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Role of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 3 (BMP3) in Colorectal CarcinogenesisMs Kim Hong Loh Unknown Date (has links)
No description available.
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Role of reactive oxygen species in Glioblastoma multiforme microsatellite instabilityWilkinson-Busha, Kortney Lynnette 30 April 2011 (has links)
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an extremely aggressive and almost always fatal brain tumor. GBM literature indicates defective mismatch repair (MMR) mechanisms are not involved in GBM tumorigenesis as in other tumors, and instigating mechanisms of GBM tumorigenesis remain unclear. GBM and neural progenitor (NPR) cells were exposed to three concentrations of H2O2 (0, 0.5, and 1.0 μM), cultured, and then harvested 0, 2, 4, and 6 days post-exposure; DNA from cells was amplified with microsatellite primers, investigating whether or not H2O2 exposure affected microsatellite instability (MSI) in target sequences. Three out of six markers showed significant MSI in the H2O2-exposed NPR cells. Our results suggest H2O2, which generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), correlated with MSI accumulation that occurred in NPR cells in specific DNA regions. Thus, gene expression analysis to assess normal and abnormal gene expression of GBM and NPR cellss is warranted.
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A gene marker panel covering the Wnt and the Ras-Raf-MEK-MAPK signalling pathways allows to detect gene mutations in 80% of early (UICC I) colon cancer stages in humansScholtka, Bettina, Schneider, Mandy, Melcher, Ralph, Katzenberger, Tiemo, Friedrich, Daniela, Berghof-Jäger, Kornelia, Scheppach, Wolfgang, Steinberg, Pablo January 2009 (has links)
Background: Very recently a gene marker panel that allows the mutational analysis of APC, CTNNB1, B-RAF and K-RAS was conceived. The aim of the present study was to use the 4-gene marker panel covering the Wnt and Ras-Raf-MEK-MAPK signalling pathways to determine the percentage of sporadic colorectal carcinomas (CRC) carrying at least one of the four above-mentioned genes in a mutated form alone and/or in combination with microsatellite instability (MSI) and to compare the sensitivity of the gene marker panel used in this study with that of gene marker panels previously reported in the scientific literature. Methods: CTNNB1 and B-RAF were screened by PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and K-RAS gene mutations by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. For the mutational analysis of the APC gene mutation cluster region (codons 1243–1567) direct DNA sequencing was performed. The U.S. National Cancer Institute microsatellite panel (BAT25, BAT26, D2S123, D5S346 and D17S250) was used for MSI analysis. Results: It could be shown that about 80% of early stage CRC (UICC stages I and II) and over 90% of CRC in the UICC stage IV carried at least one mutated gene and/or showed MSI. No significant increase in the gene mutation frequencies could be determined when comparing tumours in the UICC stage I with those in UICC stage IV. Conclusions: When compared with previously published gene marker panels the 4-gene marker panel used in the present study shows an excellent performance, allowing to detect genetic alterations in 80–90% of human sporadic CRC samples analyzed.
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Colorectal Cancer : Aspects of Heredity, Prognosis and Tumour MarkersGhanipour, Lana January 2014 (has links)
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancer types and leading causes of cancer death worldwide. Since CRC is a heterogenic disease, there is a demand for increased knowledge of the underlying genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. The aim of this thesis was to investigate heredity and potential tumour markers in relation to prognosis. In paper I, survival of patients with CRC and a positive family history of CRC in first-degree relatives was analysed. Patients with colon cancer and positive family history of CRC had improved survival compared to patients with negative family history. This improvement in survival could not be explained by known clinico-pathological factors. In paper II, we investigated the prognostic value of Tryptophanyl t-RNA synthetase (TrpRS) in tissues from patients operated for CRC. Low protein expression of TrpRS in primary tumour tissues correlated with increased risk of recurrence and poorer survival. In paper III, the prognostic value of microsatellite instability (MSI) and the correlation to heredity for CRC in first-degree relatives was investigated. Patients with proximal colon cancer and MSI had improved cancer specific survival. There were no correlation between MSI and heredity. In paper IV, we evaluated the potential use of proximity ligation assay (SP-PLA) in patients with CRC, by simultaneous analysis of 35 proteins in only 5 μl plasma. SP-PLA is a suitable method for protein detection and might give valuable guidance in pursuing new prognostic and predictive tumour markers. However, none of the markers selected for present SP-PLA analyses gave better prognostic information than CEA. In conclusion, heredity is related to better survival independent of MSI in patients with CRC and MSI is associated with better prognosis in proximal colon cancer. Detection and increased knowledge of molecular mechanism in CRC is important, however it needs to be further investigated and validated in clinical use.
