Spelling suggestions: "subject:"micrornas""
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Mechanism of MicroRNA miR-520g Pathogenesis in CNS-PNETShih, J. H. David 25 August 2011 (has links)
We recently discovered a high-level amplicon spanning the chr19q13.41 microRNA cluster in CNS Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumour, which results in striking upregulation of miR-520g. Constitutive over-expression of miR-520g in untransformed human neural stem cells enhanced cell growth, restricted differentiation down the neuronal lineage, and promoted expression of neural stem/progenitor cell markers. We thus hypothesize that ectopic miR-520g expression promotes tumourigenesis in part by inhibiting cellular differentiation. Consistent with this proposition, miR-520g is silenced upon embryonic stem cell differentiation and its expression is absent from most adult tissues. Moreover, expression analysis of miR-520g overexpressing cells revealed significant dysregulation of developmental signalling pathways. Further efforts focused on elucidating mechanisms of miR-520g function led to the identification of a cell cycle inhibitor, p21, as an important candidate target. These findings collectively suggest that miR-520g may modulate differentiation by regulating developmental signalling pathways and cell cycle exit of neural stem/progenitor cells.
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Mechanism of MicroRNA miR-520g Pathogenesis in CNS-PNETShih, J. H. David 25 August 2011 (has links)
We recently discovered a high-level amplicon spanning the chr19q13.41 microRNA cluster in CNS Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumour, which results in striking upregulation of miR-520g. Constitutive over-expression of miR-520g in untransformed human neural stem cells enhanced cell growth, restricted differentiation down the neuronal lineage, and promoted expression of neural stem/progenitor cell markers. We thus hypothesize that ectopic miR-520g expression promotes tumourigenesis in part by inhibiting cellular differentiation. Consistent with this proposition, miR-520g is silenced upon embryonic stem cell differentiation and its expression is absent from most adult tissues. Moreover, expression analysis of miR-520g overexpressing cells revealed significant dysregulation of developmental signalling pathways. Further efforts focused on elucidating mechanisms of miR-520g function led to the identification of a cell cycle inhibitor, p21, as an important candidate target. These findings collectively suggest that miR-520g may modulate differentiation by regulating developmental signalling pathways and cell cycle exit of neural stem/progenitor cells.
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microRNAs in the Drosophila Egg and Early EmbryoVotruba, Sarah 16 September 2011 (has links)
Posttranscriptional regulation plays a very important role in animal oocytes and embryos. Maternally synthesized mRNAs and proteins control early animal development up until the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT). This is the point when the zygotic genome takes control. The maternally deposited mRNAs are posttranscriptionally regulated right from the time they are produced during oogenesis, through egg activation, and in the embryo. microRNAs (miRNAs) are posttranscriptional regulators that have been shown to play a role in both RNA stability and translation. I examined miRNA abundance in Drosophila stage 14 oocytes, activated unfertilized eggs, and embryos and have grouped all the then known Drosophila miRNAs into four distinct temporal classes. Class I and III appear to be maternally deposited, while Class II appears to be both maternally and zygotically transcribed, and Class IV appears to be strictly zygotically transcribed. Follow-up experiments validated three of the four classes.
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The role of poly(A)-binding protein in microRNA-mediated repressionWalters, Robert January 2010 (has links)
<p>microRNAs (miRNAs) downregulate the expression of numerous mRNAs and are involved in almost every biological process where they have been examined. Inherent sequence or cis-elements located in mRNA termini and 5' and 3' UTRs likewise influence post-transcriptional gene regulation. We delineate the relative importance of the 5' m7G-cap, the 3' poly(A) tail, and Internal Ribosome Entry Sites (IRESs) in miRNA-mediated repression. mRNA targets must contain a m7G-cap to be repressed, are repressed to a greater extent when containing a poly(A) tail, and are not precluded from repression when translating via an IRES. </p><p> miRNAs can inhibit translation and / or induce mRNA decay. While the core effector proteins are established, mechanistic details of how miRNAs interfere with mRNA translation and stability remain elusive. Contrary to the repressive effects of miRNAs, the poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) (through binding to the poly(A) tail and eIF4G) can increase both translation and mRNA stability independently. We elucidate a functional role for the PABP in miRNA repression; manipulation of `active' PABP levels affects repression conversely in part by inhibiting miRNA-induced deadenylation. Furthermore, we find that expression changes in the PABP binding partner PABP interacting protein 2 (Paip2) modulates both miRNA repression and PABP protein complex formation. Additionally, we establish Paip2 as a bona fide miR-128 target, and demonstrate miR-128 de-repression of non-miR-128 target mRNAs through this targeting event.</p> / Dissertation
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Stretch-Induced Effects on MicroRNA Expression and Exogenous MicroRNA Delivery in Differentiating Skeletal MyoblastsRhim, Caroline January 2009 (has links)
