L'inactivation du système MMR (mismatch repair) favorise un processus oncogénique d'instabilité des microsatellites du génome (MSI). Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai étudié d'une part le rôle de l'azathioprine (Aza) dans l'induction de tumeurs MSI chez la souris. Des études épidémiologiques avaient rapporté une corrélation entre l'émergence de cancers MSI tardifs chez l'homme, et la prise au long cours de cet immunosuppresseur dont la cytotoxicité in vitro est médiée par l'activité MMR. Dans une étude dose-réponse, j'ai observé l'émergence de rares lymphomes MSI de survenue tardive chez la souris de génotype sauvage traitée par l'Aza, mais pas par la ciclosporine (autre immunosuppresseur utilisé en comparaison). Ces résultats permettent d'établir in vivo que l'Aza est un facteur de risque pour l'émergence de tumeurs MSI lors d'une exposition prolongée. D'autre part, je me suis intéressée au syndrome CMMRD (constitutional MMR deficiency), une prédisposition majeure et rare, aux cancers MSI. Les patients atteints étant porteurs de mutations germinales bialléliques d'un gène MMR, le diagnostic repose sur le génotypage constitutionnel, une méthode non-contributive quand un variant de signification inconnue est détecté (30% patients). Dans ce contexte, j'ai développé une méthode d'aide au dépistage de ce syndrome chez les sujets à risque, l'hypothèse étant que 2 caractéristiques fonctionnelles des cellules tumorales MMR-déficientes, le phénotype MSI et la tolérance aux agents génotoxiques tels que l'Aza, pouvaient être objectivées dans les tissus sains des patients CMMRD. Mes travaux proposent un test diagnostique sensible et spécifique qui répond aux limites de l'analyse génétique. / Inactivation of the MMR (mismatch repair) system promotes the oncogenic process of microsatellite instability (MSI). During my PhD, I firstly investigated the role of azathioprine (Aza) in the induction of MSI tumors in mice. Epidemiological studies reported a correlation between the occurrence of late MSI cancers in humans and long-term treatment with this immunosuppressant whose cytotoxicity was shown in vitro to be mediated by MMR activity. Using a dose-response study, I observed the occurrence of rare late-onset MSI lymphomas in wild-type mice treated with Aza, but not with ciclosporin (another immunosuppressant used for comparison). These results established in vivo that long-term Aza exposure is a risk factor for the emergence of MSI tumors. Secondly, I was interested in the CMMRD syndrome (constitutional MMR deficiency), a major and rare predisposition to MSI cancers. Since CMMRD patients are carriers of biallelic germline mutations of a MMR gene, diagnosis is based on constitutional genotyping, a method that was found non-contributory when a variant of unknown significance is detected (30% patients). In this context, I developed a complementary approach for the detection of this syndrome in at-risk patients, based on the hypothesis that two functional features of MMR-deficient tumor cells, i.e. the MSI phenotype and the tolerance to genotoxic agents such as Aza, can be demonstrated in non-neoplastic tissues of CMMRD patients. We provided a sensitive and specific method that may constitute a valuable tool when diagnosis of CMMRD could not be confirmed by genetic testing.

The three thiopurine drugs azathioprine (AZA), 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and 6-thioguanine (6-TG) are used to treat several diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). They are pro-drugs and are believed to act through the formation of thioguanine nucleotides (TGNs). Other important metabolites are the methylthioinosine nucleotides (meTINs). These metabolites are active in the white blood cells (WBCs).Most patients respond well to the thiopurine drugs but up to a third have to modify or discontinue their treatment due to adverse events or a lack of therapeutic effects. This could be caused by inter-patient variability in the metabolism of the drugs. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of thiopurine nucleotides in red blood cells (RBCs) is used to guide treatment. Current routine assays measure the nucleotides after hydrolysation to nucleic bases and are therefore unable to distinguish between mono-, di-, and triphosphates. Recently it was shown that these assays failed to predict the clinical outcome in about 40% of the patients. It has been suggested that measuring thioguanosine triphosphate (TGTP) (believed to be the most active of the TGNs) separately might increase the clinical value.An assay suitable for measuring thioguanosine mono- (TGMP) and diphosphate (TGDP) and TGTP, as well as methylthioinosine mono- (meTIMP), di- (meTIDP) and triphosphate (meTITP) separately in RBCs in clinical samples has been developed. In clinical studies of 82 IBD patients, we found no correlation between the thiopurine dose and metabolite levels in RBCs, thus illustrating the importance of metabolite measurements in the TDM of thiopurines.The TGN peak measured by the routine assay during TDM of patients treated with thiopurines consisted of TGTP and TGDP with a small contribution from TGMP. The meTIN also consisted of mono-, di- and triphosphates, but in different proportions, indicating differences in the formation. The inter-individual differences in nucleotide distribution were very small and a strong correlation between the different nucleotides and their respective sums was observed. As a consequence, measuring the mono-, di- and triphosphates separately was not beneficial in predicting remission, which was confirmed by the results from the clinical study.Further research into the metabolism and mode of action of thiopurine drugs is needed to understand the inter-patient variability in response and metabolite formation. An assay suitable for such studies, measuring TGNs and meTINs in cultured cells, has also been developed.

