<p>We investigate the dielectrophoretic separation of microparticles. Two different models are formulated in two characteristic time scales. The first model mainly accounts for the orientation behavior and rotational motion of non-spheric microparticles. The concept of effective charge is suggested to calculate the finite size non-spheric particles. It is combined with the fluid particle dynamics method to calculate hydrodynamic as well as dielectrophoretic forces and torques. The translational motion and the particle-particle interaction are calculated also, but they take much longer time to be observed due to the different time scales of the rotational and translational motions By viewing the particle as spheres, the second model focus on the translational motion of spheres. The hydrodynamic force between particles and particle-particle electrostatic interactions are also taken into account. We check the relative magnitude ratio between these forces in order to determine the importance of these forces. To predict and guide the design of experimental dielectrophoretic separation, two numerical applications are carried out. The first calculation suggests optimum patterns to improve the trapping efficiency of<em> E.coli.</em> cells by applying superimposed AC electric fields. The second calculation finds out the mobility and separation rate of particles which differs in size and electric properties by a multi-step trapping-releasing strategy.</p>

Micropartículas formadas por blendas de P(HB-HV) com PCL apresentam aumento da porosidade com o aumento do percentual de PCL. Considerando-se a influência de poros na velocidade de liberação de fármacos, bem como a ausência de estudos que correlacionem quantitativamente perfis de liberação e características morfológicas de micropartículas de P(HB-HV), o objetivo desse trabalho consistiu na preparação e caracterização de micropartículas de P(HB-HV) e P(HB-HV)/PCL em diferentes proporções, buscando-se essa correlação para perfis de liberação de dois fármacos-modelo lipofílicos e ionizáveis (diclofenaco e indometacina). A técnica de emulsificação/evaporação do solvente foi empregada na preparação das micropartículas, com eficiência de encapsulação de cerca de 85 %. As micropartículas apresentaram formato esférico e interior oco. O diâmetro médio dos sistemas (122 μm a 273 μm) foi dependente da concentração de PCL, apresentando polidispersão inferior a 1,8. A metodologia de preparação das micropartículas influenciou no processo de cristalização do P(HB-HV). Adicionalmente, a indometacina atuou como um antiplastificante desse polímero. A liberação dos fármacos foi sustentada, cuja velocidade aumentou com o aumento da concentração de PCL. Tais perfis foram descritos por uma equação biexponencial. A partir do ajuste dos dados de liberação à equação de Baker-Lonsdale, determinou-se o produto DCs,m entre o coeficiente de difusão aparente dos fármacos e sua solubilidade na matriz. O logaritmo natural de DCs,m foi diretamente proporcional ao percentual de PCL. Além disso, o fator de porosidade-tortuosidade relativo mostrouse inversamente proporcional à razão entre a área superficial e o quadrado do raio das micropartículas. A partir dos resultados desse estudo, sugeriu-se que o diclofenaco encontra-se associado às micropartículas de P(HB-HV) e P(HB-HV)/PCL na forma de aglomerados nanométricos, enquanto que a indometacina é solubilizada pela matriz polimérica. Além disso, demonstrou-se que o controle da liberação pode ser efetuado pela modulação da morfologia das micropartículas. / Microparticles composed of P(HB-HV)/PCL demonstrate an increase in porosity with a concomitant increase in PCL concentration. Several reports indicate that pores are able to increase the rate of drug delivery. Up to now, there is a lack of information regarding the correlation between the drug release profiles and the P(HB-HV) microparticles morphology. In this context, the objectives of the current work were the preparation and the characterization of microparticles composed of P(HB-HV) and P(HB-HV)/PCL in different proportions in order to obtain a correlation between the microparticles morphology and the release profiles, using two lipophilic and ionizable drug-models, diclofenac and indomethacin. Microparticles, prepared by emulsion/solvent evaporation technique, presented encapsulation efficiencies about 85 %. The SEM analyses showed hollow and spherical microparticles. Their average diameters (122 μm to 273 μm) were dependent on the PCL concentration, and the polydispersity values were lower than 1.8. DSC analyses showed that the preparation process influenced on the P(HB-HV) crystallization. Additionally, Tg values indicated that indomethacin was an antiplasticizer agent of P(HB-HV). The drug release from the microparticles showed sustained profiles. The release rate was faster with the increase in the PCL concentration. The profiles were described by a biexponential equation. After the adjustment of the release data to the Baker- Lonsdale equation, it was possible to determine the value of the product between the drug apparent diffusion coefficient and the drug solubility in the matrix (DCs,m) for each formulation. The logarithms of such values were directly proportional to the PCL percentual. Besides, the relative porosity-tortuosity factor of the microparticles was inversely proportional to the ratio of their specific surface areas and the square of their radius. Based on the obtained results, it was proposed that the diclofenac is associated to the microparticles as nanometric agglomerates, while indomethacin was molecularly dispersed in the polymeric matrix. In addition, results demonstrated that the release can be modulated by controlling the microparticle morphology.

