces. Le modèle se compose d'un système d'équations non linéaires aux dérivées partielles hyperboliques, décrivant la croissance d'espèces microbiennes dans le biofilm, et un système d'équations semi-linéaires aux dérivées partielles paraboliques, qui régit la diffusion de substrat de la phase aqueuse vers la matrice du biofilm. L'ensemble conduit à un problème de valeur limite libre, essentiellement hyperbolique. Dans une première étude, l'analyse et la simulation de la phase initiale de croissance du biofilm ont été examinées. Le problème mathématique résultant a été discuté en utilisant la méthode des caractéristiques et le théorème du point fixe a été utilisé pour déterminer l'existence et l'unicité des solutions mathématiques. Un deuxième aspect de la thèse porte sur l'analyse et la prévision de la dynamique des populations microbienne dans plusieurs types biofilms pour le traitement des eaux usées. Le modèle a été appliqué pour simuler la compétition bactérienne et évaluer l'influence de la diffusion du substrat sur la stratification microbienne des biofilms multi-espèces, en incluant les bactéries nitrifiantes, Anammox et bactéries sulfato-réductrices. Dans les deux cas, la méthode des caractéristiques a été utilisée à des fins numériques et l'équation de conservation de masse joue un rôle crucial pour vérifier l'exactitude des simulations. Les résultats des simulations montrent que le modèle est en mesure d'évaluer correctement les effets des conditions limites qui s'exercent sur la concurrence bactérienne. Enfin, ce modèle a été étendu pour inclure le phénomène de colonisation microbienne. Le nouveau modèle est capable de prendre en compte l'invasion de nouvelles espèces en se basant sur un ensemble d'équations non linéaires aux dérivées partielles hyperboliques pour ce qui concerne le processus de croissance. De plus, le processus d'invasion biologique d'espèces nouvelles dans le biofilm a été modélisé par un système d'équations non linéaires aux dérivées partielles paraboliques. Ce modèle d'invasion a été appliqué avec succès pour simuler l'invasion des bactéries hétérotrophes dans les biofilms autotrophes / This dissertation relates to the applications of a one-dimensional mathematical model for multispecies biofilm formation and growth. The model consists of a system of nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equations, describing the growth of microbial species in biofilms, and a system of semilinear parabolic partial differential equations, which governs substrate diffusion from the surrounding aqueous phase into the biofilm. Overall, this leads to a free boundary value problem, essentially hyperbolic. In a first study, the analysis and simulations of the initial phase of biofilm growth have been addressed. The resulting mathematical problem has been discussed by using the method of characteristics and the fixed-point theorem has been used to obtain existence, uniqueness and properties of solutions. A second aspect of the thesis deals with the analysis and prediction of population dynamics in multispecies biofilms for wastewater treatment. The model has been applied to simulate the bacterial competition and to evaluate the influence of substrate diffusion on microbial stratification for a nitrifying multispecies biofilm including Anammox bacteria and a sulfate-reducing biofilm. In both cases, the method of characteristics has been used for numerical purposes and the mass conservation equation plays a crucial role in checking the accuracy of simulations. The simulation results reveal that the model is able to evaluate properly the effects that boundary conditions exert on bacterial competition. Finally, the biofilm model has been extended to include the colonization phenomenon. The new model is able to take into account the invasion of new species diffusing from bulk liquid to biofilm, still based on a set of nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equations for what concerns growth process. Indeed, the biological invasion process of new species into the biofilm has been modeled by a system of nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations. The invasion model has been successfully applied to simulate the invasion of heterotrophic bacteria in a constituted autotrophic biofilm and viceversa

Dissociated neuronal cell cultures grown on substrate integrated microelectrode arrays (MEAs) generate spontaneous activity that can be recorded for up to several weeks. The signature wave shapes from extracellular recording of neuronal activity display a great variety of shapes with triphasic signals predominating. I characterized extracellular recordings from over 600 neuronal signals. I have preformed a categorical study by dividing wave shapes into two major classes: (type 1) signals in which the large positive peak follows the negative spike, and (type 2) signals in which the large positive peak precedes the negative spike. The former are hypothesized to be active signal propagation that can occur in the axon and possibly in soma or dendrites. The latter are hypothesized to be passive which is generally secluded to soma or dendrites. In order to verify these hypotheses, I pharmacologically targeted ion channels with tetrodotoxin (TTX), tetraethylammonium (TEA), 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), and monensin.

The aim of this work was focused on the determination of pesticides concentration in water solution. Pesticides are indissoluble in aqueous solutions and impedance or voltametric/amperometric response of the pure water and water with pesticides is identical. Therefore was necessary find a way how rapidly, effectively and economically measure the pesticides concentration. One way is measurement of conductivity with electrochemical microsensors after enzymatic reaction.

