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Uroguanilina (UGN) é um peptídeo normalmente sintetizado no intestino que modula o balanço de sódio através de ações renais. Investigamos os efeitos e os mecanismos de sinalização envolvidos na ação da UGN sobre a secreção de H+, em túbulos renais de ratos e em células LLC-PK1 (proximais) e MDCK-C11 (distais). Nos estudos in vivo foi utilizada a técnica de microperfusão estacionária, na qual medimos a secreção de H+ em túbulos proximais e distais de rins de rato, utilizando um microeletrodo sensível a H+. Nos estudos in vitro, para medir a atividade de NHE3 e H+-ATPase, utilizamos microscopia de fluorescência, usando BCECF como sonda sensível a pH. Nossos dados indicam que UGN inibe a secreção de hidrogênio em túbulos proximais e em células LLC-PK1 por um mecanismo dependente da inibição do permutador NHE3, envolvendo a ativação de PKG e PKA. Nosso estudo também sugere que UGN inibe a secreção de hidrogênio em túbulos distais de rato e em células MDCK-C11, envolvendo a inibição da atividade da H+-ATPase por um mecanismo dependente de PKG / Uroguanylin (UGN) is a peptide usually synthesized in the intestine that modulates sodium balance through actions on the kidney. We investigate the effects and signaling mechanisms involved in the UGN action on hydrogen secretion in rat renal tubules and in LLC-PK1 and MDCK-C11 cells. In the in vivo studies we used the stationary microperfusion method, measuring hydrogen secretion in proximal and distal tubules by a H+ sensitive microelectrode. In the in vitro studies, we used fluorescence microscopy to measure the activity of NHE3 and H+-ATPase, using BCECF as pH sensitive dye. Our data indicate that UGN inhibits the hydrogen secretion in proximal tubules and in LLC-PK1 cells by a mechanism dependent on the inhibition of NHE3, involving the activation of PKG and PKA. Our study also suggests that UGN inhibits hydrogen secretion in distal tubules and MDCK-C11 cells., and the inhibition of H+-ATPase by a mechanism dependent on PKG is involved in this distal effect of UGN.

<p>Renal arterioles represent the most important effecter site in the control of renal perfusion and filtration. Adenosine (Ado), angiotensin II (Ang II) and nitric oxide (NO) interact in modulating arteriolar tone. The present work investigates the mechanism of this interaction. We tested the hypothesis that AT₁ receptor (AT₁AR) mediated NO release in isolated perfused afferent arterioles. Further, special attention was given to mechanisms of Ado-Ang II -interactions.</p><p>We found (I) that Ang II specifically induces NO release via AT₁AR in arterioles. The effect is important in view of high renin and Ang II concentrations in these vessels. (II) Ado modulates the Ang II response by acting on vasoconstrictor A₁AR and vasodilator A₂AR. Vice versa, Ang II critically enhances the constriction to Ado, which supports the assumption of its modulating action in the tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF). (III) The synergistic effect of Ang II and Ado on arteriolar contraction is concurrent with an increase in the cytosolic calcium. Further, (IV) Ado increases the calcium sensitivity of the contractile machinery in arteriolar smooth muscle cells most probably by enhancement of the phosphorylation of the myosin light chain regulatory unit. RhoA kinase, protein kinase C and p38 MAP are involved in the Ado effect, which is not receptor mediated and depends on the Ado uptake into vascular cells. Remarkably, the enhancing action of Ado is most likely limited to Ang II; since Ado does not influence endothelin-1 and norepinephrine induced contractions.</p><p>These novel results extend our knowledge about the synergistic action of Ang II and Ado in the control of renal filtration. Ado, the key factor in mediation of the TGF, develops a significant vasoconstrictor action only in the presence of Ang II. On the other hand, the Ang II induced vasoconstriction is modulated by Ado via receptor and non-receptor mediated intracellular signaling pathways.</p>