<p>The research presented here represents a quest to understand and address limitations in the field of skeletal muscle tissue engineering, with hopes to better understand the factors involved in producing viable engineered skeletal muscle tissue. The driving force behind this research was to address two of the many factors important in muscle cell proliferation and differentiation, toward developing mature and functional bioartificial skeletal muscles (BAMs). Our work focused on understanding the individual effects of mechanical stimulation and microRNAs (miRNAs), as well as the synergistic relationship between the two factors. We hypothesized that (1) myoblast proliferation and differentiation are modulated by mechanical stimulation via temporally regulated miRNAs and that (2) modulating these miRNAs can enhance skeletal muscle function in a 3D tissue-engineered system.</p><p>We first established a BAM system using C2C12 mouse myoblasts in a collagen gel, showing that these cells were able to produce mature sarcomeres when cultured under steady, passive tension for up to 36 days. Staining muscle-specific proteins and electron microscopy showed distinct striations and myofiber organization as early as 6 days, post-differentiation. At 33 days, cultures contained collagen fibers and showed localization of paxillin at the fiber termini, suggesting that myotendinous junctions were forming.</p><p>We then focused on the effects of mechanical stimulation on C2C12 myoblasts in a more simple, 2D system. In particular, we assessed miRNA and muscle-specific gene expression over time and in response to two cyclic stretch regimens using miRNA microarray technology and quantitative real time RT-PCR. Both miRNAs and certain genes, such as SRF and Mef2c, had differential responses to the two regimens. Over-expression and inhibition studies of one muscle-specific miRNA, miR-1, abrogated the stretch response and suggest that a balancing mechanism is in place to avoid large fluctuations in miRNA levels. </p><p>Finally, since miRNA modulation quenched the stretch-mediated response in myoblasts, we chose to examine 3D BAM function when miRNA levels were altered to promote differentiation. Using the same collagen gel model established previously, a muscle-specific miRNA, miR-133, known to promote proliferation, was transiently inhibited (anti-miR-133) to encourage differentiation. Forces in the anti-miR-133 BAMs were, on average, 20% higher over the negative control. Further, myofiber diameters were significantly greater and striations were more organized in the anti-miR-133 BAMs, suggesting that transient, exogenous delivery of miRNAs may be a viable approach to create a more fully differentiated muscle.</p> / Dissertation
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Integrative Analysis of the Myc and E2F pathway Reveal the Roles for microRNAs in Cell Fate ControlKim, Jong Wook January 2011 (has links)
<p>Cancer is a disease state that arises as a result of multiple alterations in signaling pathways that are critical for making key cell fate decisions in normal cells. Understanding how these pathways operate under normal circumstances, therefore, is crucial for comprehensive understanding of tumorigenic process. With Myc and E2F pathways being central components for controlling cell proliferation, an important property that defines a cancer cell, as well as expanding roles for microRNAs(miRNA) in control of gene expression, we asked if we may better understand the underlying regulatory (transcription factor, microRNA) structure that contribute to Myc and E2F pathway activities. Through integrative analysis of mRNA and miRNA expression profile, we observe a distinct regulatory pattern in which, in the case of Myc pathway, Myc-induced miRNAs were contributing to the repression of negative regulators of cell cycle, including PTEN, while in case of E2F pathway, E2F-induced miRs were forming an incoherent Feed-Forward Loop(iFFL) with a number of E2F-induced genes including cyclin E. We further demonstrate through functional studies, as well as through single cell imaging of gene expression dynamics that miRNAs, depending on the context of either Myc or E2F pathway, play distinct roles in ensuring that cell fate decisions relevant to these pathways are properly executed.</p> / Dissertation
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The Role of a Novel Gene ROGDI in Bleomycin-induced Pulmonary FibrosisChang, Ching-Hung 01 August 2012 (has links)
ROGDI, a novel gene, locates on human¡¦s chromosome 16p13.3. According to Gene Ontology Annotation database, ROGDI is related to hemopoiesis and positive regulation of cell proliferation. In order to investigate the function of this novel gene in pulmonary fibrosis, fibrotic models in vivo and in vitro were created. Mice which received single intra-tracheal bleomycin injection were sacrificed on various intervals. Rogdi and other pro-fibrotic mediators, including CCL2 and TGF-£]1, were up-regulated in the early phase(< 10 days). On contrary, the anti-fibrotic mediators IL-10, IFN-£^ and heme oxygenase(HO)-1 were up-regulated in the late phase(> 10 days). The precursor microRNA 21 (miR-21) was up-regulated as the fibrotic severity increased. The human embryonic fibroblasts(WI-38 cells) showed fibrogenic phenotype and up-regulation of precursor miR-21 and ROGDI after bleomycin treatment. Human embryonic fibroblasts transfected by coding sequence of ROGDI showed up-regulated precursor miR-21 and £\-SMA compared to those transfected by empty vectors after bleomycin treatment. Two signaling molecules related to positive regulation of cell proliferation, Akt and Erk, showed over-expressed after ROGDI transfection and bleomycin treatment compared to those with empty vector transfection. Our results imply that ROGDI is up-regulated in pulmonary fibrosis and turns fibroblasts into fibrogenic phenotype through positive regulation of miR-21. The increase of precursor, but not primary miR-21, after ROGDI transfection and bleomycin treatment indicates that ROGDI may regulate the TGF-£] signaling pathway in human embryonic fibroblasts. Our results support that ROGDI is a novel gene for pulmonary fibrosis and warrants for further investigation. £[
