No description available.

Magnetic minerals are abundant within our Earth's crust and can retain, through one of a number of processes, a remanent magnetisation induced by the Earth's magnetic field. Analyses of palaeomagnetic samples have been used for the past fifty years to improve our understanding of many of the Earth's major processes. Recent studies utilising newly developed imaging techniques, namely holographic transmission electron microscopy, have for the first time allowed direct observations of the magnetic structure in palaeomagnetic samples on a nanoscale. It is commonly observed that igneous rocks contain closely packed magnetic lamellae with a non-magnetic matrix, a result of the chemical process of exsolution. However, the results of current micromagnetic models, generated to predict the magnetic structure within such samples, are not in agreement with these direct observations. The results do, however, show strong similarities to the direct observations. The discrepancies between the direct observations and micromagnetic models indicate a lack of understanding of the magnetic interactions within such samples. To examine this two distinct hypotheses have been tested. Firstly, the geometry of the system has been altered to examine the effect of this on the magnetic structure of the grains. Secondly, a multiphase model has been produced. This multiphase model allows the simulation of more complicated systems that include more than one magnetic material in direct contact. This multiphase model has allowed us to examine the effect of varying the exchange in these multiphase structures and its effect on the modelled magnetic structure. Further, this multiphase model has allowed us to examine theoretical systems involving combinations of magnetic materials commonly found in palaeomagnetic samples.

In this work the dynamics of permalloy circular magnetic islands of 225 nm radius and 10 nm thickness arranged into square lattices was investigated employing micromagnetic simulations.The simulations of the vortex magnetization loops and the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectra were carried out using a free micromagnetics simulation software Mumax3. The obtained data was analyzed using Matlab. The simulations were carried out on a single vortex island as well as on two different lattices. The first lattice is comprised of interacting islands, while the second lattice - of non-interacting islands, separated by 25 nm and by 450 nm edge-to-edge distance, respectively. The magnetization loops were simulated by applying the static magnetic field in-plane of the single island or the lattice. The FMR simulations were carried out by applying the static magnetic field in-plane of the lattice and after the system reached the ground state in that field, the excitation as a sinc pulse was sent out along the out-of-plane direction of the lattice. The analysis of the obtained FMR spectra revealed that the several resonant modes are present for the single vortex island and the lattice, comprised of such islands. However, the physical explanation of the origin of those modes is a subject for further investigations.

Previous investigations of FePd circular island arrays have shown the hysteresis-free switching from vortex to collinear magnetic state at high temperatures [1]. This raises interest in the exploration of the temperature and inter-island interaction effect on the magnetization dynamics in this kind of structures. Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurements allow for the investigation of the magnetization response to time-dependent magnetic field excitations. In this work, the dynamics of a square lattice of circular Fe20Pd80 alloy islands were investigated. The micromagnetic simulations of FMR response were carried out with the parameters similar to those used in the experiments. The experimentally measured FMR absorption spectra were qualitatively reproduced employing micromagnetic simulations. Furthermore, the spatial maps of th estanding spin wave modes were calculated. It was confirmed that the features arising in the FMR absorption spectra are governed by both the temperature and the inter-island interactions.

This thesis contains results of numerical investigations of magnetisation dynamics in nanostructed ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic systems have been simulated using the open source micromagnetic solver: Object Oriented Micromagnetic Framework (OOMMF), and thoroughly analysed using my own software: semargl. A systematic study of collective magnonic modes confined in 2D and 3D systems of rectangular ferromagnetic nano-elements is presented. The collective character of the excitations results from the dynamic magnetic dipole field. The magnetization dynamics of isolated rectangular elements is found to be spatially non-uniform which means that the dynamic dipolar coupling is highly anisotropic. A semi-analytical theory of collective magnonic modes has been developed to evaluate the properties of the dynamic magnetic dipole field. It was found that the theory is only valid for certain eigenmodes of the isolated element. In particular the modes where the magnetic dipole coupling between the elements is much lower than the internal energy of the corresponding eigenmodes of the isolated element. It is then demonstrated that the confinement of spin waves is strongly affected by the ground state of the system. In particular it has been found that symmetry properties of the topology of 2D arrays affect the dynamics of the strongly localised modes. The effect is found to be significant for arrays of any number of elements. At the same time the relative contribution of the localized modes to the uniform response decreases with the number of elements in the array. The dispersion relation of spin waves in 2D arrays of rectangular nano-elements has been calculated for the first time using micromagnetic simulations. The form of the dispersion is used to estimate the spatial anisotropy of the dynamic dipolar coupling. Simulations of the 3D confinement of spin waves in stacks of magnetic nano-elements have been performed. The calculation of both the dispersion and spatial profiles of the corresponding magnonic modes facilitates the investigation of the localisation of collective spin waves. Furthermore the dispersion of collective magnonic modes has been calculated for stacks of rectangular nano-elements for a range of in-plane aspect ratios. Finally, a numerical method has been developed to extract the scattering parameters of magnonic logic devices. This method has been demonstrated by applying it to the simplest possible magnonic device so that the results could be compared to an analytical expression of the scattering parameters.