Orientador: Claudio Saddy Rodrigues Coy / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T01:57:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreira_AnaPaulaPaiva_M.pdf: 1853908 bytes, checksum: e3ffa2637de54d6f4e2d71efbafe382d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A doença de Crohn apresenta aspectos controversos e pouco compreendidos em relação a sua etiopatogenia e à sua evolução; o que torna difícil o manejo terapêutico desta doença. Nos últimos anos os avanços da biologia molecular têm possibilitado novas descobertas, no entanto, ainda existem muitas dúvidas em relação à sua etiopatogenia e à ação de diversos mediadores inflamatórios. Objetivo: Avaliar a expressão das citocinas pró-inflamatórias TNF-a, IL-1ß e IL-8 em fragmentos de íleo terminal de pacientes portadores de doença de Crohn em uso de mesalazina e azatioprina e compará-los aos indivíduos normais. Casuística e Métodos: Foram selecionados 25 pacientes acompanhados no Ambulatório de Doença Inflamatória Intestinal do HC-UNICAMP, portadores de doença de Crohn com acometimento de íleo terminal, e que foram, de acordo com protocolos vigentes, submetidos à colonoscopia de controle para avaliação da doença ou procedimento cirúrgico para ressecção ou plastia do segmento doente. Foi obtida amostra de íleo terminal para avaliação dos mediadores inflamatórios acima citados, por meio de técnica de imunoblot. Foram estudados sete pacientes que estavam em uso de mesalazina, nove que estavam em uso de azatioprina, sendo comparados com 9 controles que não portadores de doença inflamatória intestinal. Resultados: Não foi encontrada diferença na expressão do TNF-a entre os três grupos. Foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa quando avaliadas as expressões da IL1- ß e da IL-8. Os níveis de expressão de IL-8 e de IL1- ß foram maiores no grupo que estava em uso de azatioprina quando comparados aos grupos Mesalazina e Controle (p < 0,05). Conclusão: Os pacientes em uso de azatioprina apresentam maior expressão de IL-8 e IL1- ß que aqueles em uso de mesalazina e que os controles. Isto poderia estar associado à ação da mesalazina que diminui, especificamente a ativação destas interleucinas. / Abstract: Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that is not currently understood. Much research is being carried out in order to comprehend its mechanisms of lesion and the inflammatory mediators involved in this disease. New advances in molecular biology have opened up new possibilities for further understanding this intricate pathology, yet, some doubts remain. Objective: To evaluate the expressions of TNF-a, IL-1ß and IL-8 in terminal ileum biopsies from patients with Crohn's disease in treatment with mesalazine and azathioprine, and compare these expressions. Patients and Methods: 25 patients from the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Ambulatory from the Clinic Hospital of the University of Campinas, who were submitted to colonoscopy or ileal resection and plastic surgery, were randomly selected. Biopsies from the terminal ileum were obtained and sent for imunoblotting analysis in order to determine the expressions of the proteins studied. Seven of the patients were taking mesalazine, while nine were on azathioprine and expressions were all compared to those of nine healthy controls. Results: No statistical difference was found between the expressions of TNF-a amongst the three groups. In contrast, IL1- ß and IL-8 were found in different levels of expression in the group taking azathioprine when compared to the mesalazine group and control (p<0, 05). Conclusion: Patients chronically taking azathioprine demonstrate higher levels of expression of the inflammatory mediators, IL1- ß and IL-8, in terminal ileum biopsies, when compared to mesalazine treated and healthy counterparts. This effect could be due the inhibition of these proteins' expression induced by mesalazine, cooling down bowel's inflammatory activity back to normal. / Mestrado / Cirurgia / Mestre em Cirurgia

Histiocytoid Sweet syndrome (HSS) is a rare histologic variation of Sweet syndrome (SS) predominantly exhibiting mononuclear histiocytoid cells instead of neutrophils. We report a 22-year-old woman with HSS, who, after minimal improvement with colchicine and dapsone, had significant improvement of her cutaneous eruption and systemic symptoms following empiric treatment with azathioprine. Since azathioprine has historically been known to cause SS, this case highlights a previously unreported treatment response for the histiocytoid variant.

