The submitted thesis is focused on the development, optimization, testing and practical application of the new microextraction method called Bell Shaped Extraction Device assisted Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (BSED-LLME). The method is based on the application of a miniature bell-shaped extraction tool in which the extraction takes place, so that only minimal solvent losses can occur, and which allows a reproducible dosing and collection of a small volume of the extraction solvent. The BSED- LLME method was used to preconcentrate selected volatile and less volatile analytes from aqueous samples into organic solvents of a density lower than water. After the extraction, the analytes were determined by fast gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. The statistical methods known as Design of Experiment (DOE) were used for determination of the optimal extraction conditions for BSED-LLME procedure. DOE is based on a mathematical description of the system and the prediction of the optimal setting of experimental parameters that may influence extraction efficiency. Factors such as extraction time, volume of extraction solvent, addition of sodium chloride (ionic strength), stirring rate and the diameter of the extraction vessel ect., have been tested....

No description available.

Microorganisms are monitored as a key indicator of water quality. Measurement of “total viable organisms” (TVO, similar to “heterotrophic plate count”, HPC) is used to indicate the general hygiene level of the water, and is often used to assess water treatment. Automated, instrumental TVO detection in water samples using an enzyme reaction method shortens the detection time compared to conventional HPC methods. A method that can detect TVO without interference in water samples by monitoring enzyme activities through fluorescent signals in small custom sample cells was developed. In this method, fluorogenic substrates were cleaved by specific enzymes to make fluorescent products, which then partitioned into a non-polar siloxane polymer film on the bottom of the sample cell. A miniature spectrometer monitored fluorescence in the polymer to give a present/absent result for bacteria. There is no interference from sample color and turbidity because the light never passes through the sample matrix. Eight substrates that can be converted by six different enzymes were characterized. These had fluorescent products coupled to glucose, glucuronic acid, galactose, phosphate, sulfate and alanine. Four different products were produced, providing detection of some enzymes simultaneously but independently, depending on the substrates chosen. Candidate fluorescent products were first tested with different siloxane polymers and two dimethyl-siloxane polymers were identified to detect all the products separately. Fifteen laboratory bacteria strains (including E. coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were added individually to a substrate solution containing minimal nutrients and incubated. All bacteria types were successfully detected by at least one substrate, with most detected by several substrates. Sterility of water samples from lake water, treated lake water and tap water were tested with those eight substrates separately or in combination. The lake water had the highest bacteria level and included coliforms and possibly E. coli. Treated lake water and tap water were E. coli and coliforms free, and were safe for drinking. Treated lake water had higher TVO levels than tap water, indicating a lower hygiene level. The results of combined substrate tests matched the corresponding single substrate tests, suggesting specific bacteria strains can be distinguished in a single test. / Thesis (Master, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2013-08-01 18:03:54.111

There is a need for chemical sensors for monitoring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air. Acute and chronic inhalation of toxic VOCs can cause adverse health effects in humans, so monitoring these analytes is important for ensuring that their concentrations are maintained below maximum permissible levels. Chemical sensors using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to extract VOCs with partial selectivity, coupled with label-free optical detection methods based on refractive index, can overcome the limitations of conventional VOC detection methods. A variety of tunable and high refractive index PDMS materials were developed by incorporating a range of titanium and zirconium concentrations (2.5 – 30 mol % and 2.5 – 15 mol %, respectively) using a simple sol-gel synthesis and by incorporating a range of titanium concentrations (2.5 – 10 mol %) into naphthyl-functionalized PDMS. These materials ranged in refractive index from 1.4023 ± 0.0002 to 1.5663 ± 0.0001 at 635 nm and 1.3942 ± 0.0003 to 1.5510 ± 0.0007 at 1550 nm. The ability to use tunable refractive index PDMS films to differentiate between m-xylene and cyclohexane was demonstrated by monitoring changes in refractive index and thickness following absorption of these analytes using a refractometer at 1550 nm. The sensitivity of the refractive index response to an analyte using a particular PDMS film was dependent upon the difference between the refractive index of the analyte and film, as well as the film-air partition coefficient of the analyte. The detection limits for m-xylene and cyclohexane were 81 ppm and 4940 ppm, respectively, using PDMS-titanium-oxo nanocomposites with 5 and 10 mol % Ti, respectively. A simple planar waveguide sensor with an input grating coupler was developed to monitor changes in refractive index of the cladding through shifts in peak resonance wavelength. Using high refractive index PDMS materials as the waveguide core, we monitored changes in refractive index arising from absorption of VOCs into the grating. Here, the sensitivity of the waveguide response was dependent upon the difference in refractive index of the analyte and polymer, as well as the film-air partition coefficient of the analyte. The detection limits for m-xylene and cyclohexane were 1980 ppm and 18000 ppm, respectively. / Thesis (Master, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2013-08-24 11:45:57.642