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Etude du rôle du corégulateur transcriptionnel RIP140 dans le contrôle de l'instabilité microsatellitaire des cancers colorectaux héréditaires / Role of the transcription coregulator RIP140 in control of microsatellite intability in hereditary colorectal cancerPalassin, Pascale 24 November 2017 (has links)
Le corégulateur transcriptionnel RIP140 est un facteur ubiquitaire majeur impliqué dans la régulation de nombreux processus physiopathologiques, qui possède la capacité d’être un coactivateur ou un corépresseur des voies de signalisation selon son recrutement sur les gènes cible. Des résultats du laboratoire ont montré que RIP140 est un facteur de bon pronostic de la tumorigenèse intestinale sporadique. Ce travail s’intéresse à l’implication de ce facteur de transcription dans les cancers colorectaux familiaux et, plus particulièrement, en lien avec le syndrome de Lynch (LS). Le syndrome de Lynch est une prédisposition héréditaire aux cancers, majoritairement colorectaux, caractérisés par un défaut du système de réparation des mésappariements de l’ADN (Mismatch Repair, MMR), dû à une première mutation germinale d’un des gènes de ce système. La perte de fonctionnalité MMR est responsable du phénotype d’instabilité microsatellitaire (MSI). Cependant, il existe des formes familiales de cancers colorectaux, avec MSI, où il n’est pas retrouvé d’atteinte germinale ou somatique de l’un des gènes du système MMR. Ce sont les syndromes apparentés au syndrome de Lynch (Lynch Like Syndrome, LLS) dont la prise en charge est identique à celle du LS. L’utilisation de modèles murins et de lignées cellulaires colorectales, présentant des modulations d’expression de RIP140 ont permis de mettre en évidence l’effet positif de ce corégulateur sur la régulation transcriptionnelle de l’expression des gènes du système MMR, MSH2 et MSH6. La validité fonctionnelle de cette régulation a été explorée par des analyses d’instabilité microsatellitaire et de sensibilité à différentes molécules cytotoxiques. Des cohortes de tumeurs ont permis de confirmer la corrélation d’expression entre RIP140 et les gènes MSH2 et MSH6 chez les patients. En outre, la régulation de l’expression par RIP140 d’une polymérase translésionnelle particulière, la polymérase Polκ, a été étudiée. Cette polymérase assure la réplication des séquences microsatellitaires du génome. Nous avons démontré que RIP140 stimule l’expression du gène POLK dans nos modèles cellulaires et que son expression est corrélée à celle de RIP140 au sein des tumeurs colorectales humaines. Enfin, par séquençage de différentes lignées cellulaires, nous avons mis en évidence une mutation de RIP140 qui entraîne un décalage du cadre de lecture et génère une protéine tronquée avec perte de deux domaines répresseurs de la protéine. Un séquençage à très haut débit nous a permis de rechercher cette mutation parmi des échantillons de tumeurs colorectales avec MSI. Cette mutation est retrouvée dans 19% des tumeurs, notamment LLS (16,2%), où elle est associée à une moins bonne survie globale. Elle affecte les propriétés antiprolifératives et transrépressives de RIP140 ainsi que les régulations positives des gènes MSH2, MSH6 et POLK. Le développement d’un outil anticorps spécifique de cette mutation serait extrêmement utile pour suivre l’expression de la forme mutée au sein des tumeurs et des premiers essais ont été réalisés en ce sens. En conclusion de ce travail, RIP140 contrôle l’expression de gènes majeurs impliqués dans le maintien de l’intégrité du génome et une mutation de ce corégulateur transcriptionnel pourrait être responsable de l’instabilité microsatellitaire de certaines tumeurs où des altérations des gènes MMR ne sont pas retrouvées. Des études cliniques sur des cohortes plus conséquentes seront nécessaires pour valider son intérêt en tant que marqueur utilisable dans la prise en charge des patients. / The transcriptional coregulator RIP140 is an ubiquitous cofactor playing a major role in the regulation of many physiopathological processes. It can either act as a coactivator or as a corepressor of signaling pathways depending on its recruitment on target genes. It has been shown that RIP140 is a good prognostic marker in sporadic intestinal tumorigenesis. This work focuses on its role in familial colorectal cancers and particularly in relation to the Lynch syndrome (LS). Lynch syndrome is a hereditary cancer predisposition, mostly colorectal, characterized by a defect in the Mismatch Repair (MMR) system, due to a first germline mutation of one gene of this system. Loss of MMR function induces a microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype. However, there are some MSI familial colorectal cancers, where neither germinal nor somatic alteration of one MMR gene is found. They are referred to as Lynch like Syndrome (LLS) and their overall management is identical to that of LS. Murine models and colorectal cell lines, harboring modulations of RIP140 expression, allowed us to demonstrate the positive transcriptional regulation of the MMR genes, MSH2 and MSH6 by RIP140. Functional validation of this regulation was explored by microsatellite instability and sensitivity to various cytotoxic drugs analyses. A positive correlation has