No description available.

No description available.

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship and comparisons of athletic amenorrhea and bone mineral density in adolescent, cross-country runners. Subjects: Twenty-eight female adolescent cross-country runners (Mean Age + SD = 15.0 + 1.3 years); consisting of seventeen eumenorrheics & eleven amenorrheics. Design: The design consisted of a sixmonth longitudinal design in which the subjects were measured before and after cross-country season for height, weight, and lean tissue (LT), body fat (BF), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone mineral density (BMD) using whole-body scan densitiometry with a Lunar Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometer (DXA). Run performance, weekly training volumes, menstrual dysfunction, menarchal age, nutritional information, and stress fractures were reported by the subjects. Statistical analyses consisted of Pearson product-moment and partial correlations to examine the associations of the variables, paired t-tests to measure seasonal body composition changes, multivariate analysis (MANOVA & MANCOVA) to investigate the subgroup differences of variables, and simple linear regression to determine the best body composition predictor variable for BMD. Results: The eumenorrheic subgroup's BMD was significantly greater than the amenorrheic subgroup's BMD (F(1, 54) = 16.22, p<.05, partial h² =.231). The eumenorrheic subgroup's bodyweight (F(1, 54) = 7.65, p<.05, partial h² =.124), BF (F(1, 54) = 8.56, p<.05, partial h² =.137), and BMC (F(1, 54) = 8.52, p<.05, partial h² =.136) were significantly greater than the amenorrheic subgroup. There was also a significant seasonal increase in BMD (t(27) = -4.01, p <.05) for the overall group. Bodyweight was the body composition component that best predicted BMD (F(1, 26) = 46.434, p<.05, R² =.641). There were no significant subgroup differences with respect to run performance, stress fractures, and nutritional supplementation. Conclusions: Athletic amenorrhea was highly associated with lower levels of BMD in adolescent, cross-country runners. Athletic amenorrhea was also highly associated with lower levels of bodyweight, BF, and BMC in adolescent cross-country runners. Finally, cross-country running was highly associated with increased BMD in adolescent athletes. Implications: The long-term implication of the study is that subjects with lower levels of BMD may be at a greater risk of osteoporosis. Recommendations: Educate and instruct runners to utilize proper training methods so the healthful benefits of crosscountry running, as well as improved performance, are obtained.

Doctor en Ciencias de los Materiales, Mención Ciencia de los Materiales / En las últimas décadas la nanociencia y la nanotecnología han experimentado un gran progreso, destacándose los nanomateriales multifuncionales magnéticos-luminiscentes para aplicaciones en nanomedicina. El objetivo principal de la presente tesis fue desarrollar un nanomaterial multifuncional magnético -luminiscente a partir de magnetita mineral. Esta tesis esta divida en tres etapas: i) Síntesis de los precursores, ii) síntesis de nanocompuestos magnéticos poliméricos y, iii) síntesis de nanocompuestos magnéticos con polímeros conjugados. En la síntesis de los precursores se obtuvieron nanopartículas de óxido de hierro a partir de magnetita mineral con tamaños de 34 nm (M1), 28 nm (M2) y 8 nm (M3). De acuerdo con las propiedades magnéticas éstas nanopartículas presentan superparamagnetismo. Las nanopartículas de la muestra M3 fueron expuestas a la oxidación en medio acuoso, lo cual le entregó a las nanopartículas una configuración del tipo multicapas. Mediante la espectroscopia RAMAN de las nanopartículas se determinó que la magnetita se encuentra en mayor proporción. La modificación superficial de las nanopartículas se realizó con un iniciador de polimerización, por medio de dos métodos de síntesis, directo y por intercambio de ligando, de donde se demostró que este último incorpora un mayor porcentaje de moléculas de iniciador sobre la superficie, lo que se traduce en una mayor posibilidad de polimerizar. Por otro lado, se sintetizó y caracterizó un nuevo monómero bifuncional (MDF) que contiene dos grupos polimerizables metacrilato y tiofeno. En una etapa II, el monómero difuncional es polimerizado desde la superficie de las nanopartículas de óxido de hierro modificadas con el iniciador, para dar lugar al nanocompuesto magnético polimérico (P1). El polímero obtenido presenta una polidispersidad de 1.1 y un peso molecular de 58000 g/mol. En la tercera etapa el nanocompuesto magnético polimérico se copolimerizó con un monómero conjugado, 3,4-etilendioxitiofeno (EDOT) entregando un producto con una morfología esférica (diámetro entre 1-5 m). Este material presentó