The use of laser desorption as a sample introduction method for solid phase microextraction (SPME) has been investigated in this research project. Three different types of analytical instruments, mass spectrometry (MS), ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and gas chromatography (GC) were employed as detectors. The coupling of laser desorption SPME to these three instruments was constructed and described in here. <br /><br /> Solid phase microextraction/surface enhanced laser desorption ionization fibers (SPME/SELDI) were developed and have been coupled to two IMS devices. SPME/SELDI combines sampling, sample preparation and sample introduction with the ionization and desorption of the analytes. Other than being the extraction phase for the SPME fiber, the electro-conductive polymer coatings can facilitate the ionization process without the involvement of a matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) matrix. The performance of the SPME coatings and the experimental parameters for laser desorption SPME were investigated with the SPME/SELDI IMS devices. The new SPME/SELDI-IMS 400B device has a faster data acquisition system and a more powerful data analysis program. The optimum laser operation parameters were 250 <em>&mu;J</em> laser energy and 20 <em>Hz</em> repetition rate. Three new SPME coatings, polypyrrole (PPY), polythiophene (PTH) and polyaniline (PAN) were developed and evaluated by an IMS and a GC. The PPY coating was found to have the best performance and was used in most of the experiments. The characteristics of the PPY and the PTH SPME/SELDI fiber were then assessed with both IMS and MS. Good linearity could be observed between the fiber surface area and the signal intensity, and between the concentration and the signal intensities. <br /><br /> The ionization mechanism of poly(ethylene glycol) 400 (PEG) was studied with the SPME/SELDI-IMS 400B device. It was found that the potassiated ions and sodiated ions were both present in the ion mobility spectra. The results obtained with quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) MS confirmed the presence of both potassiated and sodiated ions. This result suggested that cationization is the main ionization process when polymers are directly ionized from the PPY coated silica surface. Four PEGs with different average molecular weights and poly(propylene glycol) 400 were also tested with this SPME/SELDI device. The differences between the ion mobility spectra of these polymers could be used for the fast identification of synthetic polymers. <br /><br /> The SPME/SELDI fibers were then coupled to QTOF MS and hybrid quadrupole linear ion trap (QqLIT) MS, respectively. Improved sensitivity could be achieved with QqLIT MS, as the modified AP MALDI source facilitated the ion transmission. The application of method for analysis of urine sample and the bovine serum albumin (BSA) digest were demonstrated with both PPY and PTH fibers. The LOD for leucine enkephalin in urine was determined to be 40 <em>fmol &mu;L^-1</em> with PTH coated fiber; and the LOD for the BSA digest was 2 <em>fmol &mu;L^-1</em> obtained with both PTH and PPY fibers. <br /><br /> A new multiplexed SPME/AP MALDI plate was designed and evaluated on the same QqLIT MS to improve the throughput, and the performance of this technique. The experimental parameters were optimized to obtain a significant improvement in performance. The incorporation of diluted matrix to the extraction solution improved the absolute signal and S/N ratio by 104X and 32X, respectively. The incorporation of reflection geometry for the laser illumination improved the S/N ratio by more than two orders of magnitude. The fully optimized high throughput SPME/AP MALDI configuration generated detection limit improvements on the order of 1000-7500X those achieved prior to these modifications. This system presents a possible alternative for qualitative proteomics and drug screening. <br /><br /> Laser desorption SPME as a sample introduction method for the fast analysis of non-volatile synthetic polymers was also demonstrated here. The coupling of laser desorption SPME to GC/FID and GC/MS was performed, and the advantage of laser desorption over traditional thermal desorption was demonstrated in this research. Laser desorption PEG 400 was observed more effcient than thermal desorption. Good separation was obtained even with a 1-m or 2-m column. These results demonstrate the potential of laser desorption SPME as a sample introduction method for the fast GC analysis of non-volatile compounds such as synthetic polymers.