Micropartículas formadas por blendas de P(HB-HV) com PCL apresentam aumento da porosidade com o aumento do percentual de PCL. Considerando-se a influência de poros na velocidade de liberação de fármacos, bem como a ausência de estudos que correlacionem quantitativamente perfis de liberação e características morfológicas de micropartículas de P(HB-HV), o objetivo desse trabalho consistiu na preparação e caracterização de micropartículas de P(HB-HV) e P(HB-HV)/PCL em diferentes proporções, buscando-se essa correlação para perfis de liberação de dois fármacos-modelo lipofílicos e ionizáveis (diclofenaco e indometacina). A técnica de emulsificação/evaporação do solvente foi empregada na preparação das micropartículas, com eficiência de encapsulação de cerca de 85 %. As micropartículas apresentaram formato esférico e interior oco. O diâmetro médio dos sistemas (122 μm a 273 μm) foi dependente da concentração de PCL, apresentando polidispersão inferior a 1,8. A metodologia de preparação das micropartículas influenciou no processo de cristalização do P(HB-HV). Adicionalmente, a indometacina atuou como um antiplastificante desse polímero. A liberação dos fármacos foi sustentada, cuja velocidade aumentou com o aumento da concentração de PCL. Tais perfis foram descritos por uma equação biexponencial. A partir do ajuste dos dados de liberação à equação de Baker-Lonsdale, determinou-se o produto DCs,m entre o coeficiente de difusão aparente dos fármacos e sua solubilidade na matriz. O logaritmo natural de DCs,m foi diretamente proporcional ao percentual de PCL. Além disso, o fator de porosidade-tortuosidade relativo mostrouse inversamente proporcional à razão entre a área superficial e o quadrado do raio das micropartículas. A partir dos resultados desse estudo, sugeriu-se que o diclofenaco encontra-se associado às micropartículas de P(HB-HV) e P(HB-HV)/PCL na forma de aglomerados nanométricos, enquanto que a indometacina é solubilizada pela matriz polimérica. Além disso, demonstrou-se que o controle da liberação pode ser efetuado pela modulação da morfologia das micropartículas. / Microparticles composed of P(HB-HV)/PCL demonstrate an increase in porosity with a concomitant increase in PCL concentration. Several reports indicate that pores are able to increase the rate of drug delivery. Up to now, there is a lack of information regarding the correlation between the drug release profiles and the P(HB-HV) microparticles morphology. In this context, the objectives of the current work were the preparation and the characterization of microparticles composed of P(HB-HV) and P(HB-HV)/PCL in different proportions in order to obtain a correlation between the microparticles morphology and the release profiles, using two lipophilic and ionizable drug-models, diclofenac and indomethacin. Microparticles, prepared by emulsion/solvent evaporation technique, presented encapsulation efficiencies about 85 %. The SEM analyses showed hollow and spherical microparticles. Their average diameters (122 μm to 273 μm) were dependent on the PCL concentration, and the polydispersity values were lower than 1.8. DSC analyses showed that the preparation process influenced on the P(HB-HV) crystallization. Additionally, Tg values indicated that indomethacin was an antiplasticizer agent of P(HB-HV). The drug release from the microparticles showed sustained profiles. The release rate was faster with the increase in the PCL concentration. The profiles were described by a biexponential equation. After the adjustment of the release data to the Baker- Lonsdale equation, it was possible to determine the value of the product between the drug apparent diffusion coefficient and the drug solubility in the matrix (DCs,m) for each formulation. The logarithms of such values were directly proportional to the PCL percentual. Besides, the relative porosity-tortuosity factor of the microparticles was inversely proportional to the ratio of their specific surface areas and the square of their radius. Based on the obtained results, it was proposed that the diclofenac is associated to the microparticles as nanometric agglomerates, while indomethacin was molecularly dispersed in the polymeric matrix. In addition, results demonstrated that the release can be modulated by controlling the microparticle morphology.

