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This thesis is about processes and lived experiences of inhabiting urban contexts deeply and continuously impacted by migration driven population changes. It builds on an ethnographic study of a neighbourhood in Istanbul known as Kumkapı, which over recent decades has emerged as a zone of arrival and initial settlement for successive new waves of migrants coming from an ever more expanding geography. Consequently, today it stands as one of Istanbul's most diverse residential neighbourhoods, with its population differentiated on innumerable fronts including ethnicity, religion, race, gender and age composition, legal rights and statuses, migration channels and intentions, employment opportunities, and the like. In this dissertation I apply a novel theoretical approach drawing on the concept of dwelling for understanding how residents of Kumkapı relate to their environment and make sense of it. I propose three lines of argument that unfold sequentially through the organizing structure of the thesis. Firstly, I argue that comprehending urban contexts of migration driven diversity through a dwelling lens allows one to recognize the different temporalities that are at play in shaping the present moment. There are multiple pasts and futures inhabiting the present, shaping material forms, daily rhythms, systems of differentiation, and socialization patterns. Secondly, I argue that a dwelling lens positions the private sphere at the centre of diversification processes and recognizes space beyond its containing capacities. The ethnography explores the diverse reasons, conditions and temporalities of inhabiting Kumkapı today and how this diversity in turn leads to a breadth of residential practices. Thirdly, I argue that dwelling in urban contexts of migration driven diversity is very often characterized by a deep sense of ambivalence and continuous acts of balancing to cope with these conflicting factors simultaneously infringing upon people's lives. In building these arguments, the thesis draws together migration and urban research both within and outside anthropology in a novel way, while also contributing to scholarly debates on various themes including, home and housing, ethnicity, race, gender, informality and conviviality.

Inter-regional migration within the United States was studied in order to ascertain its effects on changes in civil rights attitudes. From a nationwide sample, white respondents were initially classified as being from the South or the non-South. Within these two groups, respondents were further classified as being original inhabitants or migrants from the other region. Civil rights attitude was measured with an index constructed from attitudinal items employed in the national survey. Relationships among variables were analyzed using Multiple Classification Analysis. White Southerners were found to be more conservative in regard to civil rights attitudes than white non-Southerners. Migrants from the non-South to the South held more conservative civil rights attitudes than original Northerners, but were not as conservative in this regard as original Southerners. Migrants from the South to the non-South exhibited more liberal civil rights attitudes than original Southerners. However, these migrants were not as liberal in this area as original non-Southerners. These findings lend support to the migrant resocialization hypothesis. Inter-regional migration tends to bring about a shift in reference group affiliations. This shift in reference groups leads to a modification in civil rights attitudes.

Central American immigrant women living in the Mexico-Guatemala border city of Tapachula routinely face multiple barriers to availing themselves and their children of rights entitled to them by law. In many cases, these denials unfold at the scale of the everyday, through interactions with low-to mid-level officials. As embodiments of the state, low-to mid-level officials such as bureaucrats, educators, social workers and healthcare officials possess the power to regulate immigrant citizenship and belonging through their everyday actions. However, we know very little about how officials working on the ground interpret and implement their power on an everyday basis; how this impacts immigrant experience and exercise of social and political citizenship rights; and how immigrants in turn respond to and negotiate results of interactions in their lives. Women and their Mexican-born children are disproportionately affected by this phenomenon, inducing consequences, such as exclusion from political and social citizenship, barring of children from the education system, and increased vulnerability to exploitation and domestic violence. Building upon literature on the changing geographies of the state, citizenship and migration in Geography, this dissertation seeks to broaden and deepen our understanding of how interactions between immigrant women and the micro-level state play out at the scale of the everyday and how these processes are significant in the lives of immigrants as well as low-to mid-level officials. Another goal of this work is to go beyond one-sided views of officials, to understand the overarching institutional contexts for their actions. To meet these objectives, I analyze data obtained during over a year of fieldwork conducted in Tapachula. My research consisted of in-depth interviews with low-to mid-level officials and Central American immigrant women, participatory workshops, and participant observation working in a local government agency. My findings suggest that low-to-mid level officials' actions constitute a form of everyday restriction, which, implemented through minute, mundane actions has major impacts on immigrant women's sense of citizenship in Tapachula. However, officials' actions are informed by complex institutional and socio-spatial factors and power-relations, which provide valuable context for our understanding of this phenomenon. / text

Migration histories of a sample of the population in a small urban place--Creel, Chihuahua, Mexico were analyzed and compared to the results from studies of several large urban places in Latin America to see if patterns of migration and factors associated with the migratory process are similar or different. Seven basic hypotheses obtained from prior theoretical works and empirical studies were investigated. The examination of migration to Creel and of Creel migrant characteristics revealed both similarities to and differences from previous examinations of larger urban areas in Latin America. Generalizations concerning reasons for migration, return migration, the northern push tendency, chain migration, duration of residence, and educational selectivity were confirmed in the Creel study. However, little support was found for the stage migration model, employment and age selectivity, and fertility characteristics. Furthermore, hypotheses that were consistent with those from large urban places, such as those concerning the reasons for migration and return migration differed in their magnitude. This research demonstrated that the migration process in a small urban place in Latin America is not consistent in all aspects with those occurring in large urban places. Future research is needed in studying the small urban place, and perhaps every stage of the stage migration model via migration and life histories. Work is also needed in reevaluating the stage migration model. When more extensive analyses are undertaken, then and only then, can adequate comparisons be made which hopefully will lend to the emergence of a more adequate middle range theory. Migration and life histories certainly seem to show theoretical and methodological promise in advancing the study of internal migration in Latin America Hopefully other studies of this nature will follow in order to further our understanding of this complex phenomenon.