Neste trabalho, a microextração em fase líquida com membrana cilíndrica oca (HF-LPME), a microextração líquido-líquido dispersiva (DLLME) e a microextração em fase sólida na configuração de um filme delgado (SPME/TFME) foram empregadas como técnicas de microextração para a preparação de amostras microssomais no estudo de metabolismo in vitro de fármacos quirais com diferentes características ácido-base. Para análise empregou-se a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) com detector por absorção no UV e a cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas (LC-MS-MS). O fármaco neutro isradipina (ISR) foi o primeiro a ser abordado. Um método estereosseletivo empregando HFLPME- HPLC foi desenvolvido para a determinação dos enantiômeros da ISR e seu principal metabólito (um derivado piridínico da isradipina - PDI) em fração microssomal isolada de fígado de ratos. Os analitos foram extraídos de 1 mL de meio microssomal utilizando o procedimento HF-LPME na configuração duas fases, tendo o solvente acetato de hexila como fase aceptora. Pela primeira vez, o PDI e os enantiômeros da ISR foram resolvidos numa mesma corrida cromatográfica. Para esta separação foi utilizada uma coluna Chiralpak AD® e hexano:2-propanol:etanol (94/04/02, v/v/v) como fase móvel, na vazão de 1,5 mL min-1. A ISR e o PDI foram detectados em 325 nm e o padrão interno, oxibutinina, foi detectado em 225 nm. A validação do método mostrou valores de recuperação de 23% para o PDI e 19% para cada enantiômero da ISR, 50 ng mL-1 como limite de quantificação (LOQ) para todos os analitos e linearidade entre 50-5000 ng mL-1 e 50-2500 ng mL-1 para o PDI e cada enantiômero da ISR, respectivamente. O método desenvolvido e validado foi aplicado em um estudo de metabolismo in vitro, utilizando microssomas hepáticos de ratos, mostrando que o (+)-(S)-ISR foi preferencialmente metabolizado. Do mesmo modo que para a ISR, um método analítico empregando HF-LPME-HPLC no modo três-fases foi desenvolvido para a análise estereosseletiva concomitante do bufuralol (BF) e dos seus principais metabólitos 1\'- oxobufuralol (1\'-Oxo-BF) e 1\'-hidroxibufuralol (1\'-OH-BF) em preparações microssomais. As análises por HPLC foram conduzidas empregando uma coluna Chiralcel OD-H® com fase móvel composta por hexano:2-propanol:metanol:dietilamina (97,5/2,0/0,5/0,5, v/v/v/v), na vazão de 1,5 mL min-1 e detecção em 248 nm e 273 nm. As condições otimizadas da HFLPME foram: n-octanol como solvente orgânico, ácido acético 0,2 mol L-1 como fase aceptora, fase doadora com pH ajustado em 13 e agitação de 1500 rpm por 30 min. O método foi validado e apresentou valores de recuperação entre 63 - 69% para os analitos e mostrou-se linear entre 100 - 5000 ng mL-1 para cada enantiômero do 1\'-Oxo-BF e 100 - 2500 ng mL-1 para cada estereoisômero do 1\'-OH-BF (r > 0,99), com LOQ de 100 ng mL-1 para todos os analitos. O método desenvolvido e validado foi aplicado em um estudo de metabolismo in vitro do BF utilizando microssomas hepáticos de ratos, que mostrou formação predominante do (S)-1\'-Oxo-BF e do (R,R)-1\'-OH-BF. Um segundo fármaco básico abordado neste trabalho foi a ranolazina (RNZ). Para a análise enantiosseletiva da RNZ e de um de seus metabólitos (desmetil ranolazina - DRNZ) em fração microssomal isolada de fígado de ratos, foi desenvolvido um método estereosseletivo empregando a DLLME-LC-MS-MS. Os analitos foram extraídos de 0,5 mL de meio microssomal utilizando o procedimento DLLME, tendo o clorofórmio como solvente extrator e acetona como solvente dispersante. Pela primeira vez os enantiômeros da RNZ e DRNZ foram resolvidos numa mesma corrida cromatográfica. ii Para esta separação foi utilizada uma coluna Chiralcel OD-H® e hexano:etanol (60/40, v/v) e 0,05% de dietilamina como fase móvel, na vazão de 1,0 mL min-1. A validação do método mostrou valores de recuperação em torno dos 55 e 45% para os enantiômeros da RNZ e DRNZ, respectivamente. Os LOQ foram de 25 ng mL-1 para cada enantiômero da RNZ e 10 ng mL-1 para cada enantiômero da DRNZ. A linearidade foi estabelecida entre 10-1000 ng mL-1 e 25-2500 ng mL-1 para cada enantiômero da DRNZ e RNZ, respectivamente. O método desenvolvido e validado foi aplicado em um estudo de metabolismo in vitro utilizando microssomas hepáticos de ratos, mostrando que a metabolismo da RNZ foi enantiosseletivo. Finalmente, um método analítico empregando a SPME/TFME-LC-MS-MS foi desenvolvido para a análise simultânea do fármaco anfótero repaglinida (RPG) e dois dos seus principais metabólitos, a 2-despiperiril-2-amino-repaglinida (DA-RPG) e a 2-despiperidil-2-(5- carboxipentilamina)-repaglinida (DC-RPG) em fração microssomal isolada de fígado humano. A SPME/TFME foi conduzida com o auxílio do equipamento Multi Sampler SPME nas seguintes condições: pré-condicionamento dos blades com 1 mL de uma solução metanol:água (50/50, v/v) por 30 min, 60 min de extração e 90 min de dessorção com 1 mL de fase móvel. A análise por LC-MS-MS foi feita empregando uma coluna cromatográfica C18 em modo reverso, com fase móvel composta por acetonitrila:água (50/50, v/v) e 0,1% de ácido acético, na vazão de 0,5 mL min-1. A validação do método mostrou valores de recuperação acima dos 80% para todos os analitos. O LOQ foi de 2 ng mL-1 para todos os analitos, sendo o método linear no intervalo 2-1000 ng mL-1 para a RPG e 2-500 ng mL-1 para a DA-RPG e DC-RPG. Os analitos foram estáveis durante todo o protocolo analítico e de metabolismo. O método validado foi aplicado em um estudo de metabolismo in vitro utilizando microssomas hepáticos de humanos, mostrando que o perfil metabólico da RPG e a taxa de formação da DA-RPG e DC-RPG é alterada em função da concentração de proteínas microssomais no meio de incubação e também em função do tempo de incubação. Além disso, os resultados mostrama possibilidade de haver diversos outros metabólitos que não foram monitorados. / In the present work, the microextraction techniques hollow-fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and solid phase microextraction based on thin film (SPME/TFME) were used as sample preparation techniques to study the in vitro metabolism of chiral drugs with distinct acid-base characteristics. