Pharmaceuticals are micropollutants, that enter the environment mainly through Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs). In this work microbial community has been studied in sediments of a stream, which is located near a WWTP. This sediment is contaminated with pharmaceuticals. The subject of this thesis was to determine the presence of pharmaceuticals and microbial community in this study site and to point out possible relationships between these factors. Twelve pharmaceuticals were identified at concentrations reaching levels of ng/g. The concentrations of the compounds form a gradient that decreases with the distance from WWTP. Microbial biomass was estimated using the analysis of phospholipid fatty acids and microbial community was described using next-generation DNA sequencing. The analysis of phospholipid fatty acids pointed out, that with the increasing distance from WWTP the amount of microbial biomass decreases. DNA sequencing revealed large microbial diversity in the studied sediment. For evaluation of the relationship between the microbial community and pharmaceuticals in the stream sediment, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used. The result of PCA showed, that in the stream sediment (depth 10-30 cm), Betaproteobacteria negatively correlated with triclosan and Clostridia negatively...

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are considered as persistent organic pollutants. Their extensive use in various products leads to increase of their occurence in surface and ground water, soil, air and, generally, in the global ecosystem. In this diploma thesis, method for detection and quantification of 19 perfluorinated compounds was developed. This method was used for analysis of real drinking water and sewage sludge samples from Czech Republic. It is based on pre-extraction step and consecutive liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry, using negative chemical ionization (LC-MS). We developed a method for analysis of water samples, using solid-phase extraction (SPE). Using this method, concentrations of PFCs in 8 samples of drinking water from Czech Republic were evaluated. Total concentration of analyzed PFCs was 4 - 23 ng/L. Processing of sewage sludge samples using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) showed matrix effect, which influenced ionization and led to false positive/negative results. For supression of the matrix compounds, we used SPE Envi-Carb columns. Using this optimised method, 23 sewage sludge samples from different locations in Czech Republic were analyzed. The most represented PFC in the environment, perfluoroctane sulfonate (PFOS), was detected in concentrations 5 - 386...

Abstract: The worldwide consumption of pharmaceuticals and personal care products for healthcare purposes has resulted in the occurrence of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in freshwater and wastewater resources. These pollutants are not entirely removed by conventional water and wastewater treatment plants, leading to potential human and animal health problems. Membranes are a promising technology capable of solving this problem. This study evaluated the ability of high-pressure driven membranes such as nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) to remove OMPs. A total of 13 compounds were selected so that a broad range of molecular weights and octanol-water partition coefficients (log Kow) could be studied. Three commercial thin-film-composite polyamide membranes (NF1, NF6, and RO4) were tested. Filtration experiments were conducted using a cross-flow membrane system at pH 6 8 and 10. The membranes were characterized by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy that allowed a more profound understanding of the membrane surface structures. Experimental results showed that the permeate flux of NF6 is dependent on the pH of the feed solution. An increase in the feed pH from 6 to 10 resulted in an increase on the permeate flux from 14.5 to 24 L m-2 h-1 bar-1, which caused a drop in the rejection of some OMPs by NF6. Nevertheless, for most OMPs, as pH increased to 10, rejection increased for NF1 and RO4 due to electrostatic repulsion between the negatively charged membrane surface and the ionized OMPs. It was observed that ionic hydrophobic compounds could be highly rejected (> 95%) by NF1 and RO4. The study indicated that the rejection of non-ionic hydrophilic and hydrophobic OMPs were rejected effectively by RO4 (> 90%), and the rejection was mostly dominated by size exclusion and hydrophobic interactions between the membrane and the OMPs. Furthermore, the study revealed that the properties of the compounds, the intrinsic properties of the membrane, and the operating conditions have a significant influence on the rejection of OMPs.

No description available.