La présente étude a pour objectif de mettre en évidence l‘intérêt du suivi thérapeutique pharmacologique (STP) des métabolites thiopuriques en vue de l‘optimisation du traitement par l‘azathioprine chez les enfants atteints de maladie inflammatoire de l‘intestin et d‘hépatite autoimmune. Les travaux réalisés nous ont permis de montrer, en utilisant une analyse multi-niveaux, une corrélation significative entre la dose d‘azathioprine et les concentrations en 6-TGN et Me6-MPN ainsi qu‘avec le ratio Me6-MPN/6-TGN confortant l‘utilisation des métabolites pour ajuster la posologie d‘azathioprine chez les enfants présentant une maladie inflammatoire de l‘intestin. Différents facteurs pouvant modifier les concentrations de métabolites thiopuriques ont été identifiés. La co-administration d‘infliximab a conduit à une augmentation significative des concentrations de 6-TGN. Des concentrations plus faibles de 6-TGN ont été observées chez les jeunes enfants suggérant l‘influence de l‘âge sur le métabolisme ou sur l‘absorption de l‘azathioprine. Nous avons également montré qu‘une concentration de 6-TGN supérieure à 405 pmol/8.108RBCs chez des patients ayant une activité TPMT normale et pour lesquels la rémission clinique n‘a pas pu être obtenue en l‘absence de stéroïdes, était prédictive d‘une résistance à l‘azathioprine. Un seuil de 250 pmol/8.108RBCs en 6-TGN est significativement associé à une meilleure réponse thérapeutique. D‘autre part, une corrélation a été observée entre les métabolites thiopuriques et la leucopénie. Chez les enfants atteints d‘hépatite autoimmune, une corrélation positive entre la dose d‘azathioprine et les concentrations de métabolites a été retrouvée. L‘importante variabilité inter-individuelle dans les concentrations en métabolites thiopuriques et dans la réponse thérapeutique a été confirmée démontrant l‘intérêt d‘une individualisation de la thérapeutique. L‘instauration d‘un STP des métabolites thiopuriques associé au suivi hématologique, à la détermination de la TPMT et au suivi clinique paraît justifié afin d‘optimiser la thérapeutique par l‘azathioprine dans la population pédiatrique / The present study aimed to investigate the usefulness of thiopurine metabolite monitoring in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH) for optimizing azathioprine therapy. Using multilevel analysis, we demonstrated for the first time the significant positive correlations between the weight-based azathioprine dosage and the 6-thioguanine nucleotide (6-TGN) and 6-methyl-mercaptopurine (6-MeMPN) levels as well as 6-MeMPN/6-TGN ratio, supporting the use of metabolites to adjust dosing in IBD children. Other factors affecting metabolite levels were also identified. Co-administration of infliximab resulted in a significant increase in 6-TGN levels. Younger children exhibited lower metabolite levels, suggesting the influence of age on metabolism/absorption of azathioprine. We also reported that a 6-TGN level above 405 pmol/8.108RBCs in IBD children with normal TPMT activity who did not achieve steroid-free clinical remission was predictive of azathioprine refractoriness. A cut-off of 250 pmol/8.108RBCs for 6-TGN was found to be significantly associated with higher therapeutic response. Moreover, both 6-TGN and 6-MeMPN levels were correlated with leucopenia. In AIH children, a positive correlation between azathioprine dosage and metabolite levels was also observed. The wide variability in thiopurine metabolites and therapeutic response in both IBD and AIH children was confirmed, pointing to the important role of treatment individualization. Monitoring of thiopurine metabolites combined with hematological tests, TPMT activity and clinical evaluation may be of interest for optimizing thiopurine therapy and minimizing toxicity in IBD and AIH children

Cette étude a pour objectifs 1) d'évaluer l'activité érythrocytaire de l'inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPA) et de l'inosine monophosphate deshydrogénase (IMPDH) en lien avec le suivi des métabolites thiopuriques et le phénotypage de la thiopurine S-méthyltransférase (TPMT), 2) d'étudier le lien entre l'activité de l'ITPA et la survenue d'effets indésirables observés sous azathioprine (AZA).L'étude rétrospective réalisée sur une large population de sujets adultes et enfants, sains et atteints de maladies auto-immunes, a permis d'identifier une distribution quadrimodale de l'activité de l'ITPA à l'aide d'un modèle de mélange gaussien ainsi qu'une faible variabilité intra-individuelle de cette activité. Dans la population pédiatrique, une activité de l'ITPA basse est corrélée à une augmentation des dérivés méthylés suggérant un risque d'hépatotoxicité. Le lien observé entre l'activité ITPasique, le volume globulaire moyen et les gammaglobulines chez les enfants atteints de maladie inflammatoire chronique de l'intestin sous AZA suggère que la mesure de l'activité de l'ITPA permettrait d'anticiper la persistance d'un syndrome inflammatoire chez les sujets à activité élevée.L'étude phénotypique de l'IMPDH montre une importante variabilité inter-individuelle de l'activité de cette enzyme et l'absence d'influence de l'âge, du sexe et du traitement par AZA sur cette activité. Une distribution bimodale de l'activité de l'IMPDH érythrocytaire a été observée ainsi qu'un lien entre cette activité et les dérivés méthylés.En perspective, l'étude combinée des activités de l'ITPA, l'IMPDH et de la TPMT sur la variabilité de la réponse aux