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Computational identification and evolutionaty enalysis of metazoan micrornasAnzola Lagos, Juan Manuel 15 May 2009 (has links)
MicroRNAs are a large family of 21-26 nucleotide non-coding RNAs with a
role in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. In recent years,
microRNAs have been proposed to play a significant role in the expansion of
organism complexity. MicroRNAs are expressed in a cell or tissue-specific manner
during embryonic development, suggesting a role in cellular differentiation. For
example, Let-7 is a metazoan microRNA that acts as developmental timer between
larval stages in C. elegans. We conducted a comparative study that determined the
distribution of microRNA families among metazoans, including the identification of
new family members for several species. MicroRNA families appear to have evolved
in bursts of evolution that correlate with the advent of major metazoan groups such
as vertebrates, eutherians, primates and hominids. Most microRNA families identified
in these organisms appeared with or after the advent of vertebrates. Only a few of
them appear to be shared between vertebrates and invertebrates. The distribution of
these microRNA families supports the idea that at least one whole genome
duplication event (WGS) predates the advent of vertebrates. Gene ontology analyses of the genes these microRNA families regulate show enrichments for functions
related to cell differentiation and morphogenesis.
MicroRNA genes appear to be under great selective constraints. Identification
of conserved regions by comparative genomics allows for the computational
identification of microRNAs. We have identified and characterized ultraconserved
regions between the genomes of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) and the parasitic wasp
(Nasonia vitripennis), and developed a strategy for the identification of microRNAs
based on regions of ultraconservation. Ultraconserved regions preferentially localize
within introns and intergenic regions, and are enriched in functions related to neural
development. Introns harboring ultraconserved elements appear to be under negative
selection and under a level of constraint that is higher than in their exonic
counterparts. This level of constraint suggests functional roles yet to be discovered
and suggests that introns are major players in the regulation of biological processes.
Our computational strategy was able to identify new microRNA genes shared
between honey bee and wasp. We recovered 41 of 45 previously validated
microRNAs for these organisms, and we identified several new ones. A significant
fraction of these microRNA candidates are located in introns and intergenic regions
and are organized in genomic clusters. Expression of 13 of these new candidates was
verified by 454 sequencing.
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ESTABLISHMENT AND OPTIMAL CULTURE CONDITIONS OF MICRORNA-INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS GENERATED FROM HEK293 CELLS VIA TRANSFECTION OF MICRORNA-302S EXPRESSION VECTORTAKEI, YOSHIFUMI, KADOMATSU, KENJI, YASUDA, KAORI, KOIDE, NAOSHI 02 1900 (has links)
No description available.
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The role of a viral microRNA and RNA interference during viral replication in mammalian cellsSeo, Gil Ju 04 March 2014 (has links)
RNA interference (RNAi) is an evolutionarily conserved process that regulates gene expression. Host cells and viruses interact in many ways, including through miRNAs and RNAi. Viral miRNAs are encoded when viruses, specially including the the polyoma and herpes families, are transcribed in the nucleus. Some viral miRNAs function to regulate host or viral gene expression. Most viral miRNAs’ functions are not known, however, in great detail. A miRNA can be encoded late during infection, as it is by SV40, a model polyomavirus. This downregulates early viral gene expression by directing mRNA RISC-mediated cleavage. As more polyomaviruses are discovered that are associated with human disease, it becomes more important to understand their function and to uncover whether these emerging viruses encode miRNAs. The work presented here shows the discovery of several viral miRNAs in human polyomaviruses—JCV, BKV, and MCV. In addition, I found that viral miRNAs have the evolutionarily conserved function of negatively regulating viral early gene transcripts at a late stage in the infection. During viral replication, viruses utilize the miRNA components of RNAi. However, in invertebrate organisms RNAi also actively defends against viral infection. It is still being debated, though, whether RNAi plays an antiviral role in mammalian cells. Should it be true that RNAi is an antiviral response in mammalian cells, then what is predicted by such a scenario is inconsistent with my studies. I have found that RNAi is strongly inhibited in the early stages after viral infection. Studies with a chemical mimic of viral infection (poly I:C) imply that the innate cellular immune response is responsible for this inhibition. I investigated the molecular changes, in response to viral infection, (e.g. poly ADP-ribosylation of Ago2) in the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). I determined that the inhibition of RNAi is brought about by components of the innate response. Completion of this study details a previously unknown “cross talk” between RNAi and the host innate immune response in mammalian cells. Furthermore, I found mir-17 family attenuates a subclass of interferon-stimulated genes. An understanding of viral miRNA and RNAi offers a clue as to we can use molecular intervention for viral infections. / text
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