No processo de fabricação do papel, a formação é muito importante, pois impacta na qualidade do produto assim como na maquinabilidade e produção. Para uma boa formação, um sistema de retenção e drenagem com aditivos eficientes é muito importante. Desta forma uma sílica nanopartículada, devido a sua área superficial, pode ser a diferença neste sistema e na resistência a úmido na fabricação de papel. Através de testes que simulam a floculação padrão (espalhamento de luz dinâmico) tentou-se identificar qual seriam as variáveis (pH, concentração iônica do meio, tamanho de nanopartícula) que influenciariam no processo de floculação assim como verificar qual o mecanismo e o que ocorre com o floco durante a floculação/defloculação/refloculação. Utilizando como modelo uma máquina de papel offset que usa fibra de celulose branqueada e carga verifica-se a condição de fabricação (receita) e o sistema de retenção e drenagem utilizado atende os parâmetros de resistência e formação da folha de papel. Constatou-se que o pH exerce uma influência no tamanho do floco formado e que o mecanismo de refloculação, para diferentes tipos de cisalhamento, são diferentes. A concentração ideal de sílica e polímero pode ser otimizada a fim de trazer uma redução de custo e melhoria do processo. / In the process of paper manufacturing, formation is important to product quality, runnability and production. To have a good formation, a retention and drainage system with efficient chemicals is important. Thus silica nanoparticles, because their surface area, may be the difference in this systems and wet resistance in the paper manufacture. Using flocculation tests (light dynamic scattering equipment) were identified what conditions (pH, ionic concentration, size particle) had some influence on the flocculation process and verify what is the mechanism and what do happen with the floc during the flocculation/deflocculation/reflocculation. To have an offset paper machine using bleached cellulose and filler, it checked if the mill`s recipe and the retention and drainage system correspond the level of resistance and formation required. I found the pH has had influence in the floc and have had differences in the reflocculation mechanism when submitted to different shears (sonification and stirring). The polymer and silica dosage can be optimized to a saving cost and to improve the process.

Micropartículas formadas por blendas de P(HB-HV) com PCL apresentam aumento da porosidade com o aumento do percentual de PCL. Considerando-se a influência de poros na velocidade de liberação de fármacos, bem como a ausência de estudos que correlacionem quantitativamente perfis de liberação e características morfológicas de micropartículas de P(HB-HV), o objetivo desse trabalho consistiu na preparação e caracterização de micropartículas de P(HB-HV) e P(HB-HV)/PCL em diferentes proporções, buscando-se essa correlação para perfis de liberação de dois fármacos-modelo lipofílicos e ionizáveis (diclofenaco e indometacina). A técnica de emulsificação/evaporação do solvente foi empregada na preparação das micropartículas, com eficiência de encapsulação de cerca de 85 %. As micropartículas apresentaram formato esférico e interior oco. O diâmetro médio dos sistemas (122 μm a 273 μm) foi dependente da concentração de PCL, apresentando polidispersão inferior a 1,8. A metodologia de preparação das micropartículas influenciou no processo de cristalização do P(HB-HV). Adicionalmente, a indometacina atuou como um antiplastificante desse polímero. A liberação dos fármacos foi sustentada, cuja velocidade aumentou com o aumento da concentração de PCL. Tais perfis foram descritos por uma equação biexponencial. A partir do ajuste dos dados de liberação à equação de Baker-Lonsdale, determinou-se o produto DCs,m entre o coeficiente de difusão aparente dos fármacos e sua solubilidade na matriz. O logaritmo natural de DCs,m foi diretamente proporcional ao percentual de PCL. Além disso, o fator de porosidade-tortuosidade relativo mostrouse inversamente proporcional à razão entre a área superficial e o quadrado do raio das micropartículas. A partir dos resultados desse estudo, sugeriu-se que o diclofenaco encontra-se associado às micropartículas de P(HB-HV) e P(HB-HV)/PCL na forma de aglomerados nanométricos, enquanto que a indometacina é solubilizada pela matriz polimérica. Além disso, demonstrou-se que o controle da liberação pode ser efetuado pela modulação da morfologia das micropartículas. / Microparticles composed of P(HB-HV)/PCL demonstrate an increase in porosity with a concomitant increase in PCL concentration. Several reports