Cette thèse contribue à l'étude des aimants à effet ressort, connu sous le nom de "Exchange Spring Magnets" (ESM). Nous avons divisé nos travaux en deux parties : une première dite expérimentale et une seconde dite théorique. Dans la première partie, nous avons étudié la synthèse de ESM. Le processus de fabrication débute par le mélange des nano-poudres magnétiques dures et douces. Cette étape a été réalisé par broyage mécanique ainsi que par ultrasons. Les mélanges sont ensuite frittés via la technique de frittage par plasma d'arc (Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS)) afin d'obtenir des aimants massifs. La structure ainsi que les propriétés magnétiques de ces aimants sont étudiées. Les structures obtenues présentent des phases intermédiaires ainsi qu'une réduction de la phase magnétique dure. Nous avons trouvé que ces aimants ont des cycles magnétiques à deux phases indiquant un couplage faible entre les phases précurseurs. De plus, les aimants obtenus à partir du mélange à ultrasons possèdent des meilleurs propriétés magnétiques que ceux obtenus par broyages mécanique ainsi qu'une plus grande capacité à obtenir un meilleur couplage. Dans la seconde partie, nous avons étudié l'utilité des ESM pour l'enregistrement magnétique perpendiculaire. Il a été montré qu'en y appliquant un faible champ micro-onde , l'ESM présente un basculement facilité ainsi qu'une meilleur stabilité thermique, ce qui est désirable pour l'enregistrement magnétique. Nous avons étudié les dynamiques non-linéaires de basculement magnétique dans un ESM perpendiculaire en utilisant l'équation de Landau-Lifshitz. A partir d'un nouveau code FORTRAN basé sur la méthode des différences finies, nous avons étudié les solutions numériques de cette équation. Le système bi-couche présente des solutions stables nommés modes-P globaux et une diminution du champ nécessaire au basculement pour une grande gamme de fréquence. Le profil de la magnétisation dans le système étendu à été étudié numériquement. L'étude analytique des dynamiques est commentée en faisant l'approximation que deux modes-P sont couplés par un champ d'interaction. L'"ansatz" utilisé pour décrire le champ d'interaction est validé par comparaison avec les résultats numériques. Cette approche s'est révélée être équivalente à l'étude de deux macro-spins couplés. / This thesis is divided into two parts, experimental part presenting the synthesis of exchange spring magnets and theoretical part showing the magnetization dynamics of exchange spring magnets. For the synthesis, ferrite and metal alloy based magnets using mechanical milling and ultrasonic mixing are studied. This part discusses the difficulty in controlling the microstructure during synthesis. Several samples with varying volume fractions of the soft phase are synthesized. It is found that mechanical milling initiates a reaction and this leads to disintegration of the ferrite phase into its intermediate phases. Samples prepared using ultrasonic mixing however show presence of the ferrite phase up to very large volume fraction of the soft alloy phase which provides better perspective for the synthesis. Dynamics of the exchange spring system is studied theoretically using micromagnetic theory. Microwave assisted magnetization reversal are studied in the bulk bilayer exchange coupled system. We investigate the nonlinear magnetization reversal dynamics in a perpendicular exchange spring media using the Landau-Lifshitz equation. In the limit of the infinite thickness of the system, the propagation field leads the reversal of the system. The reduction of the switching field and the magnetization profile in the extended system are studied numerically. The possibility to study the dynamics analytically is discussed and an approximation where two P-modes are coupled by an interaction field is presented. The ansatz used for the interaction field is validated by comparison with the numerical results. This approach is shown to be equivalent to two exchange coupled macrospins.