traitements thiopuriques sera envisagée / The aims of this study are 1) to evaluate inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPA) and inosine monophoshate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) activities in red blood cells (RBCs) in relation to the monitoring of thiopurine metabolites and the phenotyping of thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT), 2) to investigate a possible link between ITPA activity and the occurence of adverse effects observed under azathioprine (AZA) treatment.The retrospective study was carried out on a large population of healthy adults and children as well as those suffering from immunological diseases. A quadrimodal distribution of ITPA was identified among the population using a gaussian mixture model. A weak intraindividual variability of ITPA activity was found. In the paediatric population, a low ITPA activity is correlated with increased levels of methyl nucleotides, suggesting a risk of hepatotoxicity. The relationship observed between ITPA activity and both mean corpuscular volume and gammaglobulin levels in IBD children on AZA therapy suggests that the determination of ITPA activity may allow the prediction of a persistent inflammatory process in subjects with elevated ITPA activity.The phenotypic study of IMPDH shows no influence of age, sex and AZA therapy on the activity of IMPDH. Moreover a large interindividual variability in the activity of IMPDH was found. A bimodal distribution of IMPDH activity in RBCs was observed as well as a relation between this activity and the methyl nucleotides.Further study on the combined effect of the three enzymes ITPA, IMPDH and TPMT on the variability of response to thiopurine therapy will be considered

para diversos tipos de tratamento, como doenças auto-imunes, inflamatórias e até para pacientes submetidos a transplante de órgãos. Assim também, é capaz de causar efeitos adversos como toxicidade hepática e mais frequentemente a mielossupressão. Tiopurina Smetiltransferase (TPMT), uma enzima que catalisa a S-metilação dessas drogas, exibiu um polimorfismo genético em 10% de Caucasianos, sendo 1/300 indivíduos com completa deficiência. Pacientes intermediários ou completamente deficientes da atividade de TPMT estão em risco por excessiva toxicidade após receberem doses padrões de medicações tiopurínicas. O presente estudo visa a 1) pesquisar a frequência desses polimorfismos (TPMT*2, TPMT*3A, TPMT*3B e TPMT*3C) em populações de doadores de sangue em Hospital terciário Universitário e em pacientes que utilizem a Azatioprina para o tratamento da hepatite autoimune e transplantado renal, 2) padronizar os métodos para a identificação dos polimorfismos e associá-los com os níveis dos metabólitos da AZA. Esses achados podem explicar os efeitos benéficos da Azatioprina e ter importante implicação para o desenho de novas terapias específicas em doenças autoimunes e em transplante de orgãos / Thiopurine drugs such as azathioprine (AZA) are widely used for many types of treatment: autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and for patients who had undergone organ transplantation. AZA is capable of causing adverse effects such as hepatotoxicity and myelosuppression. Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT), which catalyzes the Smethylation of such drugs, exhibits a genetic polymorphism in 10% of Caucasians, and 1 / 300 individuals with complete deficiency. Patients who are intermediary or completely deficient in TPMT activity are at risk for excessive toxicity after receiving standard doses of thiopurine drugs. This recent study aims to 1) investigate the frequency of these polymorphisms (TPMT*2, TPMT*3A, TPMT * 3B and TPMT*3C) in blood donors from a terciary University Hospital and in patients using azathioprine for the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis and transplanted kidney; 2) standardize the methods for the identification of polymorphisms and associate with levels metabolites of AZA. These findings may explain the beneficial effects of azathioprine and have important implications to design new therapies for autoimmune diseases and organ transplant

A azatioprina (AZA) é um imunossupressor utilizado no tratamento de doenças autoimunes como lúpus eritematoso sistêmico, doença de Crohn, doença inflamatória intestinal e contra a rejeição em transplantes de órgãos sólidos. Após mais de 40 anos de uso a AZA continua exercendo um papel central nos regimes imunomoduladores, devido ao fato de combinar eficácia, segurança e baixo custo. Sabe-se que a atividade da tiopurina metiltransferase pode determinar, pelo menos em parte, a eficácia clínica da AZA. Esta enzima apresenta polimorfismo genético co-dominante e a distribuição dos alelos variantes é significativamente diferente entre as populações. A grande variabilidade farmacocinética no metabolismo AZA justifica a sua monitorização terapêutica. Neste trabalho otimizou-se uma metodologia para a quantificação dos metabólitos da AZA, 6-TGN e 6-MMP, por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC/UV-Vis), utilizando-se um detector de ultravioleta-visível em um único comprimento de onda, após a amostra passar por uma desproteinização ácida simples e ser aquecida para a conversão dos metabólitos em suas respectivas bases livres. Os valores destes metabólitos foram determinados em uma população de 124 pacientes transplantados renais. Para adequarmos o processo às legislações locais e internacionais, foram