superparamagnetismo con un valor de susceptibilidad magnética de 0.9 emu/g y fotoluminiscencia a una longitud de onda de 474 nm. Se concluye que el nanocompuesto magnético con polímero conjugado puede ser obtenido en solo dos pasos de síntesis y la metodología implica un distanciamiento entre el centro magnético y el componente luminiscente. Una perspectiva a futuro implica un estudio de la variación del material orgánico en función de la luminiscencia. / In the last decades the nanoscience and the nanotechnology have experienced great progress highlighting the magnetic-luminescent multifunctional nanomaterials fornanomedicine. The main objective of this thesis was to develop a magnetic-luminescent multifunctional nanomaterial from mineral magnetite. This thesis is divided into three parts:i) synthesis of precursors, ii) synthesis of polymer magnetic nancomposite and, iii) synthesis of magnetic nanocomposite with a conjugated polymer. In the synthesis of precursors, iron oxide nanoparticles have been obtained from magnetite mineral with sizes of 34 nm (M1), 28 nm (M2) and 8 nm(M3). According to magnetic properties, these nanoparticles present superparamagnetism. Sample M3 nanoparticles were exposed to oxidation in aqueous medium, which produced nanoparticles with a multilayer type configuration. By means of RAMAN spectroscopy was determined that the nanoparticles present a great proportion of magnetite. Nanoparticles surface modification was carried out with a polymerization initiator, by two methods, direct and ligand exchange, this last one incorporates a greater percentage of initiator molecules on to the surface , which results in a greater possibility to polymerize. On the other hand, a new bifunctional monomer was synthesized and characterized, containing two polymerizable groups, methacrylate and thiophene. In a step II, difunctional monomer is polymerized from the surface of the iron oxide modified nanoparticles with the initiator, giving rise to a magnetic polymeric nanocomposite (P1). The polymer obtained presents a polidispersity of 1.1 and a molecular weight of 58000 g/mol. In the third step, the magnetic polymeric nanocompositewas copolymerized with the monomer, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) bringing a product with a spherical morphology of the order of micrometers (1-5 m). This material showed superparamagnetism with a magnetization 0.9 emu / g and photoluminescence at 474 nm. Is concluded that magnetic nanocomposite with conjugated polymer can be obtained in only two synthetic step sand involves a distancing between the magnetic center and the luminescent component. A future perspective implies a study of the variation of the organic material as function of the luminescence. / Este trabajo ha sido parcialmente financiado por el Proyecto de apoyo a tesis N° 24110168 de Conicyt

Thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, School of Mining Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2018 / Iron ore prices rallied from USD15/DMT during 2004 and experienced a significant drop from USD 140/DMT during the latter part of 2013. The purpose of the work is to identify the key drivers impacting on iron ore demand globally. Understanding the supply and demand balance and impact on price, is key to informed decision making relating to the iron ore business. The research methodology applied largely followed a quantitative methodology. Key drivers of iron ore demand, supply and demand balance and the impact on price were evaluated. The method applied consisted of gathering data from secondary sources and a detailed quantitative analysis on GDP, stage of economic development, steel consumption, supply and demand of iron ore and intensity of use. Approximately 98% of all iron ore is used for steel making and on that basis steel consumption is the primary driver for iron ore demand. Steel is mostly used for construction and manufacturing and is driven by emerging economies of which China is currently the largest contributor. Global GDP growth correlates well with steel consumption and is primarily driven by emerging economies. Urbanisation was and still is a key driver for construction in China, to provide housing and related infrastructure for transportation and services. Scrap steel recycling, currently at 15%, affect the demand for new steel and indirectly iron ore. Iron ore is abundant and can easily meet the demand. The significant growth from 2004/5 to 2013/14 and the unprecedented demand for steel resulted in elevated iron ore prices, introducing high cost iron ore, predominantly from Chinese State owned companies. From late 2013, the iron ore prices reduced significantly. This was mainly due to the steel consumption in China slowing down; delivering of large scale, low cost iron ore projects in Australia and Brazil and a significant