Préserver les ressources en eau est l’une des problématiques environnementales majeures du 21è siècle. Pour faire face à cette nécessité, il est essentiel de mettre en place une surveillance réglementée de la qualité des eaux et des rejets se déversant dans le milieu aquatique et de développer de nouveaux outils d’échantillonnage. L’échantillonnage ponctuel est la technique la plus facile à mettre en œuvre. Toutefois, elle n’est pas toujours représentative d’un milieu hétérogène parfois soumis à des variabilités spatiales et temporelles importantes. L’échantillonnage passif, notamment avec l’outil POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler), est une approche complémentaire aux techniques traditionnelles, qui permet de concentrer des molécules organiques semi-polaires directement sur site. La pertinence du résultat obtenu (la concentration moyennée sur la durée d’exposition), couplée à la simplicité de sa mise en œuvre en font a priori un outil de choix pour suivre des hydrosystèmes complexes.Dans ce contexte, des familles des composés diversifiées ont été sélectionnées : pesticides, composés pharmaceutiques, hormones stéroïdiennes et composés perfluorés. Au sein de chaque famille, plusieurs composés traceurs, présents dans l’environnement, comportant des propriétés physico-chimiques variées et aux statuts règlementaires différents (Directive Cadre sur l’Eau notamment), ont été choisis.Des essais d’optimisation de design du POCIS (quantité et nature de phase réceptrice, nature de la membrane) ont été conduits, menant à la validation de la configuration classique dans le cas général. L’influence de différents paramètres environnementaux pertinents : débit, température, matrice, présence de biofilm et dispositif de déploiement a été évaluée lors de calibrations de l’outil réalisées dans des systèmes de complexité croissante : au laboratoire, sur pilote et sur site.Les différents déploiements sur site (effluent de STEP et rivière) ont permis de valider l’utilisation de cet outil de prélèvement passif dans le cadre d’un suivi environnemental. Le potentiel du POCIS a été pleinement confirmé, tant en termes de logistique que de résultats (justesse par rapport aux concentrations mesurées par des techniques classiques, intégration d’événements ponctuels, limite de quantification…). / The protection of water resources is one of the major environmental stakes of 21st century. Regulation concerning water quality and effluents is therefore definitely needed, as well as new approaches regarding water sampling. Spot sampling is the easiest strategy. However, it may not be representative of a heterogeneous matrix, with sometimes important spatial and temporal variability. Passive sampling, including POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler) is a complementary approach, which enables an on-site pre-concentration of semi-polar organic compounds. The relevance of the result (time-weighted average concentrations) and the ease to implement POCIS make it an appropriate tool to monitor complex hydrosystems.Within this work, various compound classes were selected: pesticides, pharmaceuticals, steroid hormones and perfluorinated compounds. Among each family, several tracer molecules, widely encountered in the environment, with different physic-chemical properties and regulatory status (particularly in the Water Framework Directive), were chosen.POCIS design optimization (amount and nature of sorbent, nature of membrane) was carried out, leading to the validation of the standard configuration for general purposes. The impact of different relevant environmental parameters (flow-rate, temperature, matrix, biofouling and deployment device), was assessed during calibrations of POCIS conducted in systems of increasing complexity: in the laboratory, at pilot-scale and on-site.All on-site deployments (WWTP effluent and river) enabled to validate the use of this passive sampling tool in the framework of an environmental monitoring. The potential of this tool was fully confirmed, both logistically and in terms of results (trueness compared to concentrations measured with traditional techniques, integration of punctual events, quantification limit…).

Nanofiltration (NF) can be used in water and wastewater treatment as well as water recycling applications, removing micropollutants such as hormones. Due to their potential health risk it is vital to understand their removal mechanisms by NF membranes aiming at improving and developing more effective and efficient treatment processes. Although NF should be effective and efficient in removing small molecular sized compounds such as hormones, the occurrence of adsorption onto polymeric membranes results in performances difficult to predict and with reduced effectiveness and efficiency. This study aims firstly at defining, understanding and quantifying the relevant filtration operation parameters and, secondly, in identifying the physical mechanisms of momentum and mass transfer controlling the adsorption and transport of hormones onto polymeric NF membranes in cross-flow mode. The hormones estrone (E1) and 17-b-estradiol (E2) were chosen as they have very high endocrine disrupting