Renal arterioles represent the most important effecter site in the control of renal perfusion and filtration. Adenosine (Ado), angiotensin II (Ang II) and nitric oxide (NO) interact in modulating arteriolar tone. The present work investigates the mechanism of this interaction. We tested the hypothesis that AT1 receptor (AT1AR) mediated NO release in isolated perfused afferent arterioles. Further, special attention was given to mechanisms of Ado-Ang II -interactions. We found (I) that Ang II specifically induces NO release via AT1AR in arterioles. The effect is important in view of high renin and Ang II concentrations in these vessels. (II) Ado modulates the Ang II response by acting on vasoconstrictor A1AR and vasodilator A2AR. Vice versa, Ang II critically enhances the constriction to Ado, which supports the assumption of its modulating action in the tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF). (III) The synergistic effect of Ang II and Ado on arteriolar contraction is concurrent with an increase in the cytosolic calcium. Further, (IV) Ado increases the calcium sensitivity of the contractile machinery in arteriolar smooth muscle cells most probably by enhancement of the phosphorylation of the myosin light chain regulatory unit. RhoA kinase, protein kinase C and p38 MAP are involved in the Ado effect, which is not receptor mediated and depends on the Ado uptake into vascular cells. Remarkably, the enhancing action of Ado is most likely limited to Ang II; since Ado does not influence endothelin-1 and norepinephrine induced contractions. These novel results extend our knowledge about the synergistic action of Ang II and Ado in the control of renal filtration. Ado, the key factor in mediation of the TGF, develops a significant vasoconstrictor action only in the presence of Ang II. On the other hand, the Ang II induced vasoconstriction is modulated by Ado via receptor and non-receptor mediated intracellular signaling pathways.

Uroguanilina (UGN) é um peptídeo normalmente sintetizado no intestino que modula o balanço de sódio através de ações renais. Investigamos os efeitos e os mecanismos de sinalização envolvidos na ação da UGN sobre a secreção de H+, em túbulos renais de ratos e em células LLC-PK1 (proximais) e MDCK-C11 (distais). Nos estudos in vivo foi utilizada a técnica de microperfusão estacionária, na qual medimos a secreção de H+ em túbulos proximais e distais de rins de rato, utilizando um microeletrodo sensível a H+. Nos estudos in vitro, para medir a atividade de NHE3 e H+-ATPase, utilizamos microscopia de fluorescência, usando BCECF como sonda sensível a pH. Nossos dados indicam que UGN inibe a secreção de hidrogênio em túbulos proximais e em células LLC-PK1 por um mecanismo dependente da inibição do permutador NHE3, envolvendo a ativação de PKG e PKA. Nosso estudo também sugere que UGN inibe a secreção de hidrogênio em túbulos distais de rato e em células MDCK-C11, envolvendo a inibição da atividade da H+-ATPase por um mecanismo dependente de PKG / Uroguanylin (UGN) is a peptide usually synthesized in the intestine that modulates sodium balance through actions on the kidney. We investigate the effects and signaling mechanisms involved in the UGN action on hydrogen secretion in rat renal tubules and in LLC-PK1 and MDCK-C11 cells. In the in vivo studies we used the stationary microperfusion method, measuring hydrogen secretion in proximal and distal tubules by a H+ sensitive microelectrode. In the in vitro studies, we used fluorescence microscopy to measure the activity of NHE3 and H+-ATPase, using BCECF as pH sensitive dye. Our data indicate that UGN inhibits the hydrogen secretion in proximal tubules and in LLC-PK1 cells by a mechanism dependent on the inhibition of NHE3, involving the activation of PKG and PKA. Our study also suggests that UGN inhibits hydrogen secretion in distal tubules and MDCK-C11 cells., and the inhibition of H+-ATPase by a mechanism dependent on PKG is involved in this distal effect of UGN.