reduction in oil prices. The key drivers impacting iron ore demand is: global GDP growth, industrialisation and urbanisation of emerging economies, recycling of steel, supply and demand balance of iron ore, the cost of production and the price of global iron ore. For the medium term outlook, the iron ore market will be structurally over-supplied and, as a result, the demand could be met at significantly lower cost of production levels than that seen during the period leading up to the price collapse in 2013. This is primarily because of the increase in low-cost supply from the major suppliers displacing higher cost producers. China will continue to grow and drive the global demand for steel and iron ore during the medium term albeit at much lower rates when compared to the last decade. The demand for steel will increase until 2020 according to various analyst views. The iron ore prices are expected to trade between USD50/DMT to USD70/DMT from 2016 to 2020 mainly because of the over-supply situation and demand being mostly met by large scale, low-cost producers. The decision around the continuation of high cost, state owned Chinese iron ore producers, new large-scale low cost production and the oil price will impact on the price outlook. / MT2018

Os cimentos MTA Angelus cinza, MTA Angelus branco e Sealapex acrescido de óxido de zinco (Sealapex consistente) foram avaliados quanto à sua capacidade seladora frente à infiltração bacteriana. Foram utilizados 80 dentes humanos uniradiculares extraídos, todos os dentes tiveram suas coroas removidas logo abaixo da junção cemento-esmalte e foram instrumentados até que uma lima tipo Kerr n.º 40 atingisse o comprimento de trabalho. As raízes foram divididas aleatoriamente em três grupos experimentais de 20 espécimes, um para cada cimento, e em dois grupos controles de 10 espécimes cada. As raízes foram apicectomizadas com um ângulo de 90º em relação ao longo eixo e foram confeccionadas retrocavidades de três milímetros de profundidade, as retrocavidades foram preenchidas com os cimentos e a superfície externa de todas as raízes foi impermeabilizada com Araldite com exceção da superfície apicectomizada. As raízes foram inseridas em tubos de microcentrífuga e fixadas com Araldite. O conjunto (raiz dental e tubo de microcentrífuga) foi esterilizado em óxido de etileno, e após a esterilização, foi montado em frascos tipo penicilina, contendo cinco mililitros de caldo BHI esterilizado. Após esse procedimento, depositamos 400µL da cultura de Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 no interior do tubo de microcentrífuga. O aparato (raiz, tubo de microcentrífuga, vidro e bactéria) foi mantido em estufa a 37°C, durante 120 dias para verificação da turvação do meio de cultura, indicativa de infiltração bacteriana, esse monitoramento foi realizado diariamente. Durante este período ocorreram infiltrações em 11 espécimes do grupo do MTA cinza, em 10 do Sealapex consistente e 9 espécimes do MTA branco. Aplicando o teste de Qui-Quadrado aos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que os cimentos testados comportaram-se de maneira semelhante frente à infiltração bacteriana durante o período experimental testado. / The cements gray MTA Angelus, white MTA Angelus and Sealapex added of zinc oxide (consistent Sealapex) were evaluated accordind to their sealer abilility to the bacterial leakage. Eighty single-rooted extracted human teeth were used, all of them had their crown removed. The roots were divided aleatory in three experimental groups of 20 specimen, one for each cement, and in two groups of controls of 10 specimen each. The roots were resectioned with a 90 angle in relation to the long opening and were made 3 millimeters retrocavities deep, the external surface of all of the roots was impermeabled with Araldite, except the resectioned one. The roots were put in tubes of microcentrifuge and fixed with Araldite. The set (radix dentis and the tube of microcentrifuge) was sterilized in ethylene oxide, before this sterilization the retrocavities were filled with the tested cements, and this set was assembled in vials such as penicillin, containing BHI broth sterile. After this procedure, we deposited 400µl of Enterococcus faecalis culture ATCC 29212 inside the tube of microcentrifuge. The display (root, tube of microcentrifuge, glass and bacterium) was kept in kiln 37º C, during 120 days to the examination of blurriness of the culture, indicated of bacterium leakage, being the culture media inside the tube of microcentrifuge renovating weekly. At this time appeared leakage in 11 specimen of the gray MTA group, in 10 of consistent Sealapex and 9 of white MTA. Applying the Chi-Square Test to the achieved results, it was concluded that the tested cements behaved similar to the bacterium leakage during the tested experimental period.