seguidas orientações da Anvisa, FDA e CLSI. A separação foi realizada em coluna de fase reversa, sendo a fase móvel A fosfato de potássio e a fase móvel B metanol. A detecção da 6-TGN e da 6-MMP foi realizada em 342 m (UV-Vis). O estudo da linearidade da 6-TGN variou entre 0,30 e 89,71 mol/L e da 6-MMP entre 0,30 e 93,86 mol/L. As recuperações, de 95,08 a 100,80% para 6-TGN e 95,38 a 105,06% para 6-MMP. Os CV da repetibilidade, de 0,04 a 5,06%, enquanto os CV da reprodutibilidade de 4,88 a 12,73% para 6-TGN e 6-MMP. Para ambos os metabólitos o LD e o LQ foram de 0,30 mol/L e 0,13 mol/L. Os eritrócitos lavados e as amostras tratadas, prontas para a injeção no HPLC, foram armazenadas abaixo de -5°C até a análise. Nesta temperatura estiveram estáveis durante 8 semanas e 1 dia, respectivamente. Os valores das concentrações de 6-TGN e 6-MMP encontrados nas amostras dos pacientes variaram entre não detectável a 1569 mol/8 x 108 RBC (mediana de 200,50) e não detectável a 113057 mol/8 x 108 RBC (mediana de 5166), respectivamente. As correlações entre os níveis de 6-TGN ou 6-MMP e as variáveis sexo, tempo pós-transplante, número de transplantes e dosagem de AZA (mg/kg) foram examinadas em diferentes grupos. O método proposto apresenta boa relação custo-benefício, é simples, preciso e rápido na determinação das concentrações intraeritrocitárias de 6-TGN e 6-MMP em pacientes sob terapia com AZA. O método validado permite que o laboratório forneça dados farmacocinéticos úteis e precisos para o ajuste do tratamento do paciente e pode ser facilmente adaptado para a análise rotineira destes metabólitos. Os resultados das amostras dos pacientes estão de acordo com os encontrados em outros estudos, atestando a utilidade dessa ferramenta analítica no acompanhamento dos pacientes / Azathioprine (AZA) is an immunosuppressant used in autoimmune pathologies like lupus erythematosus, Chrons disease, inflammatory bowel disease and against rejection in solid organs transplant. After more than 40 years of use, AZA continues exerting a central role in immunomodulatory regimens, due to the fact that it combines effectiveness, safety and low cost. It is well known that thiopurine methyltransferase activity may determine, at least in part, the clinical efficacy of AZA therapy. This enzyme exhibits codominant genetic polymorphism and the distribution of these variant alleles differs significantly among populations. The considerable pharmacokinetic variability in AZA metabolism justify the therapeutic drug monitoring of this drug. In this work a methodology was improved to quantify the metabolites of AZA, 6-TGN and 6-MMP, by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC/UV-Vis) with an ultraviolet-visible detector, using a single wavelength reading, following a simple acid deproteinization and heating to convert the metabolites into their respective free bases. The values of these metabolites were determined in a population of 124 renal transplant recipients. To adequate the process to international and local legislation, Anvisa, FDA and CLSI guidelines were followed. Separation was achieved on a reversed-phase column; mobile phase A potassium phosphate and mobile phase B methanol. Detection of 6-TGN and 6-MMP was performed at 342 m (UV-Vis). Assay linearity for 6-TGN ranged from 0.30 to 89.71 mol/L and from 0.30 to 93.86 mol/L for 6-MMP. The recoveries were 95.08, 97.76 and 100.80% for 6-TGN and 104.79, 95.38 and 105.06% for 6-MMP. Repeatability CV were 3.50, 5.06, 1.09 and 0.04, 0.35, 1.58%, while reproducibility CV were 8.65, 7.18, 8.44 and 12.73, 6.40, 4.88% for 6-TGN and 6-MMP, respectively. LOQ and LOD of 6-TNG and 6-MMP were respectively 0.30 mol/L and 0.13 mol/L for both metabolites. The washed erythrocytes and the samples treated and ready for injection into the HPLC system were stored below -5 °C until analysis, at this temperature the samples were stable for 8 weeks and for 1 day, respectively. 6-TGN and 6-MMP patient analysis values ranged from non detectable to 1569 mol/8 x 108 RBC (median of 200.50) and non detectable to 113057 mol/8 x 108 RBC (median of 5166), respectively. The correlations between 6-TGN or 6-MMP levels and variables sex, time post-transplant, number of transplants and AZA dosage (mg/kg) were examined in different groups. The proposed HPLC method has a good cost-benefit ratio, is straightforward, precise, accurate and fast at the determining 6-TGN and 6-MMP concentrations in red blood cells of patients under AZA therapy. The validated method is good enough to enable the laboratory to routinely provide useful and accurate pharmacokinetic data in time to adjust patient regimens. It can be easily adopted for routine analysis of these drug metabolites. The results of patient samples are in agreement with others studies, thus certifying the usefulness of this analytical tool in monitoring of patients