been confirmed between RIP140 and MSH2 and MSH6 gene expression in a cohort of 396 patients. Moreover, the transcriptional regulation by RIP140 of a specialized translesional DNA polymerase, the Polκ polymerase, has been investigated. Polκ ensures microsatellite sequences replication. We have demonstrated that RIP140 positively stimulates the expression of the POLK gene in our cell models and which appears correlated with that of RIP140 in human colorectal tumors. Finally, by sequencing different cell lines, we found a frameshift mutation of RIP140, generating a truncated protein with loss of the last two repression domains. High-throughput sequencing allowed us to look for this mutation in patient MSI colorectal tumor samples. This mutation was found in 19% of these tumors, especially LLS (16,2%), where it has been associated with lower overall survival. This mutation affects the antiproliferative and transrepressive properties of RIP140, as well as the positive regulation of the MSH2, MSH6 and POLK gene. Development of a specific antibody for this mutation would be extremely useful in following the expression of this mutated form within tumors and first tests have been already carried out. In conclusion, RIP140 controls expression of major genes involved in genome integrity maintenance and a mutation of this transcriptional coregulator could be responsible for microsatellite instability of some tumors where alterations of MMR genes are not found. Clinical studies on larger cohorts will be necessary to validate its interest as a marker usable in patient management.
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Etude de la mutation de la chaperonne HSP110 dans les cancers gastro-intestinaux MSI : conséquences fonctionnelles et cliniques / Functional and clinical consequences of HSP110 mutation in gastrointestinal cancersBokhari, A'Dem 26 September 2017 (has links)
L'instabilité microsatellitaire (MSI) résulte d'une déficience du système de réparation des mésappariements de l'ADN. Cette instabilité est observée dans 10-15% des tumeurs chez l'Homme, incluant les cancers colorectaux (CCR) et de l'estomac (CG). En 2011, notre laboratoire a rapporté la mutation de la chaperonne HSP110 dans les CCR MSI. Cette mutation affecte un microsatellite intronique de 17 thymidines (T17), localisé au niveau de l'intron 8. Les grandes délétions somatiques du T17 (? 5 paires de bases), représentant 25% des CCR MSI, conduisent à l'inactivation complète de la chaperonne HSP110 dans les CCR MSI. De manière remarquable, ces grandes délétions sont prédictives chez les patients d'une excellente réponse à la chimiothérapie adjuvante. Au cours de ma thèse, mes travaux ont visé à étudier l'impact de la mutation d'HSP110 dans les tumeurs gastro-intestinales MSI. Mes résultats démontrent que la mutation du microsatellite T17 d'HSP110 a pour conséquence une diminution de la prolifération cellulaire en partie lié à la diminution de la phosphorylation du facteur de transcription STAT3. En outre, mes résultats suggèrent que cette mutation serait un facteur prédictif de survie chez les patients atteint de CG, indiquant le potentiel théranostique d'HSP110. Enfin, je propose une approche thérapeutique innovante pour les patients atteints de CCR MSI, basée sur la potentialisation de l'expression de transcrits mutants, codant pour des protéines délétères pour la cellule tumorale, à l'instar du dominant négatif HSP110DE9 résultant de la mutation d'HSP110 dont l'ARN semble être régulé par le système NMD (Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay). / Microsatellite instability (MSI) results from impaired DNA mismatch repair, being observed in 10-15% of frequent tumors in human, e.g. Colorectal (CRC), Gastric Cancers (GC) and others. In 2011, frequent somatic mutations of the HSP110 chaperone have been reported in MSI CRC by my lab, affecting a T17 intronic DNA repeat located in intron 8. Large (≥ 5 base pairs) bi-allelic somatic deletions of this DNA repeat in tumor DNAs, as observed in about 25% of MSI CRC, lead to complete inactivation of HSP110 by exon 9 skipping and sensitization of tumor cells to chemotherapy. These large deletions are predictive of improved response to adjuvant chemotherapy in CRC patients. During my PhD thesis, I further investigated the role of HSP110 in MSI tumors. My results demonstrate that HSP110 mutation leads to cell proliferation decrease through the reduction of STAT3 transcription factor phosphorylation in CRC tumors (Berthenet*, Bokhari*, et al., Oncogene 2016). Furthermore, I showed that HSP110 mutation is also frequently observed in MSI gastric cancer, leading to very similar pathophysiological consequences during tumor progression and improved patient’s survival independently from tumor stage (Cervera*, Lagrange*, Bokhari* et al., submitted). Finally, I worked on an innovative therapeutic approach that consisted in inhibiting the NMD (Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay) system, an ubiquitous process recognizing and degrading mRNAs containing premature termination codons (PTC). The inhibition of NMD leads to the expression of deleterious MSI-driven mutant transcripts such as the HSP110DE9, coding for a dominant negative mutant, derived from HSP110 mutation in MSI cancer cells.