O início das atividades de mineração de carvão na Bacia Carbonífera de Santa Catarina data de 1.855 e, desde então, estas têm sido responsáveis por sérios danos causados ao meio ambiente, em especial aos recursos hídricos, causando o comprometimento da qualidade das águas dos mananciais de abastecimento da região pelo assoreamento e acidificação das drenagens, prejuízo às atividades agropecuárias e pesqueiras, doenças profissionais aos mineiros e aumento das doenças de vias respiratórias à população residente no entorno das minas, sendo considerada através do Decreto 80.206 de 25 de junho de 1.980 a 14ª Área Crítica para efeitos de Controle da Poluição e Conservação da Qualidade Ambiental. No inicio da década de 80, com a publicação da Portaria Interministerial 917 de julho de 1982, foram tomadas as primeiras providências oficiais de implementação de medidas mitigadoras dos impactos ambientais decorrentes da mineração de carvão em suas diversas fases. A partir desde quadro, o Centro Nacional de Controle da Poluição na Mineração, fruto do convênio entre o Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral (DNPM) e a Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) escolheu a região como uma das áreas de estudo. O presente trabalho está inserido no conjunto de estudos que vêm sendo realizados na região visando avaliar o impacto ambiental decorrente das atividades das empresas de mineração de carvão, com o objetivo de orientar os mineradores e sugerir ações mitigadoras do problema ambiental. Este trabalho apresenta um histórico da ocupação da região de Criciúma, sua vinculação à indústria do carvão, o progresso da legislação mineral e ambiental, e o acompanhamento periódico de parâmetros ambientais (análises físico-químicas da água dos rios Mãe Luzia e Sangão, e de efluentes de minerações) durante o período de três anos, desde antes da implantação de restrições ambientais até após a implantação de medidas mitigadoras por parte das empresas de mineração. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que, durante o período analisado, não houve melhora nas características das águas dos rios, apesar das medidas adotadas pelas minerações. Tal comportamento pode ser atribuído aos seguintes fatores: - existência de grande quantidade de minas abandonadas (principalmente após 1990, ano da desregulamentação do setor), que não completaram seus trabalhos de recuperação ambiental e, por conseguinte, continuam drenando águas ácidas; - nas sub-bacias dos rios Mãe Luzia e Sangão ocorrem áreas de despejos de rejeitos de forma desordenada, provavelmente vinculados às minerações abandonadas, que se constituem em fontes permanentes de geração de ácido sulfúrico; - as próprias minerações em funcionamento, e que vêm atendendo às exigências oficiais, drenam, eventualmente, efluentes, sem tratamento prévio, às drenagens da região. / The coal mining in the Santa Catarina Coal-Basin started in 1885 and since them it has been causing serious damage to the environment specially the water resources causing several problems like sedimentation and acidification of the rivers that supply the region, and compromising the agricultural-industry and fishery. The mining is also responsible for several professional diseases. The region was considered, in 1980, the \"14th Critical Area \"to the Pollution Control and Environmental Quality Conservation\". Only in the beginning of the 80\'s, after the publication of the 917 Interministerial Resolution (July, 1982), the first official actions were taken, in order to minimize the environmental impact due to the coal mining industry. With that scenario, the region was chosen as one of the study areas of the \"National Center of Control of Mining Pollution\", derived from na agreement between the Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral - DNPM and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The present study is part of the set of studies that have been realized in the region, with the aim of evaluating the environmental impact caused by the coal mining industry, and to suggest actions (to the miners) in order to minimize the environmental problems. This study presents a review of the occupation process of the Criciuma region, its connection to the coal industry, the progress of the mineral and environmental legislation, and the periodic monitoring of environmental parameters (physic-chemical analysis of the Mãe Luzia and Sangão rivers, and the drainage from two coal mines) during the period of three years. This period began before the setting of environmental restrictions, going up to after the adoption of reclamation actions. The results allow to conclude that, during the period studied, there was no improvement in the river water characteristics, despite the adoption of reclamation actions. This behavior may be due to the following factors: - there are several abandoned mines (mainly after 1990, year of the implantation of the free trade for the coal sector), that did not finish their reclamation works. These sites are still producing acid dranage; -in the sub-basins of the rivers Mãe Luzia and Sangão there are several dumping tailings, probably connected to abandoned mines. These tailings are permanent fonts of sulfuric acid; - even the mines in operation, in accordance with the official regulations, drain to the rivers, eventually, acid mine drainage, with no previous treatment.