A azatioprina (AZA) é um imunossupressor utilizado no tratamento de doenças autoimunes como lúpus eritematoso sistêmico, doença de Crohn, doença inflamatória intestinal e contra a rejeição em transplantes de órgãos sólidos. Após mais de 40 anos de uso a AZA continua exercendo um papel central nos regimes imunomoduladores, devido ao fato de combinar eficácia, segurança e baixo custo. Sabe-se que a atividade da tiopurina metiltransferase pode determinar, pelo menos em parte, a eficácia clínica da AZA. Esta enzima apresenta polimorfismo genético co-dominante e a distribuição dos alelos variantes é significativamente diferente entre as populações. A grande variabilidade farmacocinética no metabolismo AZA justifica a sua monitorização terapêutica. Neste trabalho otimizou-se uma metodologia para a quantificação dos metabólitos da AZA, 6-TGN e 6-MMP, por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC/UV-Vis), utilizando-se um detector de ultravioleta-visível em um único comprimento de onda, após a amostra passar por uma desproteinização ácida simples e ser aquecida para a conversão dos metabólitos em suas respectivas bases livres. Os valores destes metabólitos foram determinados em uma população de 124 pacientes transplantados renais. Para adequarmos o processo às legislações locais e internacionais, foram seguidas orientações da Anvisa, FDA e CLSI. A separação foi realizada em coluna de fase reversa, sendo a fase móvel A fosfato de potássio e a fase móvel B metanol. A detecção da 6-TGN e da 6-MMP foi realizada em 342 m (UV-Vis). O estudo da linearidade da 6-TGN variou entre 0,30 e 89,71 mol/L e da 6-MMP entre 0,30 e 93,86 mol/L. As recuperações, de 95,08 a 100,80% para 6-TGN e 95,38 a 105,06% para 6-MMP. Os CV da repetibilidade, de 0,04 a 5,06%, enquanto os CV da reprodutibilidade de 4,88 a 12,73% para 6-TGN e 6-MMP. Para ambos os metabólitos o LD e o LQ foram de 0,30 mol/L e 0,13 mol/L. Os eritrócitos lavados e as amostras tratadas, prontas para a injeção no HPLC, foram armazenadas abaixo de -5°C até a análise. Nesta temperatura estiveram estáveis durante 8 semanas e 1 dia, respectivamente. Os valores das concentrações de 6-TGN e 6-MMP encontrados nas amostras dos pacientes variaram entre não detectável a 1569 mol/8 x 108 RBC (mediana de 200,50) e não detectável a 113057 mol/8 x 108 RBC (mediana de 5166), respectivamente. As correlações entre os níveis de 6-TGN ou 6-MMP e as variáveis sexo, tempo pós-transplante, número de transplantes e dosagem de AZA (mg/kg) foram examinadas em diferentes grupos. O método proposto apresenta boa relação custo-benefício, é simples, preciso e rápido na determinação das concentrações intraeritrocitárias de 6-TGN e 6-MMP em pacientes sob terapia com AZA. O método validado permite que o laboratório forneça dados farmacocinéticos úteis e precisos para o ajuste do tratamento do paciente e pode ser facilmente adaptado para a análise rotineira destes metabólitos. Os resultados das amostras dos pacientes estão de acordo com os encontrados em outros estudos, atestando a utilidade dessa ferramenta analítica no acompanhamento dos pacientes / Azathioprine (AZA) is an immunosuppressant used in autoimmune pathologies like lupus erythematosus, Chrons disease, inflammatory bowel disease and against rejection in solid organs transplant. After more than 40 years of use, AZA continues exerting a central role in immunomodulatory regimens, due to the fact that it combines effectiveness, safety and low cost. It is well known that thiopurine methyltransferase activity may determine, at least in part, the clinical efficacy of AZA therapy. This enzyme exhibits codominant genetic polymorphism and the distribution of these variant alleles differs significantly among populations. The considerable pharmacokinetic variability in AZA metabolism justify the therapeutic drug monitoring of this drug. In this work a methodology was improved to quantify the metabolites of AZA, 6-TGN and 6-MMP, by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC/UV-Vis) with an ultraviolet-visible detector, using a single wavelength reading, following a simple acid deproteinization and heating to convert the metabolites into their respective free bases. The values of these metabolites were determined in a population of 124 renal transplant recipients. To adequate the process to international and local legislation, Anvisa, FDA and CLSI guidelines were followed. Separation was achieved on a reversed-phase column; mobile phase A potassium phosphate and mobile phase B methanol. Detection of 6-TGN and 6-MMP was performed at 342 m (UV-Vis). Assay linearity for 6-TGN ranged from 0.30 to 89.71 mol/L and from 0.30 to 93.86 mol/L for 6-MMP. The recoveries were 95.08, 97.76 and 100.80% for 6-TGN and 104.79, 95.38 and 105.06% for 6-MMP. Repeatability CV were 3.50, 5.06, 1.09 and 0.04, 0.35, 1.58%, while reproducibility CV were 8.65, 7.18, 8.44 and 12.73, 6.40, 4.88% for 6-TGN and 6-MMP, respectively. LOQ and LOD of 6-TNG and 6-MMP were respectively 0.30 mol/L and 0.13 mol/L for both metabolites. The washed erythrocytes and the samples treated and ready for injection into the HPLC system were stored below -5 °C until analysis, at this temperature the samples were stable for 8 weeks and for 1 day, respectively. 6-TGN and 6-MMP patient analysis values ranged from non detectable to 1569 mol/8 x 108 RBC (median of 200.50) and non detectable to 113057 mol/8 x 108 RBC (median of 5166), respectively. The correlations between 6-TGN or 6-MMP levels and variables sex, time post-transplant, number of transplants and AZA dosage (mg/kg) were examined in different groups. The proposed HPLC method has a good cost-benefit ratio, is straightforward, precise, accurate and fast at the determining 6-TGN and 6-MMP concentrations in red blood cells of patients under AZA therapy. The validated method is good enough to enable the laboratory to routinely provide useful and accurate pharmacokinetic data in time to adjust patient regimens. It can be easily adopted for routine analysis of these drug metabolites. The results of patient samples are in agreement with others studies, thus certifying the usefulness of this analytical tool in monitoring of patients