potency. The NF membranes used and tested were the NF 270, NF 90, BW30, TFC-SR2 and TFC-SR3 since they have a wide span of pore sizes. The first step is to experimentally acquire the knowledge of how fluid flow hydrodynamics and mass transfer close to the membrane affect hormone adsorption. The focus will be particularly on the effect of operating pressure, circulating Reynolds numbers (based on channel height, Reh) and hormone feed concentration. These hydrodynamic parameters play an important role in concentration polarisation development at the membrane surface. A Reh increase from 400 to 1400 for the NF 270 membrane caused the total mass adsorbed of E1 and E2 to decrease from 1.5 to 1.3 ng.cm-2 and 0.7 to 0.5 ng.cm-2, respectively. In contrast, a pressure increase from 5 to 15 bar yielded an increase in the adsorbed mass of E1 and E2 from 1.0 to 1.8 ng.cm-2 and 0.5 to 0.7 ng.cm-2, respectively. Moreover, increasing hormone feed concentration caused an increase in the mass adsorbed for both hormones. These observations led to the conclusion that adsorption is governed by the initial concentration at the membrane surface which, in turn, depends on the hormone feed concentration, operating Reh and pressure. Membrane retention, however, depends on the initial polarisation modulus, defined as the ratio between the initial concentration at the membrane surface and the initial feed concentration. The same trends were obtained for the TFC-SR2 membrane. However, this membrane has a much lower permeability compared to the NF 270 one (7.2 vs 17 L.h-1.m-2.bar-1, respectively) and concentration polarisation is less severe. The experimental variations in mass adsorbed and retention as a function of the operating filtration parameters (Reh and pressure) were therefore lower. Based on these experimental results, a sorption model was developed. This model predicts well both feed and permeate transient concentrations for both hormones and membranes (NF 270 and TFC-SR2) in the common range of operating pressures and Reh of spiral-wound membrane modules. The model was further applied for E2 in the presence of background electrolyte, yielding good predictions. These findings are an important advancement in determining which membrane would be more suitable to effectively remove hormones with a substantial reduction of experimental work. The above-mentioned developed model does not give insight into the phenomena occurring inside the membrane since it focuses on the feed conditions. However, membrane characteristics, such as material and pore radius were found to have an impact in adsorption and retention of hormones. It was found experimentally that polyamide, from which the active layer of the NF membranes is made, adsorbs three times more mass of hormone than any other polymers constituting the membranes. Since this active layer is the membrane selective barrier of the membrane that is in contact with the largest hormone concentration (due to concentration polarization in the feed solution) it is concluded that the active layer adsorbs most of the hormones. Further experimental work carried out in this thesis showed that increasing the pore radius from 0.32 nm to 0.52 nm increased the E2 mass adsorbed from 0.17 ng.cm-2 to 1.1 ng.cm-2 and decreased the retention from 88% to 34%. These results show that the wider the pore, the larger the quantity of hormone that penetrates (i.e. partitions) inside the membrane and, therefore, the more the membrane adsorbs the hormone. For membranes of similar pore radius, the membrane with larger internal surface area was found to adsorb more. All the previous results led to the establishment of a new model for the hormone transport inside the membrane pore taking convection, diffusion and adsorption into account. Since the differential equation describing the transport with adsorption inside the pore has no analytical solution, a numerical model based on the finite-difference approach was applied. With such a model, its validation against experiments and parametric studies it was possible to understand the transport mechanisms of adsorbing hormones through NF membranes. The results show that for low pressures the hormone transport is diffusion dominated. In contrast, for higher pressures (above 11 bar) the transport is convection dominated, showing that a purely diffusion transport model does not describe well the actual transport phenomena of hormones in NF membranes. Furthermore, it was found that two similar molecules can behave very differently in terms of adsorption on the membrane. E1, which adsorbs 20% more than E2 in static mode, being slightly smaller than E2, partitions more inside the membrane pore and adsorbs double under filtration conditions. This study contributes to illuminating the adsorption mechanisms of hormones onto NF membranes by understanding what parameters control adsorption such as hydrodynamics, materials, structure, etc. This not only identifies a potential problem in large scale applications, but it also provides an understanding of the mechanisms involved in the removal of these hormones and a tool that can be used to design future membranes for the improvement of micropollutant removal.