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) were used for the analyses. An enantioselective liquid chromatographic method using two-phase hollow- fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME-HPLC) was developed for the determination of isradipine (ISR) enantiomers and its main metabolite (pyridine derivative of isradipine - PDI) in microsomal fraction isolated from rat liver. The analytes were extracted from 1 mL of microsomal medium using a two-phase HF-LPME procedure with hexyl acetate as the acceptor phase, 30 min of extraction and sample agitation at 1500 rpm. For the first time, ISR enantiomers and PDI were resolved. For this separation, a Chiralpak AD® column with hexane:2-propanol:ethanol (94/04/02, v/v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.5 mL min-1 were used. The column was kept at 23 °C ± 2. The drug and metabolite detection was performed at 325 nm and the internal standard oxybutynin was detected at 225 nm. The recovery rates were 23% for PDI and 19% for each ISR enantiomer. The method presented quantification limits (LOQ) of 50 ng mL-1 and it was linear over the concentration range of 50-5000 ng mL-1 and 50-2500 ng mL-1 for PDI and each ISR enantiomer, respectively. The validated method was employed to an in vitro metabolism study of ISR using rat liver microsomal fraction, showing that (+)-(S)-ISR is preferentially metabolized. In the same way, a three-phase HF-LPME-HPLC method for the stereoselective determination of bufuralol metabolites, 1\'-oxobufuralol (1\'-Oxo-BF) and 1\'-hydroxybufuralol (1\'-OH-BF), in microsomal preparations is described for the first time. The HPLC analysis was carried out using a Chiralcel OD-H® column with hexane:2-propanol:methanol (97.5/2.0/0.5, v/v/v) plus 0.5% diethylamine as the mobile phase, and UV detection at 248 and 273 nm. The HF-LPME optimized conditions involved: n-octanol as the organic solvent, 0.2 mol L-1 acetic acid as the acceptor phase, donor phase pH adjusted to 13, sample agitation at 1500 rpm and extraction for 30 min. By using this extraction procedure, the recovery rates were in the range of 63- 69%. The method was linear over the concentration range of 100-5000 ng mL-1 for each enantiomer of 1\'-Oxo-BF and of 100-2500 ng mL-1 for each stereoisomer of 1\'-OH-BF. The quantification limits were 100 ng mL-1 for all analytes. The validated method was used to assess the in vitro metabolism of bufuralol using rat liver microsomal fraction that demonstrated predominant formation of (S)-1\'-Oxo-BF and (R,R)-1\'-OH-BF. A second basic drug addressed in this thesis is ranolazine (RNZ). For the chiral analysis of RNZ and one of its metabolites (desmethyl ranolazine - DRNZ) in microsomal fraction isolated from rat liver, an analytical enantioselective method using DLLME-LC-MS-MS was developed. The analytes were extracted from 0.5 mL of microsomal medium by DLLME. Chloroform was the extractor solvent and acetone the dispersive solvent. The enantiomers of RNZ and DRNZ were analyzed simultaneously for the first time using a Chiralcel OD-H® column and hexane:ethanol (60/40, v/v) plus 0.05% diethylamine as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1. Method validation showed recoveries in the order of 55 and 45% for the enantiomers iv of RNZ and DRNZ, respectively. The LOQs were 25 ng mL-1 for each RNZ enantiomers and 10 ng mL-1 for each DRNZ enantiomers. Linearity was established between 10-1000 ng mL-1 and 25-2500 ng mL-1 for each DRNZ and RNZ enantiomers, respectively. The validated method was employed to an in vitro metabolism study of RNZ using rat liver microsomal fraction, showing that the metabolism of RNZ is enantioselective. Finally, an analytical method was developed employing SPME/TFME-LC-MS-MS for the simultaneous analyses of the anphoteric drug repaglinide (RPG) and two of the its main metabolites 2-despiperidyl- 2-amino repaglinide (DA-RPG) and 2-despiperidyl-2-(5-carboxypentylamine) repaglinide (DC-RPG) in human microsomal fraction. The SPME/TFME procedure was carried out with the support of \"Multi Sampler SPME\" under the following conditions: conditioning of the blades with 1 mL of methanol:water (50/50, v/v) for 30 min, 60 min for extraction and 90 min for desorption with 1 mL of mobile phase. The LC-MS-MS analyses were performed using a C18 column under reversed phase conditions, with the mobile phase of acetonitrile:water (50/50, v/v) plus 0.1% acetic acid at a flow rate of 0.5 mL min-1. The method validation showed recoveries over 80% for all analytes. The LOQ was 2 ng mL-1 for all analytes, and the method was linear over the concentration range of 2 e 1000 ng mL-1 for RPG and of 2 a 500 ng mL-1 for DA-RPG and DC-RPG. The validated method was used to assess the in vitro metabolism profile of RPG by using human liver microsomes. These studies showed that the rate of formation of DA-RPG and DC-RPG depends on both microsomal protein concentration in the incubation medium and the incubation time. Furthermore, the results highlighted the possibility of formation of several other metabolites which have not been monitored.