indicate that pores are able to increase the rate of drug delivery. Up to now, there is a lack of information regarding the correlation between the drug release profiles and the P(HB-HV) microparticles morphology. In this context, the objectives of the current work were the preparation and the characterization of microparticles composed of P(HB-HV) and P(HB-HV)/PCL in different proportions in order to obtain a correlation between the microparticles morphology and the release profiles, using two lipophilic and ionizable drug-models, diclofenac and indomethacin. Microparticles, prepared by emulsion/solvent evaporation technique, presented encapsulation efficiencies about 85 %. The SEM analyses showed hollow and spherical microparticles. Their average diameters (122 μm to 273 μm) were dependent on the PCL concentration, and the polydispersity values were lower than 1.8. DSC analyses showed that the preparation process influenced on the P(HB-HV) crystallization. Additionally, Tg values indicated that indomethacin was an antiplasticizer agent of P(HB-HV). The drug release from the microparticles showed sustained profiles. The release rate was faster with the increase in the PCL concentration. The profiles were described by a biexponential equation. After the adjustment of the release data to the Baker- Lonsdale equation, it was possible to determine the value of the product between the drug apparent diffusion coefficient and the drug solubility in the matrix (DCs,m) for each formulation. The logarithms of such values were directly proportional to the PCL percentual. Besides, the relative porosity-tortuosity factor of the microparticles was inversely proportional to the ratio of their specific surface areas and the square of their radius. Based on the obtained results, it was proposed that the diclofenac is associated to the microparticles as nanometric agglomerates, while indomethacin was molecularly dispersed in the polymeric matrix. In addition, results demonstrated that the release can be modulated by controlling the microparticle morphology.

A transfusão de sangue é uma intervenção terapêutica capaz de salvar muitas vidas. Entretanto, transfusões também apresentam uma alta gama de possíveis eventos adversos, questões logísticas, econômicas e sociais. Dentre as principais preocupações terapêuticas estão a incompatibilidade (principalmente do sistema ABO), a transmissão de microrganismos patogênicos, os distúrbios imunomodulatórios, as reações hemolíticas, o aumento estatístico do risco de morte proporcional ao volume de sangue infundido, dentre outros. Diversas alternativas às transfusões sanguíneas são propostas na literatura científica, dentre elas o desenvolvimento de transportadores de oxigênio que utilizam a hemoglobina, comumente intitulados substitutos sanguíneos. Neste âmbito, o presente estudo teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de uma rota de síntese e a síntese de partículas de gelatina contendo hemoglobina polimerizada. Para tanto, realizou-se a síntese do polietileno glicol bis-[succinimidil succinato], extraiu-se e polimerizou-se com glutaraldeído ou polietileno glicol bis-[succinimidil succinato] hemoglobina de sangue bovino e, partículas de gelatina coriácea ou óssea contendo hemoglobina polimerizada foram sintetizadas e caracterizadas. A síntese do polietileno glicol bis-[succinimidil succinato] (SSPEG) foi caracterizada por espectroscopia RAMAN, análise diferencial de calorimetria (DSC) e os resultados obtidos indicaram o sucesso das reações. O produto da reação de polimerização da hemoglobina e albumina com o SSPEG foi verificado por SDS-PAGE e os resultados obtidos indicaram a formação com sucesso de polímeros de alta massa molecular. As partículas contendo hemoglobina polimerizada geradas com gelatina coriácea apresentaram diâmetro hidrodinâmico de 1370 nm, dispersividade de 0,029 e potencial zeta de -36,1 mV. As partículas contendo hemoglobina polimerizada geradas com gelatina óssea apresentaram diâmetro hidrodinâmico de 438 nm, dispersividade de 0,563 e potencial zeta de -24,5 mV. Os resultados obtidos sugerem a aplicabilidade da gelatina coriácea para a produção de partículas contendo hemoglobina polimerizada com possível aplicação como transportador de oxigênio. / Blood transfusion is a therapeutic intervention that can save many lives. However, transfusion is also related to several possible adverse therapeutic events and logistic, economic and social concerns. Among the major therapeutic concerns are incompatibility (mainly of the ABO group system), pathogenic microorganisms\' transmission, immunomodulatory