Orientadores: Elizete Aparecida Lomazi da Costa Pinto, Maria Marluce dos Santos Vilela / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T21:25:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Davanco_Taciana_D.pdf: 2427326 bytes, checksum: 95e80c1ee79f6b95668f4d4d893d1a87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A Doença de Crohn (DC) e uma desordem inflamatória intestinal crônica, com evidencia de inflamação transmural granulomatosa da mucosa. Ha aumento da permeabilidade intestinal, redução da atividade do sistema muco ciliar, alterações nas junções epiteliais, deficiência de oligoelementos ate desnutrição grave. A etiopatogenia permanece e desconhecida, mas ha hipóteses sobre a genética da doença e alterações da regulação da resposta imune da mucosa para a microbiota intestinal. O diagnostico e estabelecido pelos sintomas e sinais, imagens da endoscopia e radiologia, e histologia do tecido intestinal. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar o efeito de um concentrado de proteínas de soro de leite bovino enriquecido com TGF-? sobre a inflamação e o estado nutricional dos pacientes com DC sob terapia com azatioprina sozinha ou combinada com anti-TNF? (infliximab). O desenho do estudo e prospectivo e de intervenção via oral por dezesseis semanas com um concentrado de proteínas do soro de leite enriquecido com TGF-?. Foram realizadas analises de composição centesimal, grau de hidrolise, solubilidade e determinação total de aminoácidos do suplemento da proteína do soro de leite bovino. A ingestão alimentar e estado nutricional foram avaliados antes e apos a intervenção. Para avaliação sensorial do suplemento foi aplicado teste de aceitação utilizando escala hedônica facial de 9 pontos. A inflamação foi avaliada antes, durante e apos a intervenção, através da medida do índice de atividade da doença e da dosagem do sistema oxidante H2O2 pelos granulócitos e antioxidante enzimatico da Glutationa eritrocitaria (GSH). O grupo total de pacientes com doença de Crohn apresentou, em sua maioria, consumo adequado de carboidratos e lipídeos, e o consumo de proteína foi superior ao recomendado em mais da metade dos pacientes. Constatou-se inadequação na ingestão de vitaminas A, C, D, E, fibras, cálcio, folato, ferro e zinco. A ingestão de proteínas do soro de leite resultou em melhora da composição corporal dos pacientes. A avaliação sensorial mostrou que cerca de 30% dos indivíduos gostaram do suplemento com relação a todos os atributos avaliados, já metade deles não gostaram e 20% o classificaram como "mais ou menos". A avaliação clinica pelo Índice de atividade da Doença de Crohn (IADC), mostrou que a suplementação nutricional no grupo de pacientes sob terapia combinada Azatioprina e Infliximab reduziu significativamente o IADC revelado pela melhora dos sintomas clínicos dos pacientes. O grupo de pacientes que apresentava a DC com sintomas mais leves estava sob terapia com AZA sozinha e mostrou produção de GSH similar ao controle saudável. No entanto, o grupo sob terapia combinada AZA + anti- TNF-? (Infliximab) apresentou valores de GSH significativamente mais elevados do que o controle saudável antes (p=0,023) e apos a suplementação (p<0,01). Do mesmo modo, valores significativamente mais altos de GSH no grupo da terapia combinada antes (p=0,048) e apos a suplementação foi observado quando comparado ao grupo AZA. Os valores mais elevados de GSH no grupo de terapia combinada podem ser interpretados como efeito dessa terapia, combinada, uma vez que não se observou diferença significativa quando se comparou os valores de GSH antes e apos receber a suplementação. " Em relação a produção basal de H2O2, o grupo de pacientes sob terapia com AZA sozinha mostrou resultados similares ao controle saudável, enquanto o grupo sob terapia combinada mostrou valores inferiores significativos (p<0,01) em relação ao controle saudável. A capacidade máxima de produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio não apresentou diferença significativa entre o controle saudável e os pacientes em uso de imunossupressores. Como também não foi observada diferença significativa entre H2O2 antes e apos a suplementação. Esses resultados demonstram, pela primeira vez, que a terapia combinada na DC reduz de modo acentuado a geração de espécies reativas do oxigênio por granulócitos e, o aumento de GSH encontrado nesses pacientes, reforça seu relevante papel no equilíbrio do balanço H2O2 (oxidante) versus GSH (antioxidante). Com resultados de H2O2 tão baixos e de GSH mais elevados no grupo de pacientes sob terapia combinada, o suplemento oferecido a esses pacientes pode ser metabolizado e aproveitado de modo a ter impacto na melhora no IADC e na composição corporal. O grupo sob terapia combinada, mas não suplementado, não apresentou melhora do IADC nem do índice de massa corporal. Esses resultados são muito relevantes uma vez que os pacientes ao iniciarem a terapia combinada apresentavam doença de moderada para grave e ao receberem o suplemento já se encontravam com o IADC ?150. Nessa fase, o suplemento teve sua contribuição porque não havia mais desequilíbrio no sistema oxidante versus antioxidante. Alem disso, o curto período de 16 semanas de suplementação com o concentrado de proteína do soro de leite enriquecido com TGF- ? foi suficiente para promover melhoras no IADC e no Índice