Atualmente, a malária é considerada a principal infecção parasitária existente e apresenta distribuição mundial. Dentre as alternativas terapêuticas utilizadas, destacam-se cloroquina (CQ), mefloquina (MQ) e, recentemente, arteméter (ART). Segundo a literatura, estudos farmacocinéticos destes fármacos têm sido dificultados pela ausência de métodos adequados de análise em fluidos biológicos e, no caso dos fármacos quirais (CQ e MQ), com capacidade de determinar os enantiômeros individualmente. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o emprego da microextração em fase líquida (LPME) na preparação de amostras para a determinação destes três fármacos antimaláricos e respectivos metabólitos em plasma. O método para análise enantiosseletiva de CQ e metabólitos teve a LPME como técnica de preparação de amostras, a qual apresentou valores de recuperação no intervalo de 28-66%. Estes analitos foram separados na coluna Chirobiotic V em fase polar-orgânica, com posterior detecção por espectrometria de massas (MS), com interface de eletronebulização (ESI) no modo positivo. O método desenvolvido foi linear no intervalo de 5-500 ng mL-1 para todos os analitos avaliados. A disposição cinética de CQ e do principal metabólito monodesetilcloroquina (DCQ) em ratos sugere enantiosseletividade após administração do fármaco na forma racêmica, com maiores concentrações de (+)-(S)-CQ e (-)-(R)-DCQ. O método para análise dos enantiômeros de MQ e do metabólito aquiral carboximefloquina (CMQ) também foi desenvolvido empregando LPME na preparação das amostras. A extração destes analitos foi realizada em duas etapas para eficaz recuperação dos mesmos (valores entre 35-38%). Os analitos foram separados na coluna Chirobiotic T em fase polarorgânica, com detecção por absorção no ultravioleta em 285 nm. O método apresentou linearidade no intervalo de 50-1500 e 50-3000 ng mL-1 para os enantiômeros de MQ e CMQ, respectivamente. A disposição cinética de MQ em ratos indica enantiosseletividade com maiores concentrações de (+)-(RS)- MQ após administração do fármaco na forma racêmica. A separação cromatográfica em fase reversa de ART e metabólito diidroartemisinina (DHA) foi alcançada utilizando-se coluna contendo Si-Zr-PMTDS como fase estacionária e a detecção destes analitos foi realizada empregando-se MS no modo ESI positivo. O procedimento otimizado de LPME em duas fases para extração de ART e DHA em plasma resultou em valores de recuperação de 32 e 25%, respectivamente. O método desenvolvido foi linear no intervalo de 5- 1000 ng mL-1 para ambos os analitos. O estudo piloto de disposição cinética em ratos evidenciou maiores concentrações de DHA. Os resultados obtidos confirmam a viabilidade da LPME para extração destes antimaláricos e respectivos metabólitos em plasma. / Currently, malaria is the main parasitic infection and shows worldwide distribution. Among therapeutic options used, chloroquine (CQ), mefloquine (MQ) and, more recently, artemether (ART) have been standing out. According to the literature, pharmacokinetic studies of these drugs have been hampered by the lack of proper methods of analysis in biological fluids and, regarding the chiral drugs (CQ and MQ), with the ability to determine the individual enantiomers. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the utilization of liquid-phase microextraction as the sample preparation technique for the determination of these antimalarial drugs and their metabolites in plasma. The enantioselective analysis of CQ and its metabolites was carried out using LPME as technique of sample preparation, which yielded recovery rates within 28- 66%. These analytes were resolved on a Chirobiotic V column in the polarorganic mode and further detected using mass spectrometry (MS) with electrospray interface (ESI) in the positive mode. The developed method was linear in the range of 5-500 ng mL-1 for all analytes studied. The kinetic disposition of CQ and its main metabolite monodesethylchloroquine (DCQ) in rats suggests enantioselectivity following the administration of the racemic drug, with higher concentrations of (+)-(S)-CQ and (-)-(R)-DCQ. The method for the analysis of the enantiomers of MQ and its achiral metabolite carboxymefloquine (CMQ) also had LPME as technique of sample preparation. The extraction of these analytes was carried out in two-steps to obtain efficient recovery rates (values within 35-38%). The analytes were resolved on a Chirobiotic T column in polar-organic mode and ultraviolet detection was performed at 285 nm. The method was linear in the range of 50-1500 and 50-3000 ng mL-1 for the enantiomers of MQ and CMQ, respectively. The kinetic disposition of MQ in rats indicates enantioselectivity with higher concentrations of (+)-(RS)-MQ following the administration of the racemic drug. The chromatographic resolution of ART and its metabolite dihydroartemisinin (DHA) in the reversed mode was achieved utilizing a column containing Si-Zr-PMTDS as stationary phase and their detection was conducted employing MS in the positive ESI mode. The optimized two-phase LPME procedure for the extraction of ART and DHA from plasma showed recovery values of 32 and 25%, respectively. The developed method was linear over the range of 5-1000 ng mL-1 for both analytes. The pilot study of kinetic disposition in rats showed higher concentrations of DHA. The obtained results confirm the feasibility of LPME for the extraction of these antimalarial drugs and their metabolites from plasma.