<p>The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism is an important regulator in the juxtaglomerular apparatus and it detects flow dependent alterations in luminal NaCl concentration ([NaCl]) at the macula densa (MD) cell site via a Na+-K+-2Cl cotransporter. Signals are sent by the MD to adjust the afferent arteriole tone and altering release of renin. This signaling mechanism is unclear but MD cell calcium concentration, release of ATP and nitric oxide (NO) might be important.</p><p>In cultured rat glomerular mesangial cells the NO production was measured using confocal microscopy and calcium responses to ATP was measured with fura-2 using imaging techniques. NO from spermine-NONOate and L-arginine could resensitize, desensitized ATP receptors in a cGMP independent way. In mesangial cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) less NO effect was found on ATP receptor de/resensitization indicating an impaired NO release or effect.</p><p>The macula densa cells were studied using microperfusion techniques with confocal and video imaging systems. Changes in [Ca2+]i from exposed macula densa plaques were assessed upon addition of agonists added to bath. The order of efficacy of agonists was UTP = ATP >> 2MesATP = ADP. Dose response curve for ATP added in bath showed an EC50 of 15 μM. Macula densa cell volume and NO concentration increased considerably with increasing luminal [NaCl] indicating an important role for NO in the signaling process to counteract a vasoconstrictor response and reset the sensitivity of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. </p><p>In conclusion, the results showed 1). NO can increase the P2Y receptor resensitization in rat glomerular mesangial cells, acting through a cGMP-independent pathway. 2) An impaired NO generation/effect on P2Y receptors in mesangial cells from SHR rats. 3) Macula densa cells possess P2Y2, purinergic receptors on basolateral and that activation of these receptors results in the mobilization of Ca2+. 4) Increased luniinal [NaCl] delivery increased cell volume and the NO productions in the macula densa cells. </p>

The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism is an important regulator in the juxtaglomerular apparatus and it detects flow dependent alterations in luminal NaCl concentration ([NaCl]) at the macula densa (MD) cell site via a Na+-K+-2Cl cotransporter. Signals are sent by the MD to adjust the afferent arteriole tone and altering release of renin. This signaling mechanism is unclear but MD cell calcium concentration, release of ATP and nitric oxide (NO) might be important. In cultured rat glomerular mesangial cells the NO production was measured using confocal microscopy and calcium responses to ATP was measured with fura-2 using imaging techniques. NO from spermine-NONOate and L-arginine could resensitize, desensitized ATP receptors in a cGMP independent way. In mesangial cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) less NO effect was found on ATP receptor de/resensitization indicating an impaired NO release or effect. The macula densa cells were studied using microperfusion techniques with confocal and video imaging systems. Changes in [Ca2+]i from exposed macula densa plaques were assessed upon addition of agonists added to bath. The order of efficacy of agonists was UTP = ATP &gt;&gt; 2MesATP = ADP. Dose response curve for ATP added in bath showed an EC50 of 15 μM. Macula densa cell volume and NO concentration increased considerably with increasing luminal [NaCl] indicating an important role for NO in the signaling process to counteract a vasoconstrictor response and reset the sensitivity of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. In conclusion, the results showed 1). NO can increase the P2Y receptor resensitization in rat glomerular mesangial cells, acting through a cGMP-independent pathway. 2) An impaired NO generation/effect on P2Y receptors in mesangial cells from SHR rats. 3) Macula densa cells possess P2Y2, purinergic receptors on basolateral and that activation of these receptors results in the mobilization of Ca2+. 4) Increased luniinal [NaCl] delivery increased cell volume and the NO productions in the macula densa cells.

Local control of regional blood flow is exerted mainly through the arterioles. An adequate minute-to-minute regulation of blood perfusion of the kidney and the pancreas is obtained by the modulation of arteriolar reactivity, which will influence the organ function. The importance of purinergic signaling in this concept has been addressed, with special emphasis on the role of the adenosine A1 receptor. The effects of adenosine on two specialized vascular beds, namely the renal glomerulus and the pancreatic islets, have been examined. Characteristic for these regional circulations is their very high basal blood flow, but with somewhat different responses to vasoconstrictor and vasodilator stimuli. By adapting a unique microperfusion technique it was possible to separately perfuse isolated single mouse arterioles with attached glomeruli or pancreatic islets ex vivo. Microvascular responses were investigated following different additions to the perfusion fluid to directly examine the degree of dilation or constriction of the arterioles. This has been performed on transgenic animals in this thesis, e.g. A1 receptor knockout mice. Also effects of P2Y receptors on islet arterioles were examined in both normoglycemic and type 2 diabetic rats. Furthermore, interference with adenosine transport in glomerular arterioles were examined.. Our studies demonstrate important, yet complex, effects of adenosine and nucleotide signaling on renal and islet microvascular function, which in turn may influence both cardiovascular and metabolic regulations. They highlight the need for further studies of other purinergic receptors in this context, studies that are at currently being investigated.