disturbances, hemolytic reactions, death risk increase that is proportional to the infused volume, among others. Several alternatives to blood transfusion are proposed in the scientific literature. Among them is the development of hemoglobin based oxygen carriers, commonly entitle blood substitutes. To this extent, the present work aimed to develop a synthetic route and to synthesize gelatin particles containing polymerized hemoglobin. To this purpose PEG bis(succinimidyl succinate) was synthesized, bovine hemoglobin was extracted and polymerized with glutaraldehyde or PEG and polyhemoglobin contained particles of gelatin from leather or bones were synthesized and characterized. PEG bis(succinimidyl succinate) synthesis was characterized by RAMAN spectroscopy and by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the obtained results indicated the successful synthesis. The reaction product of the polymerization of hemoglobin or albumin with PEG was verified by SDS-PAGE and the results indicated the successful formation of high molecular mass polymers. The particles generated with leather gelatin and polyhemoglobin had a hydrodynamic diameter of 1370 nm, dispersity of 0.029 and zeta potential of -36.1 mV. Particles generated with bone gelatin and polyhemoglobin had hydrodynamic diameter of 438 nm, dispersity of 0.563 and zeta potential of -24.5 mV. The obtained results suggest the applicability of leather gelatin for the production of polyhemoglobin containing particles aiming to the development of a hemoglobin based oxygen carrier.

We investigate the dielectrophoretic separation of microparticles. Two different models are formulated in two characteristic time scales. The first model mainly accounts for the orientation behavior and rotational motion of non-spheric microparticles. The concept of effective charge is suggested to calculate the finite size non-spheric particles. It is combined with the fluid particle dynamics method to calculate hydrodynamic as well as dielectrophoretic forces and torques. The translational motion and the particle-particle interaction are calculated also, but they take much longer time to be observed due to the different time scales of the rotational and translational motions By viewing the particle as spheres, the second model focus on the translational motion of spheres. The hydrodynamic force between particles and particle-particle electrostatic interactions are also taken into account. We check the relative magnitude ratio between these forces in order to determine the importance of these forces. To predict and guide the design of experimental dielectrophoretic separation, two numerical applications are carried out. The first calculation suggests optimum patterns to improve the trapping efficiency of E.coli. cells by applying superimposed AC electric fields. The second calculation finds out the mobility and separation rate of particles which differs in size and electric properties by a multi-step trapping-releasing strategy. / QC 20101118

No description available.

Systemisch applizierte Therapeutika können erhebliche Nebenwirkungen auslösen, welche auf Grund eines unspezifischen Transports oder einer hohen Dosis von appliziertem Wirkstoff auftreten. Daher bedarf es der Entwicklung neuartiger Wirkstoff-Transportsysteme (Drug Delivery Systems) welche in der Lage sind, Wirkstoffe in genau definierbaren Dosen gezielt in die adressierte Zelle zu transportieren. Ein vielversprechender Ansatz, welcher diesen Anforderungen nachkommt, findet sich in der Layer-by-Layer-Technik (LbL), d.h. der wechselseitigen Assemblierung von Polymeren/Wirkstoffen auf soliden sphärischen Templaten, eines funktionellen Supported Lipid Bilayers sowie der Oberflächenfunktionalisierung mit spezifischen Antikörpern. Dabei ist die Homogenität und Regularität des Supported Lipid Bilayers von großer Bedeutung, um in biomedizinischen Anwendungen eine ungewollte Interaktion mit Serumkomponenten sowie eine Opsonierung zu verhindern. Insbesondere die funktionelle Lipidkomponente besitzt allerdings maßgebliche Auswirkungen auf diese Parameter. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Idee der Oberflächenfunktionalisierung von LbL-beschichteten Silica-Mikropartikeln (SiO2) mit einem funktionellen Supported Lipid Bilayer aufgegriffen und weiterentwickelt, wobei insbesondere die Homogenität des Supported Lipid Bilayers auch auf sehr kleinen Längenskalen (wenige Nanometer) bestimmt wurde. In einem letzten Schritt konnte anhand zweier verschiedener Zelllinien (3T3 und Vero) die Adaptivität und Effektivität des entwickelten Drug Delivery Systems nachgewiesen werden.