Afin de caractériser la physico-chimie des matières en suspension de la Moselle et de ses affluents, ce travail s’est appuyé sur une approche géochimique et minéralogique. Notre étude s’est concentrée sur l’analyse des polluants dans les compartiments dissous et particulaire. Ces études ont notamment permis de déterminer (i) la composition des constituants inorganiques dans les particules et colloïdes du milieu aquatique de la Moselle et d’un de ses affluents : la Fensch, (ii) l’évolution des contributions inorganiques le long de la Moselle et de la Fensch ainsi que leur transfert à la confluence Fensch-Moselle, tout en déterminant les sources principales de contamination, (iii) les associations organo-minérales et l’organisation des agrégats présents et (iv) d’étudier la spéciation de certains éléments par des microanalyses. Ce travail a ainsi permis de mettre en évidence l’importance des matières en suspension, souvent négligées par rapport aux autres compartiments Eau et Sédiments / This work uses geochemical and mineralogical approaches to characterize physical and chemical properties of suspended solids in the Moselle and its tributaries. The study focused on analyzing the pollutants in dissolved and particulate compartments. This allowed (i) the identification of inorganic components composition in particles and colloids in the aquatic environment of the Moselle and one of its tributaries: the Fensch, (ii) the determination of the evolution of inorganic contributions along Moselle and the Fensch and their transfer to the confluence Fensch-Moselle in addition to the determination of main contamination sources, (iii) the identification of organo-mineral associations and the determination of the organization of aggregates, (iv) the analysis of the speciation of some elements by microanalysis. This work highlighted the importance of studying suspended solids that are often neglected compared to water and sediments compartments

Ce travail de thèse a évalué les niveaux et les voies d'introduction de la contamination en micropolluants des eaux pluviales d'un petit bassin versant urbain, et mis en évidence les impacts de l'utilisation de techniques alternatives (TA) sur les flux d'eau et de contaminants. Quatre bassins versants à Noisy-le-Grand, homogènes par leur taille et leur occupation du sol (1 à 2 ha, résidentiel dense), et présentant une diversité de gestion des eaux pluviales (séparatif classique et différentes combinaisons de TA) ont été étudiés. La présence d'un certain nombre de substances prioritaires de la directive cadre européenne sur l'eau (HAP, alkylphénols, phtalates, diuron, isoproturon, atrazine, plomb) a été mise en évidence dans les eaux pluviales d'un bassin versant amont, à des niveaux de contamination globalement plus faibles qu'à l'aval des réseaux séparatifs. Cette contamination est tout de même significative pour certains paramètres qui ont été mesurés au dessus des normes de qualité. Pour le zinc, la contamination à l'amont est même plus élevée qu'à l'aval du fait de l'émission par des matériaux de couverture.Ce travail a montré que les TA diminuent les volumes d'eau rejetés vers l'aval d'environ 50% et réduisent les masses de contaminants émises de 20 à 80% (MES, DCO, PCB, HAP, alkylphénols, métaux traces). Cette réduction de masse est essentiellement liée à la diminution de volume, l'effet épuratoire sur les concentrations n'étant pas systématiquement mis en évidence. L'amplitude de ces effets varie suivant l'importance de la pluie, mais surtout en fonction du type d'ouvrage mis en place.La gestion à l'amont des eaux pluviales est donc à favoriser car elle évite la sur-contamination liée aux processus en réseau (mauvais branchements, érosion...). Elle permet de séparer les eaux peu chargées (infiltration ou rejet au milieu) des effluents contaminés qui pourront être traités localement ou à l'aval. Dans un objectif de réduction des flux polluants la conception des TA devra prendre en compte les pluies courantes et non pas seulement les événements exceptionnels / This thesis aimed at evaluating the contamination of urban stormwater from an upstream watershed by micropollutants and their introduction pathways, and estimating the hydrological effects and the pollutant removal performances of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS). Four watersheds located in Noisy-le-Grand were studied. They had comparable sizes (1 to 2 ha) and land use patterns (dense residential), but one was drained by a classical separate sewers system, and the other was managed by SUDS.We showed that stormwater from an upstream watershed is contaminated by some priority substances of the Water Framework Directive (PAHs, alkylphenols, phtalates, diuron, isoproturon, atrazine, lead), but at lower levels than the downstream. The concentrations of some parameters still excede the quality standards. Zinc concentrations are even higher than downstream, as a result of emissions from metallic materials from roong.SUDS reduce the volume of surface water discharged by 50 %. The mass of contaminants also decreases by 20 to 80 % (SS, COS, PCB, PAH, alkylphenol, metals). The discharge reduction is mainly due to water losses, whereas removal performances on concentrations are not systematically highlighted. These effects vary with rainfall and particularly with the type of SUDS.The upstream management of stormwater should be encouraged to avoid over contamination due to processes in sewer systems (erosion, bad connections...). Lightly contaminated effluents (infiltration or discharge to middle) can be separated from strongly contaminated ones that can be treated locally or downstream. In order to integrate depollution goals, the design of SUDS, currently based on exceptional events, should also rely on frequent events