Historically, as a consequence of the transit function of Panama's economy and the concentration of its economic activities in one specific geographic area, three societal processes have become strongly interrelated. First, economic growth has been concentrated in the tertiary sector. Second, an imbalance has occurred in the extent to which each economic sector generates and can absorb the Panamanian labor force. Third, population has shifted to the urban and metropolitan Province of Panama as a result of strong rural to urban migration, generating a disproportionate population distribution. In this study, migration flows in Panama and the changes in economic and social conditions in both the rural sending areas and in the urban receiving areas in the last two decades have been examined. The Province of Panama continued to be the most populous province (46 percent of the country's total population in 1990) and the principal receiving area for most rural to urban migrants. However, in the most recent 1985-1990 period the Province of Panama was also the province with the highest out-migration. The out-migration flow from the Province of Panama to the rural provinces that previously had the highest out-migration to Panama was found indicative of return migration to these areas. This phenomenon is a new development and has not been reported in the literature on internal migration for earlier periods in Panama. Selected theoretical propositions concerning basic relations between economic, demographic, and social factors and the volume and direction of migration in the Republic of Panama in the period 1970-1990 were tested. Data for this study are from the 1970, 1980 and 1990 Panama National Censuses of Population and Housing. The content of this present study not only describes and details the patterns of migration but also helps explain the principal factors affecting that process in Panama during the last two decades.

<p>This thesis explores the phenomenon of canonical revision by migrant and postcolonial writers in Spain and Italy. By recycling, rewriting or revising canonical works or film movements of the host countries in which they work, these writers call attention to Spain's and Italy's concerted attempts to perform a European identity. In doing so, they simultaneously challenge the literary categories into which they have been inserted, such as "migrant" or "Hispano-African" literatures. Rather, these writers illustrate that these categories, too, work in tandem with other forms of exclusion to buttress, rather than challenge, Spain and Italy's nationalist attempts to overcome their-"South-ness" and perform European-ness.</p><p>The thesis consists of four chapters, each focusing on a different migrant writer. The first chapter examines how Amara Lakhous, an Algerian-Italian writer, models his novels after the film genre of the commedia all'italiana in order to make national and ethnic identity categories look like theater and spectacle. The second chapter analyzes how Najat el-Hachmi, a Catalan writer of Moroccan birth, rewrites a classic of Catalan literature (Mercé Rodoreda's The Time of the Doves) to challenge the oppositions between "immigrant" and "native," while also articulating a transnational, feminist critique of patriarchy. The third chapter studies how Francisco Zamora Loboch, an Equatorial Guinean exile in Spain, re-interprets Don Quijote as an iconically anti-racist text. The fourth chapter studies how Jadelin Mabiala Gangbo, a Congolese-Italian writer, recycles Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet in his novel Rometta e Giulieo in order to challenge the polarized dichotomy of "migrant" and "canonical" writing.</p><p>My work both draws on and critiques several, interrelated fields of scholarship, including Southern European studies, Afro-European studies, Mediterranean studies, migrant literary studies, and postcolonial studies, as well as criticism pertaining to specific canonical works these writers revisit in their works. In doing so, I hope to demonstrate that a critique of racism or xenophobia in contemporary Spain or Italy necessitates not only a critique of the Global South against Eurocentrism, but also a simultaneous critique of Europe's North-South divide.</p> / Dissertation

This paper investigates the influence of individual level factors and social capital on fear ofcrime construction amongst citizens and non-citizens in a cross-national context. Regressionanalysis of the European Social Survey (Round 9) demonstrated that the relative importanceof socio-economic individual level factors is stable across countries and consistent withprevious research. Contradictory to theoretical assumptions, only marginal differences in fearof crime levels, social trust levels and attitudes were found when natives and non-nativeswere compared, even when controlling for confounding variables. Furthermore, the researchhighlights and confirms the explanatory power of social trust in explaining differing fear ofcrime levels. The relative importance of environmental factors and shortcomings ofmeasuring fear of crime with a single item indicator are emphasized.

The intent of this thesis is to examine current perceptions that U.S. Americans have about immigrants coming to the U.S. illegally/ undocumented. There is currently an ongoing debate around immigration in today's political climate. Historically, immigration has always happened in the U.S. and has sparked a vast array of feelings from the U.S. population (Obinna 2018). This study aims to contribute to the existing literature on undocumented immigration to the U.S. and opinion surrounding it. The current study uses the opinion of 177 people to compare current perceptions of undocumented people based on gender, income, and political standing. This study found that income was not related to opinion on immigration. Specific questions regarding border control, undocumented immigrants as a problem, and whether children and families should be detained were found to be answered differently based on gender. It also found that those who identified as more conservative-leaning had more negative opinions surrounding undocumented immigrants.

Abstract: Anthropological accounts of the state are often voiced from the perspective of the public, demonstrating the potential for danger or illegibility in encounters with the state. Less has been said, however, about how functionaries of the state perceive their interactions with the public. This perspectival bias needs to be overcome through ethnographies of the state, which can help scholars to look critically at our understanding of the state in everyday practice. This article examines one such “illegible” state bureaucracy, the Immigration Services Branch of the South African Department of Home Affairs, documenting some of the factors which inform the actions of street-level bureaucrats. It illustrates how officials develop systems of meaning to help them navigate the challenges posed by a mysterious populace and an unpredictable management hierarchy, and to effectively stabilize these two unstable entities. These systems of meaning also enable officials to act in ways which might run counter to official discourse, while simultaneously upholding its legitimacy. Their efforts at stabilization therefore incite a destabilization of the state, leading it to appear as “magical” or “illegible” to the public.