Imãs são corpos de materiais magnetizáveis utilizados para gerar um forte campo magnético em sua vizinhança. Essa característica faz com que sejam empregados em diversas aplicações na vida moderna, tais como motores para a indústria eletroeletrônica e automobilística, como elementos de fixação e em acoplamentos magnéticos na indústria mecânica. O mercado de ímãs permanentes movimenta atualmente cerca de US$ 5 bilhões por ano e está em plena expansão, sendo estimado um crescimento de 12% por ano até o final desta década de 90. Tal crescimento é atribuído aos \"novos materiais\" desenvolvidos a partir da década de 80 (ímãs de terras-raras) e aos novos mercados, que foram gerados pelos próprios \"novos materiais\" (Hart, 1996). Tratando-se de materiais tão ligados às facilidades da vida moderna, a pesquisa na área de imãs está intimamente ligada ao seu desenvolvimento tecnológico. Procura-se desenvolver imãs com as melhores propriedades magnéticas para as suas aplicações, investigando ao mesmo tempo os fenômenos que regem os mecanismos físicos de magnetização. / Permanent magnets composed of magnetic powders bonded with a polymer represent the fastest growing sector of the magnetic materials market since they are ideal for the fabrication of small motors. This work presents a magnetic and structural characterization of TIve eommereial bonded magnets, Reversible and irreversible components of the total magnetization as well as magnetic interactions in the five commereial magnets are also studied, the magnets are composed by ferrite and MQP-Q nanoerystelline powders and mixtures of these two powders with 80%, 60% and 40% ferrite. Magnelie interactions were analyzed by Henkel plots, gM plots and switching field distributions. In bonded magnets, since the magnetic particles are separated from each other by a binder, it is expected that interactions are mainly dipolar in Nature. There is a progressive change in the data as the fraction of MQP-Q powder is increased. The sample with 100% ferrite shows strong magnetizing interactions at low fields. Date for hybrid magnets present increasing demagnetizing interactions as the fermion of MQP-Q increases and for the 100% MQP-Q sample, the data indicate demagnetizing effects. Reversible and irreversible magnetization components were obtained by applying two methods commanly used in magnetic materials characterization, the DCD -IRM method and the reversible susceptibility method. For the 100% ferrite magnet, in which the reversible component is small, the methods lead lo similar results. The results for both methods diverge as the reversible component! Increases, which in this case occurs with the increase of the MQP-Q powder fraction. The divergence is attributed to the idealized conditions of non-inleracting particles assumed by the DCD-IRM method. Magnetic interactions and lotai magnetization components were also studied in a melt-spun nanocrystalline Nd9Fe85B5 sample. This composition is similar to that of the MQP-Q powder and the magnetic behavior of both the bonded magnetic and the nanocrystalline precursor could be compared. Micromagnetic simulations allowed the evaluation of exchange, anisotropy and magnetostatic interactions on the magnetization reversal of nanocryslalline romposlle systems. The Monte Carlo method was applied lo a linear array of 300 magnetic moments distributed in three grains, two magnetically hard with a soft grain between them.

Imãs são corpos de materiais magnetizáveis utilizados para gerar um forte campo magnético em sua vizinhança. Essa característica faz com que sejam empregados em diversas aplicações na vida moderna, tais como motores para a indústria eletroeletrônica e automobilística, como elementos de fixação e em acoplamentos magnéticos na indústria mecânica. O mercado de ímãs permanentes movimenta atualmente cerca de US$ 5 bilhões por ano e está em plena expansão, sendo estimado um crescimento de 12% por ano até o final desta década de 90. Tal crescimento é atribuído aos \"novos materiais\" desenvolvidos a partir da década de 80 (ímãs de terras-raras) e aos novos mercados, que foram gerados pelos próprios \"novos materiais\" (Hart, 1996). Tratando-se de materiais tão ligados às facilidades da vida moderna, a pesquisa na área de imãs está intimamente ligada ao seu desenvolvimento tecnológico. Procura-se desenvolver imãs com as melhores propriedades magnéticas para as suas aplicações, investigando ao mesmo tempo os fenômenos que regem os mecanismos físicos de magnetização. / Permanent magnets composed of magnetic powders bonded with a polymer represent the fastest growing sector of the magnetic materials market since they are ideal for the fabrication of small motors. This work presents a magnetic and structural characterization of TIve eommereial bonded magnets, Reversible and irreversible components of the total magnetization as well as magnetic interactions in the five commereial magnets are also studied, the magnets are composed by ferrite and MQP-Q nanoerystelline powders and mixtures of these two powders with 80%, 60% and 40% ferrite. Magnelie interactions were analyzed by Henkel plots, gM plots and switching field distributions. In bonded magnets, since the magnetic particles are separated from each other by a binder, it is expected that interactions are mainly dipolar in Nature. There is a progressive change in the data as the fraction of MQP-Q powder is increased. The sample with 100% ferrite shows strong magnetizing interactions at low fields. Date for hybrid magnets present increasing demagnetizing interactions as the fermion of MQP-Q increases and for the 100% MQP-Q sample, the data indicate demagnetizing effects. Reversible and irreversible magnetization components were obtained by applying two methods commanly used in magnetic materials characterization, the DCD -IRM method and the reversible susceptibility method. For the 100% ferrite magnet, in which the reversible component is small, the methods lead lo similar results. The results for both methods diverge as the reversible component! Increases, which in this case occurs with the increase of the MQP-Q powder fraction. The divergence is attributed to the idealized conditions of non-inleracting particles assumed by the DCD-IRM method. Magnetic interactions and lotai magnetization components were also studied in a melt-spun nanocrystalline Nd9Fe85B5 sample. This composition is similar to that of the MQP-Q powder and the magnetic behavior of both the bonded magnetic and the nanocrystalline precursor could be compared. Micromagnetic simulations allowed the evaluation of exchange, anisotropy and magnetostatic interactions on the magnetization reversal of nanocryslalline romposlle systems. The Monte Carlo method was applied lo a linear array of 300 magnetic moments distributed in three grains, two magnetically hard with a soft grain between them.