Les activités anthropiques génèrent une contamination à de faibles doses des boues de station d'épuration par des micropolluants organiques persistants tels que les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP), les polychlorobiphényles et le nonylphénol. Cette étude porte sur la détermination de l'influence des microorganismes au cours de la méthanisation sur le devenir de ces trois familles de micropolluants. Un protocole spécifique a été mis au point pour extraire des microorganismes de leur écosystème d'origine tout en conservant la singularité structurelle et fonctionnelle des communautés. Trois communautés, au passif de pollution différent, ont ainsi été soumises à la même pression de sélection (substrat et disponibilité en micropolluant) dans des bioréacteurs continus de méthanisation. Ces trois écosystèmes se sont alors distingués parfaitement via les caractéristiques de leurs communautés et la réalisation de fonctions diverses de digestion. Or, la dégradation des micropolluants a convergé dans ces 3 systèmes, démontrant l'absence de lien direct entre méthanogenèse et dégradation de ces molécules et une absence de spécialisation des communautés pour cette dégradation. En outre, il a été observé que la répartition des micropolluants au sein de la boue est influencée par les voies métaboliques des communautés. Plus le degré de digestion est avancé, plus les micropolluants sont abondants dans le compartiment aqueux et sorbés à la matière dissoute et colloïdale. Des fonctions, spécifiques de la dégradation des micropolluants, ont été étudiées (i) en suivant l'assimilation de phénanthrène marqué au 13C en culture batch, source principale de carbone, ce qui n'a pas permis d'observer sa minéralisation et (ii) en recherchant la présence de gènes fonctionnels ce qui n'a pas permis la détection des fonctions ciblée. Des activités œstrogéniques, androgéniques, dioxin-like et HAP-like, l'activité HAP-like est la plus exprimée dans les réacteurs à l'équilibre. Le degré de digestion, via une modification de la répartition des HAP, explique l'augmentation de l'activité HAP-like dans le compartiment aqueux des boues les plus digérées (et sa diminution dans le compartiment particulaire). L'activité HAP-like n'est pas entièrement expliquée par le dosage des HAP, ce qui suggère la présence d'intermédiaires métaboliques ayant une activité biologique et dont la nature différerait suivant le métabolisme exprimé par les communautés microbiennes. / Due to anthropogenic activity the sludge of wastewater treatment plants are contaminated by organic micropollutants like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls and nonylphenol. This study focuses on the influence of microbial communities on the fate of these three micropollutant families during the anaerobic digestion process. A specific protocol was developed to extract microorganisms from their native ecosystem while maintaining their structural and functional singularity. Three communities, with different pollution history, were thus extracted and subjected to the same selection pressure (availability of substrate and micropollutant) in continuous anaerobic digesters. These three ecosystems can be perfectly identified through the characteristics of their microbial communities and their global metabolism. However, our results show also that the degradation of micropollutant converged in these 3 systems, demonstrating no direct link between methanogenesis and micropollutant degradation and no specialization of the microbial communities toward this degradation. In addition, the distribution of micropollutants in sludge is influenced by the metabolic pathways of those communities. The more the digestion is advanced, the greater the micropollutants are abundant in the aqueous compartment and adsorbed to the dissolved and colloidal matter. Specific functions for micropollutant degradation were studied (i) by following the 13C-labeled phenanthrene assimilation as main carbon source, which did not allow observing its mineralization and (ii) by exploring the presence of functional genes, which did not allow the detection of the targeted functions. Among the estrogenic, androgenic, dioxin-like and PAH-like activities, PAH-like activity is more expressed in all reactors at the steady state. The different degrees of digestion, through a change in PAH distribution, explain the increase in PAH-like activity in the aqueous compartment of the most digested sludge (and its decrease in the particulate compartment). PAH-like activity is not fully explained by PAH quantification, suggesting the presence of by-products with biological activity and which could be different depending on the metabolic pathway of the microbial communities.