de massa corporal. Concluímos que o suplemento tem grande potencial para ser comercializado e auxiliar na melhoria da clinica de indivíduos com doença de Crohn. Entretanto, para encorajar a suplementação com o concentrado de soro de leite enriquecido com TGF- ? de modo regular e fundamental melhorar a qualidade sensorial do produto / Abstract: Crohn's disease (AD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disorder, with evidence of transmural granulomatous inflammation of the mucosa. There is increased intestinal permeability, reduced the activity of the ciliary mucus, changes in epithelial junctions, and trace element deficiency to severe malnutrition. The etiopathogenesis remains an enigma, but there are hypotheses about the genetics of disease and changes in regulation of the mucosal immune response to intestinal microbiota. The diagnosis is established by the symptoms and signs, endoscopy and radiology images, and histology of the intestinal tissue. The objective of this research was to investigate the role of a protein concentrate of whey enriched with TGF-? on inflammation and nutritional status of patients with Crohn's disease under treatment with azathioprine alone or combined with anti-TNF (infliximab). The study design is prospective and intervention orally for sixteen weeks with a protein concentrate of whey enriched with TGF-?. Were analyzed for chemical composition, degree of hydrolysis, solubility and total amino acid determination of protein supplementation of whey. Dietary intake and nutritional status were evaluated before and after intervention. To supplement the sensory evaluation test was applied for acceptance facial hedonic scale of 9 points. Inflammation was assessed before, during and after the intervention by measuring the index of disease activity and dosage of the oxidant system H2O2 by granulocytes and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme glutathione (GSH). The total group of patients with Crohn's disease had, in most cases, adequate intake of carbohydrates and lipids, and protein consumption was higher than recommended in more than half of patients. It was found inadequate intake of vitamins A, C, D, E, fiber, calcium, folate, iron and zinc. Protein intake of whey resulted in improved body composition of patients. The sensory evaluation showed that about 30% of individuals liked the supplement with respect to all attributes, since half of them did not like and 20% classified it as "more or less". The clinical activity index for Crohn's disease (CDAI), showed that nutritional supplementation in patients under azathioprine and infliximab combination therapy significantly reduced the IADC revealed by the improvement of clinical symptoms of patients. The group of patients who presented with the DC milder symptoms were being treated with AZA alone and showed production of GSH similar to healthy control. However, the AZA group under combined therapy + anti-TNF-? (infliximab) had GSH values significantly higher than healthy controls before (p = 0.023) and after supplementation (p <0.01). Similarly, significantly higher values of GSH in the combined therapy group before (p = 0.048) and after supplementation was observed when compared to the AZA group. Highest levels of GSH in the combined therapy group can be interpreted as an effect of this therapy, combined, since there was no significant difference when comparing the values before and after receiving GSH supplementation. "In relation to the basal production of H2O2, the group of patients on AZA therapy alone showed similar results to healthy control, while the group under combined therapy showed significant lower values (p <0.01) compared to healthy control. The ability Maximum production of reactive oxygen species showed no significant difference between healthy control and patients using immunosuppressive drugs. Nor was no significant difference between H2O2 before and after supplementation. These results demonstrate for the first time that therapy combined in DC markedly reduces the generation of reactive oxygen species by granulocytes and the increase of GSH found in these patients, strengthen its important role in balancing the balance sheet H2O2 (oxidative) versus GSH (antioxidant). With results of H2O2 as low GSH and higher in the group of patients on combination therapy, the supplement offered to these patients could be metabolized and used in order to have an impact on improvement in CDAI and body composition. The group under combined therapy, but not supplementation, showed no improvement in the CDAI or the body mass index. These results are very relevant since patients starting combination therapy had moderate to severe disease and to receive the supplement has met with the CDAI ? 150. At this stage, the supplement had its contribution because there was an imbalance in oxidant versus antioxidant system. Moreover, the short period of 16 weeks of supplementation with protein concentrate of whey enriched with TGF-? was sufficient to promote improvements in CDAI and Score body mass. We conclude that the supplement has great potential to be commercialized and help to improve the clinic from individuals with Crohn's disease. However, to encourage supplementation with the concentrate of whey enriched with TGF-? on a regular basis is essential to improve the sensory quality of the product / Doutorado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Doutor em Saude da Criança e do Adolescente