O crescimento da produção de petróleo em alto mar tem elevado a utilização de Risers flexíveis. Fazendo a conexão entre o poço e a plataforma, estes dutos estão sujeitos aos severos carregamentos causados pela superposição dos esforços mecânicos com o ambiente corrosivo. Deste modo, torna-se de grande importância, o monitoramento da integridade estrutural de Risers flexíveis para a Indústria petrolífera. Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidas metodologias de caracterização do estado de tensões de arames da armadura de tração de Risers flexíveis de seis polegadas. Através do monitoramento de ensaios de tração foi testada a influência das variações de carregamento, microestrutura e afastamento entre o sensor e o material ferromagnético (Lift off) nas medidas micromagnéticas. Os resultados mostraram a grande aplicabilidade dos métodos micromagnéticos, separando os efeitos das variações de tensões e microestruturais. Analisando-se diferentes técnicas, foram obtidas correlações entre os carregamentos e as tensões (determinadas através da técnica micromagnética) superiores a 90%. Bons resultados também foram obtidos nas análises da influência do Lift off, onde, apesar da grande atenuação de sinais, obteve-se boas correlações entre propriedades mecânicas e micromagnéticas. / The constant growing of the offshore oil production has increase the use of Flexible Risers. Acting as the connection between the well and the platform, these pipelines are subjected to a superposition of mechanical loads and corrosive environment. In this sense, the development of more reliable systems for monitoring the structural integrity of Flexible Risers is becoming more important. This work aims the development of non destructive methodologies for the analysis of the stress state in the steel wires that forms the tensile armor of a six inch Flexible Riser. Through the monitoring of tensile tests, the influences of the load, microstructure and Lift off variations in the micromagnetic measurements had been analyzed. The results showed the good applicability of the micromagnetic methods, in sorting the microstructure effects from the stress analysis. Using the multi - technique approach, a good correlation (up to 90%) between load stress and the NDT stress (determined through the micromagnetic technique) had been found. The Lift off analysis showed promising results too, where, despite the high signal attenuation, good correlations between mechanical and micromagnetic properties had been observed.

O crescimento da produção de petróleo em alto mar tem elevado a utilização de Risers flexíveis. Fazendo a conexão entre o poço e a plataforma, estes dutos estão sujeitos aos severos carregamentos causados pela superposição dos esforços mecânicos com o ambiente corrosivo. Deste modo, torna-se de grande importância, o monitoramento da integridade estrutural de Risers flexíveis para a Indústria petrolífera. Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidas metodologias de caracterização do estado de tensões de arames da armadura de tração de Risers flexíveis de seis polegadas. Através do monitoramento de ensaios de tração foi testada a influência das variações de carregamento, microestrutura e afastamento entre o sensor e o material ferromagnético (Lift off) nas medidas micromagnéticas. Os resultados mostraram a grande aplicabilidade dos métodos micromagnéticos, separando os efeitos das variações de tensões e microestruturais. Analisando-se diferentes técnicas, foram obtidas correlações entre os carregamentos e as tensões (determinadas através da técnica micromagnética) superiores a 90%. Bons resultados também foram obtidos nas análises da influência do Lift off, onde, apesar da grande atenuação de sinais, obteve-se boas correlações entre propriedades mecânicas e micromagnéticas. / The constant growing of the offshore oil production has increase the use of Flexible Risers. Acting as the connection between the well and the platform, these pipelines are subjected to a superposition of mechanical loads and corrosive environment. In this sense, the development of more reliable systems for monitoring the structural integrity of Flexible Risers is becoming more important. This work aims the development of non destructive methodologies for the analysis of the stress state in the steel wires that forms the tensile armor of a six inch Flexible Riser. Through the monitoring of tensile tests, the influences of the load, microstructure and Lift off variations in the micromagnetic measurements had been analyzed. The results showed the good applicability of the micromagnetic methods, in sorting the microstructure effects from the stress analysis. Using the multi - technique approach, a good correlation (up to 90%) between load stress and the NDT stress (determined through the micromagnetic technique) had been found. The Lift off analysis showed promising results too, where, despite the high signal attenuation, good correlations between mechanical and micromagnetic properties had been observed.