Técnicas modernas de preparo de amostra têm sido utilizadas na determinação de diferentes classes de compostos em diversos tipos de matrizes. Essas técnicas podem ser divididas em dois grandes grupos, as baseadas em solvente e as baseadas sorvente, foco do trabalho. Dentre os materiais sorventes mais estudados atualmente, os derivados de grafeno têm se destacado devido a suas propriedades físico-químicas favoráveis para realizar sorção com uma grande variedade de compostos de interesse. Por isso, no presente trabalho são apresentadas possibilidades de utilização de materiais baseados em grafeno nas seguintes técnicas de preparo de amostras: microextração por sorvente empacotado (MEPS), extração \"\"on-line\"\" e extração sortiva em barra de agitação (SBSE). Para a técnica MEPS, foi realizado a síntese de óxido de grafeno e grafeno suportados por ligação covalente em aminopripil sílica. Esses materiais foram empregados como sorventes para determinação de parabenos em amostras de água. O método desenvolvido apresentou limites de quantificação (LOQ) que variaram de <a name=\"_Hlk498351551\">0,2 a 0,3 &mu;g/L, coeficientes de variação (CV) &lt; 19,2% e exatidão de 82,3 a 119,2%. Os materiais utilizados na técnica MEPS também foram utilizados para empacotar colunas de extração \"on-line\" e realizar uma comparação entre as fases sintetizadas. O método de extração \"on-line\" apresentou LOQ de 0,5 &mu;g/L, exatidão de 88,2 à 107,2 e CV &lt; 16%. A comparação entre as colunas de extração empacotadas com o grafeno e seu óxido suportados na aminopropil sílica mostrou que o grafeno suportado na sílica apresenta maior retenção para os parabenos mais apolares. Com relação ao desenvolvimento de barras de SBSE revestidas com grafeno, o método desenvolvido empregando as barras de SBSE apresentou valores de LOQ que variaram de 2 à 8 &mu;g/L, exatidão de 81,9 à 126,3% e CV &lt; 30%. Além disso, avaliou-se o uso do grafeno e óxido de grafeno ligado a sílica com grupamentos amino variando algumas condições de síntese e testando esses materiais para analitos das classes das triazinas, sulfonamidas e anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais. Também são apresentados testes iniciais realizados para um novo modo de extração proposto, similar a técnica SBSE, avaliando a extração de parabenos e anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais. / Modern sample preparation techniques have been applied to the determination of different compounds class in several matrices. These techniques might be divided into two groups, solvent and sorbent based, the last being the goal of this work. Nowadays, among the most studied materials the graphene based ones has been highlighted due to its physical chemical properties favorable to sorption process of a variety of interested compounds. The present work shows possibilities to employ graphene based materials in the follow sample preparation techniques: microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS), \"on-line\" extraction, and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE). For MEPS, the materials graphene oxide and graphene supported on aminopropyl silica through covalent bounds were synthesized. These materials were employed as sorbent to determine parabens in water samples. The developed method showed limits of quantification (LOQ) ranging from 0,2 a 0,3 &mu;g/L, coefficients of variation (CV) &lt; 19,2% and accuracy ranging from 82,3 à 119,2%. The synthetized materials used in MEPS were also used and compared to an \"on-line\" method employing an extraction column packed with them. The \"on-line\" method showed LOQ of 0,5 &mu;g/L, accuracy ranging from 88,2 to 107,2 and CV &lt; 16%. The comparison between packed column with graphene and graphene oxide supported on aminopropyl silica showed that graphene had a higher retention for parabens with high Log Kow. The method developed with SBSE bars coated with graphene showed LOQ ranging from 2 to 8 &mu;g/L, accuracy ranging from 81,9 to 126,3% and CV &lt; 30%. Moreover, the employment of graphene oxide and graphene synthetized by changing some synthesis conditions and testing these materials to extract triazines, sulfonamides, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was also evaluated. In addition, are presented the preliminary tests regarding to a new extraction mode, similar to SBSE. These tests were done for parabens and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

microssomas hepático de humanos (HLMs) e biotransformação empregando fungos. Anteriormente aos estudos de biotransformação e metabolismo in vitro, todos os métodos propostos foram validados e os resultados corroboraram de acordo com os guiais oficiais. Inicialmente foi desenvolvido um método para determinação simultânea da OXC e os enantiômeros de seu metabólito em meio de cultura empregando a eletroforese capilar. A separação foi realizada utilizando como eletrólito de análise uma mistura da ?-ciclodextrina fosfatada (P-?-CD) 1% (m/v) como seletor quiral em solução tampão tris-fosfato 10 mmol L-1 pH 2,5. O comprimento efetivo do capilar foi 20 cm, a tensão aplicada foi de ?20 kV e a temperatura de análise foi de 15° C. Para esse método, nenhuma técnica miniaturizada de preparação de amostra foi efetiva na extração desses analitos do meio de cultura. Portanto, optou-se por utilizar extração líquidolíquido empregando metil-terc-butil éter como solvente extrator. Os estudos de biotransformação demonstraram enantiosseletividade na formação da licarbazepina (LIC) a partir da OXC para duas espécies de fungos. A espécie Glomerella cingulata (VA1), biotransformou com 100% de fração enantiomérica (fe) o enantiômero (S)-(+)- LIC enquanto que a espécie Beuveria bassiana (ATCC 7159) metabolizou com fe de 79% o enantiômero (S)-(+)-LIC. Um outro método empregando a eletroforese capilar também foi desenvolvido neste trabalho. Este novo método foi empregado para a análise enantiosseletiva dos metabólitos da diHTBZ após o procedimento de metabolismo in vitro empregando microssomas hepático de humanos para o fármaco TBZ e também foi utilizado para análise dos metabólitos diHTBZ após o procedimento de biotransformação da TBZ empregando fungos. Neste método de EC foi utilizada como eletrólito de análise a carboximetil-?