Avec l'augmentation de niveau de vie des populations, de plus en plus déchets urbains sont produits chaque jour en grande quantité. Ces déchets non seulement occupent une place importante mais dégradent l'environnement en particulier parce qu'ils contiennent divers polluants, qui peuvent porter atteinte à la santé humaine. Le compostage permet aux déchets urbains d'être recyclés en transformant la matière organique en engrais pour les sols agricoles. Par ailleurs, ce procédé peut aussi être utilisé comme méthode de biorestauration pour les sols pollués. Les modèles mathématiques sont des outils qui permettent de comprendre et éventuellement de modifier le processus de compostage. Ils pourraient également prédire la stabilité des produits issus du compostage et quantifier la nocivité des polluants qu'ils contiennent. L'objectif dans cette étude était de construire un modèle décrivant la dynamique des micropolluants organiques au cours du compostage et paramétrer le modèle sous l'interface de MATLAB. Ce modèle peut être utilisé selon les besoins des usagers avec 3 modules: le module de carbone organique, le module de polluants organiques et le module de couplage. Afin de calibrer et valider notre modèle, un ensemble de données de 12 différents mélanges de déchets et 4 différents types de polluants ont été utilisés. Pour l'application de la technique de compostage dans le domaine de la bioremédiation des sols contaminés, une expérience de compostage en laboratoire a été conçue dans lequel les déchets urbains organiques ont été mélangés avec un sol contaminé par des HAP. Nous avons étudié la dynamique des matières organiques, des micropolluants organiques et des populations microbiennes. Les résultats ont montré que la quantité des HAP dégradée a été de 50-60% lorsque le sol est composté avec des déchets organiques. En outre, des populations microbiennes successives ont été observées pendant le processus de compostage. Ces résultats expérimentaux ont été simulés par notre modèle afin de tester sa capacité dans un système sol-compostage. Cependant, quelques questions de recherches se posent encore: en ce qui concerne la modélisation, la simulation des substrats organiques solubles n'est pas assez bonne, ce qui est probablement dû à des limites sur l'étude des caractéristiques biochimiques des fractions organiques soluble; par ailleurs, seule la fonction température a été considérée comme facteur de l'environnement dans notre modèle, des limitations dues à l'l'humidité ou à l'oxygène, par exemple, doivent être étudiées dans des études ultérieures. L'activité microbienne pendant chaque phase de dégradation des HAPs n'a pas encore été assez clairement établie pour être incorporée dans notre modèle. / With the increasing of people's living standards, more and more urban wastes are produced everyday with a huge quantity. The big amount of wastes have not only occupied precious land resource, influenced the industry seriously and agricultural production, but also introduced various pollutants, which will harm human's life and health. Compost processing can help urban wastes to be recycled by transforming the organic matter into fertilizer and be returned to nature. Also it can be used as a bioremediation method for the polluted soil. The mathematical model is an efficient tool for understanding and modifying the composting process, predicting the stability of compost products, and then assuring the harmfulness of pollutants for agriculture. Our objective in this study was to construct a model describing the dynamics of organic micro-pollutants during the composting and parameterize the model under the interface of MATLAB. This model should be used according to users' needs with 3 modules: organic carbon module, organic pollutants module and coupling module. In order to calibrate and validate our model, the datasets from 12 different waste mixtures and 2 different types of pollutants with different initial conditions were applied. On the other hand, for applying the composting technique in the field of bioremediation of contaminated soil, an in-vessel composting experiment was designed in which the organic urban wastes mixed with soil contaminated by PAHs were used as materials. We studied the dynamics of organic matter, organic micro-pollutants and the microbial populations. The conclusion showed that the concentration of PAHs could be decrease by 50-60% with the effects of organic matters and the accelerated microbial activities compared to bare soil. Furthermore, the successive microbial populations have been observed during the composting process. These experimental results could be well simulated by our model which indicates its capacity in the soil-composting system. However, we still came across some questions during my research. The simulations for soluble organic substrates were not accurate enough, due to the limits of the biochemical characterization of organic fractions. In our model, only the function of temperature has been considered as the environmental factor, more limiting factors such as moisture, oxygen, … need to be investigated in the further studies. The microbial diversity of each decomposition phase has been investigated in the experiment but was not added in the model because its impact on PAHs degradation is not clear enough. In order to answer all these questions, further researches needs to be done, although the study in the field of microbial flora has begun to be carried out.