O início das atividades de mineração de carvão na Bacia Carbonífera de Santa Catarina data de 1.855 e, desde então, estas têm sido responsáveis por sérios danos causados ao meio ambiente, em especial aos recursos hídricos, causando o comprometimento da qualidade das águas dos mananciais de abastecimento da região pelo assoreamento e acidificação das drenagens, prejuízo às atividades agropecuárias e pesqueiras, doenças profissionais aos mineiros e aumento das doenças de vias respiratórias à população residente no entorno das minas, sendo considerada através do Decreto 80.206 de 25 de junho de 1.980 a 14ª Área Crítica para efeitos de Controle da Poluição e Conservação da Qualidade Ambiental. No inicio da década de 80, com a publicação da Portaria Interministerial 917 de julho de 1982, foram tomadas as primeiras providências oficiais de implementação de medidas mitigadoras dos impactos ambientais decorrentes da mineração de carvão em suas diversas fases. A partir desde quadro, o Centro Nacional de Controle da Poluição na Mineração, fruto do convênio entre o Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral (DNPM) e a Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) escolheu a região como uma das áreas de estudo. O presente trabalho está inserido no conjunto de estudos que vêm sendo realizados na região visando avaliar o impacto ambiental decorrente das atividades das empresas de mineração de carvão, com o objetivo de orientar os mineradores e sugerir ações mitigadoras do problema ambiental. Este trabalho apresenta um histórico da ocupação da região de Criciúma, sua vinculação à indústria do carvão, o progresso da legislação mineral e ambiental, e o acompanhamento periódico de parâmetros ambientais (análises físico-químicas da água dos rios Mãe Luzia e Sangão, e de efluentes de minerações) durante o período de três anos, desde antes da implantação de restrições ambientais até após a implantação de medidas mitigadoras por parte das empresas de mineração. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que, durante o período analisado, não houve melhora nas características das águas dos rios, apesar das medidas adotadas pelas minerações. Tal comportamento pode ser atribuído aos seguintes fatores: - existência de grande quantidade de minas abandonadas (principalmente após 1990, ano da desregulamentação do setor), que não completaram seus trabalhos de recuperação ambiental e, por conseguinte, continuam drenando águas ácidas; - nas sub-bacias dos rios Mãe Luzia e Sangão ocorrem áreas de despejos de rejeitos de forma desordenada, provavelmente vinculados às minerações abandonadas, que se constituem em fontes permanentes de geração de ácido sulfúrico; - as próprias minerações em funcionamento, e que vêm atendendo às exigências oficiais, drenam, eventualmente, efluentes, sem tratamento prévio, às drenagens da região. / The coal mining in the Santa Catarina Coal-Basin started in 1885 and since them it has been causing serious damage to the environment specially the water resources causing several problems like sedimentation and acidification of the rivers that supply the region, and compromising the agricultural-industry and fishery. The mining is also responsible for several professional diseases. The region was considered, in 1980, the \"14th Critical Area \"to the Pollution Control and Environmental Quality Conservation\". Only in the beginning of the 80\'s, after the publication of the 917 Interministerial Resolution (July, 1982), the first official actions were taken, in order to minimize the environmental impact due to the coal mining industry. With that scenario, the region was chosen as one of the study areas of the \"National Center of Control of Mining Pollution\", derived from na agreement between the Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral - DNPM and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The present study is part of the set of studies that have been realized in the region, with the aim of evaluating the environmental impact caused by the coal mining industry, and to suggest actions (to the miners) in order to minimize the environmental problems. This study presents a review of the occupation process of the Criciuma region, its connection to the coal industry, the progress of the mineral and environmental legislation, and the periodic monitoring of environmental parameters (physic-chemical analysis of the Mãe Luzia and Sangão rivers, and the drainage from two coal mines) during the period of three years. This period began before the setting of environmental restrictions, going up to after the adoption of reclamation actions. The results allow to conclude that, during the period studied, there was no improvement in the river water characteristics, despite the adoption of reclamation actions. This behavior may be due to the following factors: - there are several abandoned mines (mainly after 1990, year of the implantation of the free trade for the coal sector), that did not finish their reclamation works. These sites are still producing acid dranage; -in the sub-basins of the rivers Mãe Luzia and Sangão there are several dumping tailings, probably connected to abandoned mines. These tailings are permanent fonts of sulfuric acid; - even the mines in operation, in accordance with the official regulations, drain to the rivers, eventually, acid mine drainage, with no previous treatment.