-ciclodextrina (CM-?-CD) 1% (m/v) como seletor quiral adicionada em solução tampão tris-fosfato 80 mmol L-1 pH 2,5. O comprimento efetivo do capilar correspondeu a 20 cm e a tensão aplicada foi de +15 kV. A temperatura de análise foi de 15° C. Entre as técnicas miniaturizadas de preparação de amostras avaliadas para extração destes metabólitos diHTBZ tanto em meio microssomal quanto em meio de cultura líquido, a DLLME foi escolhida. Para tanto, utilizando a matriz de meio microssomal (para aplicação dos estudos de metabolismo in vitro da TBZ) foi empregado 75 ?L de diclorometano como solvente extrator e 150 ?L de acetona como solvente dispersor. Os estudos de metabolismo in vitro demonstraram que o perfil cinético do metabolismo da TBZ corresponde a um comportamento de inibição pelo substrato e trata-se de um metabolismo diastereo- e enantiosseletivo. Estes estudos também demonstraram que os enantiômeros dos diastereoisômeros diHTBZ foram catalisados principalmente pela CYP2C19 e o clearance predito sugere que o metabolismo pelo fígado é a principal via para a eliminação da TBZ. Já, nos estudos de biotransformação com fungos para a TBZ, o método por CE foi utilizado e, assim como para o meio microssomal, as técnicas de microextração foram avaliadas. Novamente, foi escolhida a técnica DLLME como técnica de extração, e também foi utilizado 75 ?L de diclorometano como solvente extrator e 150 ?L de acetona como solvente dispersor. Os estudos preliminares de biotransformação da TBZ demonstraram diastereoisomerismo para todos os fungos avaliados, e, adicionalmente, para algumas espécies de fungos, houve também enantiosseletividade na formação dos isômeros. O fungo Chaetomiun globusum (VR10) metabolizou ambos isômeros da diHTBZ, sendo que a produção dos metabólitos foi diastereosseletiva para a formação majoritária do estereoisômero trans-diHTBZ e enantiosseletividade somente na produção do estereoisômero cisdiHTBZ. As espécies Glomerella cingulata (VA1), Mucor rouxii, e Beuveria bassiana (ATCC 7159), metabolizaram diastereoisomericamente e também enantiosseletivamente ambos metabólitos da diHTBZ, sendo que o fungo da espécie Mucor rouxii apresentou um perfil de metabolização bem interessante, com a formação majoritária dos enantiômeros (E1) dos diastereoisômeros cis- e trans- e formação majoritária do metabólito trans-diHTBZ. Os resultados apresentados nesse trabalho demonstraram que somente a DLLME foi efetiva na extração da TBZ em meio microssomal e em meio de cultura. Para analitos com características bastante básicas, como é o caso da OXC, as demais técnicas de microextração avaliadas não foram eficientes nas condições de análise empregadas nesse estudo devido principalmente à dificuldade de manter estes analitos na forma molecular. Porém, a importância deste trabalho recai sobre os resultados obtidos a partir da aplicação dos estudos estereosseletivos de biotransformação com fungos de ambos os fármacos e, principalmente, nos resultados obtidos do metabolismo in vitro da TBZ que corroboram com dados in vivo da literatura e traz novas informações a respeito do metabolismo deste fármaco / Nowadays miniaturized extraction techniques are widely used in many sectors of analytical chemistry because they present several advantages such as: the ability to extract analytes in levels of trace employing minimal or none amounts of organic solvents; facility of automation and speed in the extraction procedure. New methodologies with the aim of producing pure enantiomers of drugs marketed as racemates are also very promising. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the miniaturized sample preparation techniques, Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME), Hollow Fiber Liquid Phase Microextraction (HF-LPME) and Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME) in extraction of drugs and their metabolites: oxcarbazepine (OXC) and tetrabenazine (TBZ) from complex matrices such as microsomal medium and liquid culture medium for subsequent application in stereoselective in vitro metabolism using human liver microsomes (HLMs) and in biotransformation studies employing fungi as catalytic agent. Prior to the biotransformation and the in vitro metabolism studies, all the proposed methods were validated and the results were in agreement with the official guidelines. Initially, an enantioselective capillary electrophoresis method was developed for the simultaneous determination of OXC and its metabolites in liquid culture medium. The chiral separation was carried out using phosphated ?-cyclodextrin (P-?-CD) 1% (w/v) as the chiral selector in tris-phosphate 10 mmol L-1 pH 2.5 buffer solution. The effective length of the capillary was 20 cm, the applied voltage was ?20 kV and the temperature of analysis was 15 °C. For this method, no miniaturized sample preparation technique was effective in extracting these analytes from the culture medium. Therefore, liquid-liquid extraction using methyl tert-butyl ether as solvent extractor as employed. The biotransformation studies showed enantioselectivity in the formation of licarbazepine (LIC) by two fungus species. The specie Glomerella cingulata (VA1) biotransformed OXC with 100% of enantiomeric fraction (EF) for the (S)-(+)-LIC enantiomer while the fungus Beuveria bassiana (ATCC 7159) metabolized with EF of 79% for the (S)-(+)-LIC enantiomer. Next, another method by capillary electrophoresis was also developed in this work. This new method was employed for the enantioselective analysis of diHTBZ metabolites after in vitro microsomal metabolism of the drug TBZ. Additionally, this method was used to analyze the diHTBZ metabolites after TBZ biotransformation by fungi. The chiral separation of diHTBZ metabolites was performed by using carboxymethyl-?