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Induction d'un processus d'instabilité des microsatellites du génome dans des modèles murin et cellulaire : intérêt physiopathologique et clinique / Induction of genomic microsatellite instability in mouse and cellular models : physiopathological and clinical interestBodo, Sahra 20 October 2014 (has links)
L'inactivation du système MMR (mismatch repair) favorise un processus oncogénique d'instabilité des microsatellites du génome (MSI). Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai étudié d'une part le rôle de l'azathioprine (Aza) dans l'induction de tumeurs MSI chez la souris. Des études épidémiologiques avaient rapporté une corrélation entre l'émergence de cancers MSI tardifs chez l'homme, et la prise au long cours de cet immunosuppresseur dont la cytotoxicité in vitro est médiée par l'activité MMR. Dans une étude dose-réponse, j'ai observé l'émergence de rares lymphomes MSI de survenue tardive chez la souris de génotype sauvage traitée par l'Aza, mais pas par la ciclosporine (autre immunosuppresseur utilisé en comparaison). Ces résultats permettent d'établir in vivo que l'Aza est un facteur de risque pour l'émergence de tumeurs MSI lors d'une exposition prolongée. D'autre part, je me suis intéressée au syndrome CMMRD (constitutional MMR deficiency), une prédisposition majeure et rare, aux cancers MSI. Les patients atteints étant porteurs de mutations germinales bialléliques d'un gène MMR, le diagnostic repose sur le génotypage constitutionnel, une méthode non-contributive quand un variant de signification inconnue est détecté (30% patients). Dans ce contexte, j'ai développé une méthode d'aide au dépistage de ce syndrome chez les sujets à risque, l'hypothèse étant que 2 caractéristiques fonctionnelles des cellules tumorales MMR-déficientes, le phénotype MSI et la tolérance aux agents génotoxiques tels que l'Aza, pouvaient être objectivées dans les tissus sains des patients CMMRD. Mes travaux proposent un test diagnostique sensible et spécifique qui répond aux limites de l'analyse génétique. / Inactivation of the MMR (mismatch repair) system promotes the oncogenic process of microsatellite instability (MSI). During my PhD, I firstly investigated the role of azathioprine (Aza) in the induction of MSI tumors in mice. Epidemiological studies reported a correlation between the occurrence of late MSI cancers in humans and long-term treatment with this immunosuppressant whose cytotoxicity was shown in vitro to be mediated by MMR activity. Using a dose-response study, I observed the occurrence of rare late-onset MSI lymphomas in wild-type mice treated with Aza, but not with ciclosporin (another immunosuppressant used for comparison). These results established in vivo that long-term Aza exposure is a risk factor for the emergence of MSI tumors. Secondly, I was interested in the CMMRD syndrome (constitutional MMR deficiency), a major and rare predisposition to MSI cancers. Since CMMRD patients are carriers of biallelic germline mutations of a MMR gene, diagnosis is based on constitutional genotyping, a method that was found non-contributory when a variant of unknown significance is detected (30% patients). In this context, I developed a complementary approach for the detection of this syndrome in at-risk patients, based on the hypothesis that two functional features of MMR-deficient tumor cells, i.e. the MSI phenotype and the tolerance to genotoxic agents such as Aza, can be demonstrated in non-neoplastic tissues of CMMRD patients. We provided a sensitive and specific method that may constitute a valuable tool when diagnosis of CMMRD could not be confirmed by genetic testing.
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Genetic features of multicentric/multifocal intramucosal gastric carcinoma / 多中心性/多発性粘膜内胃癌の遺伝学的特徴Takahashi(Mizuguchi), Aya 23 July 2019 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21990号 / 医博第4504号 / 新制||医||1037(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 武藤 学, 教授 松田 文彦, 教授 小川 誠司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
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Data-Driven Insights into Cancer as a Dynamic ProcessBonneville, Russell January 2021 (has links)
No description available.
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Medullary Carcinoma of the Colon: A Histopathologic ChallengeFatima, Zainab, Sharma, Purva, Youssef, Bahaaeldin, Krishnan, Koyamangalath 01 June 2021 (has links)
Medullary carcinoma (MC) of the colon is a rare and unique histologic subtype of colorectal cancer. It is commonly associated with deficient mismatch repair proteins and has a strong association with Lynch syndrome. Diagnosis is challenging as it does not have the usual immunohistochemical stains on pathology seen in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Here, we discuss an interesting case of MC of the colon that was metastatic on presentation and constituted a diagnostic challenge.
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