Application of substance P (SP) to intracardiac neurons of the guinea pig causes slow depolarization and increases neuronal excitability. The present study was done to determine the influence of SP on fast excitatory responses of intracardiac neurons to ACh. Intracellular recording methods were used to measure responses of intracardiac neurons in whole mount preparations of atrial ganglionated nerve plexus from guinea pig hearts. Local pressure ejection of 100 μM SP (1 s) from a glass micropipette caused slow depolarization of all neurons (n = 38) and triggered action potential generation in 47% of the cells tested. Bath application of SP (0.5-100 μM) caused a dose-dependent depolarization of intracardiac neurons but rarely evoked action potentials, even at the highest concentration. However, such treatment with SP enhanced nicotinic responses evoked by local pressure ejections of ACh (10 mM, 10- to 100-ms duration) in 77% of intracardiac neurons studied (n = 52). A significant increase in amplitude of ACh-evoked fast depolarization occurred during treatment with 0.5 μM SP (13.0 ± 1.8 mV for control vs. 17.7 ± 1.9 mV with SP present, n = 7, P = 0.019). At higher concentrations of SP, enhancement of the response to ACh resulted mainly in action potential generation. However, responses to ACh were attenuated by SP in 15% of the intracardiac neurons studied. This attenuation occurred primarily during exposure to 10 and 100 μM SP and was manifest as a reduction in amplitude of nicotinic fast depolarization or inhibition of ACh-evoked action potentials. These findings support the conclusion that SP could function as a neuromodulator and neurotransmitter in intracardiac ganglia of the guinea pig.

No description available.

Neuronal culture systems have many applications, such as basic research into neuronal structure, function, and connectivity as well as research into diseases, conditions, and injuries affecting the brain and its components. In vitro dissociated neuronal systems have typically been derived from embryonic brain tissue, most commonly from the hippocampus of E18 rats. This practice has been motivated by difficulties in supporting regeneration, functional recovery and long-term survival of adult neurons in vitro. The overall focus of this dissertation research was to develop a dissociated neuronal culture system from human and animal adult brain tissue, one more functionally and developmentally correlative to the mature brain. To that end, this work was divided into five interrelated topics: development of an adult in vitro neuronal culture system comprised of electrically functional, mitotically stable, developmentally mature neurons from the hippocampus of adult rats; creation of stable two-cell neuronal networks for the study of synaptic communication in vitro; coupling of electrically active adult neurons to microelectrode arrays for high-throughput data collection and analysis; identification of inadequacies in embryonic neuronal culture systems and proving that adult neuronal culture systems were not deficient in similar areas; augmentation of the rat hippocampal culture system to allow for the culture and maintenance of electrically active human neurons for months in vitro. The overall hypothesis for this dissertation project was that tissue engineered in vitro systems comprised of neurons dissociated from mature adult brain tissue could be developed using microfabrication, defined medium formulations, optimized culture and maintenance parameters, and cell-cycle control. Mature differentiated glutamatergic neurons were extracted from hippocampal brain tissue and processed to purify neurons and remove tissue debris. Terminally differentiated rat hippocampal neurons recovered in vitro and displayed mature neuronal morphology. Extracellular glutamate in the culture medium promoted neuronal recovery of electrical function and activity. After recovery, essential growth factors in the culture medium caused adult neurons to reenter the cell cycle and divide multiple times. Only after reaching confluence did some neurons stop dividing. Strategies for inhibition of neuronal mitotic division were investigated, and manipulation of the cdk5 pathway was ultimately found to prevent division in vitro. Prevention of mitotic division as well as optimization of culture and maintenance parameters resulted in a neuronal culture system derived from adult rats in which the neuronal morphology, cytoskeleton and surface protein expression patterns, and electrical activity closely mirrored mature, terminally differentiated adult neurons in vivo. Improvements were also made to the growth surfaces on which neurons attached, regenerated, and survived long-term. Culture surfaces, in this case glass cover slips, were modified with the chemical substrate N-1 (3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl)-diethylenetriamine (DETA) to create a covalently modified interface with exposed cell-adhesive triamine groups. DETA chemical surfaces were also further modified to create high-resolution patterns, useful in creating engineered two-cell networks of adult hippocampal neurons. Adult hippocampal neurons were also coupled to microelectrode array systems (MEAs) and recovered functionally, fired spontaneously, and reacted to synaptic antagonists in a manner consistent to adult neurons in vivo. Last, neurons from the brains of deceased Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and from brain tissue excised during surgery for Parkinson's disease (PD), Essential Tremor (ET), and brain tumor were isolated and cultured, with these neurons morphological regenerating and electrically recovering in vitro.

MEASURING IMPEDANCE OF TISSUES USING A MICROFABRICATED MICROELECTRODE ARRAY By Ashwini Bhat This thesis looks at the possibility of using impedance spectroscopy for differentiating tissue, using a microelectrode array (MEA). The thesis first discusses the background and the motivation for this thesis. It covers the certain basic concepts of the human skin starting from the top epidermis layer all the way to the deep dermis layers of the skin. Then it discusses different types of skin cancer and how they occur, in humans. It also discusses various microfabrication techniques such as oxidation, wet etching, sputtering and photolithography for the creation of a MEA in order to test the tissue. The microfabricated MEA is then used to measure impedance across cooked and raw chicken at different frequencies in order to see if the two types of tissues can be differentiated using their respective impedances. The data shows that the MEA was not able to successfully differentiate the two types of the tissues. It does however list multiple improvements in the fabrication of the MEA and improvements that could be made to the testing procedures which could possible give greater difference in impedance between the two tissues