-cyclodextrin (CM-?-CD) 1% (w/v) as the chiral selector added to trisphosphate buffer solution 80 mmol L-1 pH 2.5. The effective length of the capillary was 20 cm and the applied voltage was +15 kV. The analysis temperature was 15 °C. Among the miniaturized sample preparation techniques evaluated for the extraction of diHTBZ metabolites from both matrices, human liver microsomal and in liquid culture medium, DLLME showed to be the most adequate. Therefore, using microsomal medium as matrix 75 ?L dichloromethane as solvent extractor and 150 ?L acetone as disperser solvent was used. The in vitro metabolism of TBZ showed a kinetic profile of inhibition by substrate and demonstrated a diastereo- and enantioselective metabolism. These studies showed also that the enantiomers of the diastereomers of the diHTBZ were catalyzed mainly by CYP2C19 and the predicted clearance suggests that the metabolism by the liver is the major pathway for the elimination of TBZ. For the last, for fungal biotransformation studies with TBZ, 75 ?L was used as extracting solvent of dichloromethane and 150 ?L acetone as solvent disperser for the DDLME procedure. Preliminary biotransformation studies TBZ demonstrated a diastereoisomerism for all evaluated fungi, and additionally for some species of fungi, showed enantioselectivity in the formation of isomers. The fungus Chaetomiun globusum (VR10) metabolized both isomers of diHTBZ, and the production of metabolites was diastereoselective with majority formation of the trans-stereoisomer diHTBZ and enantioselectivity only in the production of cis-stereoisomer diHTBZ. The species Glomerella cingulata (VA1), Mucor rouxii, and Beuveria bassiana (ATCC 7159), metabolized diastereomerically and also enantiosselectivelly both metabolites of diHTBZ. The fungus Mucor rouxii showed an interesting biotransformation profile, with the majority training enantiomers (E1) of cis- and trans- diastereoisomers and majority formation of trans-diHTBZ metabolite. The results presented in this study showed that only DLLME was effective in extracting the TBZ from microsomal and liquid culture medium. For analytes with very basic features such as the OXC, the other evaluated microextraction techniques were not effective under the conditions employed in this study due mainly to the difficulty of keeping these analytes in the molecular form.

Águas residuárias são continuamente contaminadas por fármacos. Dentre estes fármacos, os antimicrobianos causam grande preocupação pelos impactos sobre o desenvolvimento de resistência bacteriana. As principais fontes de contaminação destes fármacos são efluentes urbanos, hospitalares, de fazendas e de algumas indústrias. A complexidade das matrizes ambientais tais como águas residuárias é uma das principais dificuldades para extrair e detectar fármacos, fazendo-se necessário o uso de técnicas de preparo de amostra para a extração destes compostos de interesse. Técnicas clássicas como a extração líquido-líquido (LLE) e a extração em fase sólida (SPE) são largamente usadas para extração de fármacos nesse tipo de matriz, porém estas técnicas não atendem amplamente aos princípios da química verde. Dessa forma, novas técnicas, mais alinhadas à responsabilidade ambiental, têm sido desenvolvidas. Neste âmbito apresenta-se o desenvolvimento e a validação de um método de microextração líquido-líquido para extração e detecção de sulfonamidas e o desenvolvimento e otimização de um método utilizando planejamento experimental para a extração de fluoroquinolonas em águas residuárias. Foi possível obter-se o limite de detecção de 0,2 ng mL-1 para as sulfonamidas analisadas, este LD é relativamente baixo considerando que o detector que foi utilizado não possuía a possibilidade de fazer análises no modo MS/MS, o que certamente reduziria ainda mais o LD. Com os desenvolvimentos desse trabalho tornou-se possível a utilização de apenas 1 mL de solvente orgânico para a pré-concentração off-line, Esta etapa, adicionada a uma outra pré-concentração online (column switching) permitiu a extração dos analitos com a obtenção de um LD relativamente baixo, a partir de apenas 7 mL de amostra. / Drugs are continuously contaminating wastewater. Among these drugs antimicrobials cause great concern for the impacts on the development of bacterial resistance. The main sources of contamination by these drugs are urban effluents, hospitals, farms and some industries. The complexity of the environmental matrices such as wastewater is one of the main difficulties in extracting and detecting drugs, bringing up the need to use sample preparation techniques for the extraction of the interest compounds. Classical techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid phase extraction (SPE) are widely used for drug extraction in this type of matrix, but these techniques do not largely meet the principles of green chemistry. In this way, new techniques, more aligned with environmental responsibility, have been developed. In this context, this thesis presents the development and validation of a liquid-liquid microextraction method for sulfonamide extraction and detection and the development and optimization of a method using experimental design for the extraction of fluoroquinolones presented in wastewater. It was possible to obtain a limit of detection (LD) of 0.2 ng mL-1 for the sulfonamides analyzed, this LD is relatively low considering that the detector that was used did not have the possibility to perform analyzes in the MS/MS mode, which certainly would further reduce the LD. With the development of this thesis, it became possible to use only 1 mL of organic solvent for the off-line preconcentration of the analytes. This step, added to another online preconcentration (column switching) allowed the extraction of the analytes obtaining relatively low LDs, from just 7 mL of the sample.