This thesis presents an investigation of the dynamic properties of wide range of interfacial systems, from colloidal particles in solution, through the realm of aerosols and onto studies of molecular adsorption at an interface. The primary experimental technique utilized is optical tweezers. An exploration of the history of the use of radiation pressure to manipulate matter is presented, followed by an introduction to how optical tweezers work. Some of the more advanced methods of tweezing are discussed, with an emphasis on the use of spatial light modulators (SLMs) to realise dynamic holographic optical tweezers (DHOTs), an example of which has been constructed within our laboratory using off-the-shelf optical components, and combined with a spectrometer to facilitate high resolution spectroscopic studies of microscopic systems. The spectroscopic analysis of microparticles is greatly enhanced by optical feedback generated when the wavelength of light utilized is an integer number of wavelengths around the circumference of the microsphere. Enhanced signal occurs at these wavelengths, termed whispering gallery modes (WGMs). The absolute position of these resonances depends strongly upon the shape, size and refractive index of the particle, and is predicted by Mie theory. A discussion of the concepts behind Mie theory, as well as how to use an experimental WGM spectrum to deduce the size and composition of a microparticle, is provided. This technique is then put to use in a detailed study on the properties of single aerosols, comprised of sodium chloride solution, and generated using a handheld medical nebulizer. Studies have been carried out on both evaporating and growing droplets trapped with a Gaussian beam; in the latter case, periods of size stability are observed, owing to resonant absorption of radiation at the trapping laser wavelength. The SLM can be used to change the trapping laser to a Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) mode, and an investigation of how this affects the dynamics of the droplet is presented. It is found that the use of LG modes with $ellgeq10$ produced Raman spectra with significantly more intense WGMs, and also suppressed droplet evaporation. Through observations made with fluorescent polystyrene microspheres, it is argued that the LG modes are more efficient at coupling into WGMs of the droplets. Leading on from these experiments on salt water droplets, experiments have been conducted using ionic liquids (ILs). These fluids have many fascinating properties and potential applications. The optical trapping of droplets comprised of aqueous solutions of the ionic liquid ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) and water has been demonstrated for the first time. These droplets are analysed spectroscopically by illuminating them with the output from a broadband LED; WGMs that are observed in the backscattered light are used to determine their size and composition. The response of the droplets to conditions of varying relative humidity has also been investigated. In order to characterise the relative humidity experienced by both the salt water and IL droplets, the concentration of water vapour within the trapping cells has been measured using diode laser absorption spectroscopy. The spatially modulated laser beam is then utilized in a different fashion; instead of optically tweezing a sample, a low numerical aperture objective lens is utilized to focus the laser onto the surface of a gold coated microscope slide. When a colloidal sample is placed on this surface, the thermal gradients cause the particles to form two dimensional crystals. The SLM is utilized to form multiple nucleation sites, and the dynamics of the crystals are directly observed in real time using video microscopy. It is found that grain rotation-induced grain coalescence (GRIGC) occurs, with the rotation of both crystals before coalescence. Control over the grain size is achieved by altering the separation of the laser spots, and shows that the time scale for grain boundary annealing in our system is in good agreement with theoretical expressions formulated for nanocrystal growth. Finally, as a complimentary technique to the microparticle spectroscopy previously discussed, a bulk interface is probed by using evanescent wave broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (EW-BBCEAS) specifically to study the adsorption of cytochrome c (cyt c) to a fused silica surface. Visible radiation from a supercontinuum source is coupled into an optical cavity consisting of a pair of broadband high reflectivity mirrors, and a total internal reflection (TIR) event at the prism/water interface. Aqueous solutions of cyt c are placed onto the TIR footprint on the prism surface and the subsequent protein adsorption is probed by the resulting evanescent wave. The time integrated cavity output is directed into a spectrometer, where it is dispersed and analysed. The broadband nature of the source allows observation of a wide spectral range (ca 250 nm in the visible). The system is calibrated by measuring the absorption spectra of dyes of a known absorbance. Absorption spectra of cyt c are obtained for both S and P polarized radiation, allowing information about the orientation of the adsorbed protein to be extracted.