The aim of this research project is to provide the academic and industrial community with a numerical tool that can be used for describing extreme flow cavitation scenarios and the atomisation process of these multiphase jets in a low-pressure environment. The research lies in the intersection of Numerical Analysis, Applied Physics and programming. From the physical point of view, the project has two different strands: The first is developing a methodology for channel flows due to a rapid pressure drop which is possible to result into various flow regimes inside the channel. The second step is to track the liquid fragmentation of the liquid jet downstream the channel exit and describing the atomisation process to liquid ligaments and blobs to droplets. Using a fully Eulerian approach, this research aims towards a holistic approach that addresses some of the major challenges that govern superheated jets atomisation. The finite volumes method in a compressible framework is used utilising various models for modelling the underpinning physics of flashing jets. Flashing occurs either if a liquid follows an isothermal depressurisation or isobaric heating. In both cases, the fluid fails to adjust to the local changes in pressure and temperature admitting a metastable state which makes the process more challenging to understand. The Homogeneous-Relaxation-Model (HRM) is used for modelling the heat transfer under sudden depressurisation conditions accounting for the non-equilibrium vapour generation. A new pressure equation is proposed which employs the continuity equation indirectly. The pressure responds to compressibility and density changes due to the rapid phase change and includes the surface tension contribution in the pressure-velocity coupling algorithm. The coupling of the continuity and momentum equation with the HRM and the interface tracking method is thoroughly described. The result of this coupling is a conserved numerical method that is capable of characterising the flow regimes and the impact of bubble nucleation on the mass flow rate. The present study presents a numerical approach for simulating the atomisation of flashing liquids accounting for the distinct stages, from primary atomisation to secondary break-up to small droplets Following the Eulerian-Lagrangian-Spray-Atomisation approach, the concept of the surface density Σ is introduced into the methodology for the spray dynamics. The proposed approach has the advantage of avoiding the unrealistic common assumption of pure liquid at the nozzle exit. It models the change in the regime inside the nozzle treating flashing in a unified approach simulating the metastable jet both inside and outside the nozzle. Important mechanisms such as thermal non-equilibrium, aerodynamic break-up, droplet collisions and evaporation are modelled in a novel atomisation model. The modified Σ- equation employed a new source term proposed for cryogenic jets. A wide range of numerical tests is presented for validation and obtaining insights for the underlying physics. Short and long nozzle geometries are tested for both low and high-pressure releases for flashing water, R134A, liquid nitrogen and LNG. Results for turbulent flows for both sub-cooled and superheated liquids are presented showing that the proposed approach can accurately simulate the primary atomisation.

During the late 20th Century the mining industry went through an important technological rejuvenation that drove high rates of innovation, productivity growth and organisational change. This process included the emergence of knowledge-intensive mining services (KIMS) suppliers, who performed functions outsourced by mining companies, gradually strengthening their capabilities, enlarging their geographical scope and becoming a globally organised sector. But this was uneven across different mining economies. For instance, while numerous Australian KIMS suppliers emerged and achieved international competitiveness, few did this in Chile. Focusing on Chile, this thesis explores the reasons for the limited development of KIMS suppliers in a developing mining economy. It examines the technological learning that shaped the KIMS sector evolution in Chile by contrasting it with the Australian experience, using a two level learning model that integrates: (1) the interaction between industry-level factors that shaped the potential for learning at the micro-level; and (2) the interaction at the micro-level between accumulated capabilities and learning efforts by firms to exploit the potential for learning. KIMS learning is examined over four stages: (i) Gestation (1940s - early 1970s); (ii) Emergence and Development (mid-1970s to early 1980s); (iii) Internationalisation (late 1980s to late 1990s); and (iv) Consolidation (early 2000s and still going on). Over these stages, KIMS sector learning was much more limited in Chile than Australia, either because there was a lower learning potential and/or because firms carried out limited learning efforts to exploit the potential. At the first stage mining companies in Chile played a weak role as incubators of KIMS capabilities. Consequently, during the second stage there were few KIMS suppliers capable of profiting from the rejuvenation being experienced by the global industry. Also, with limited stimuli from the growth of mining in Chile, suppliers undertook limited learning efforts. So, the third stage found Chilean KIMS suppliers unprepared to exploit the learning potential that came with internationalisation; and the learning opportunities inherent in the significant expansion of Chilean mining production were captured by foreign KIMS suppliers, including Australians. Accordingly, Chilean KIMS suppliers started the Consolidation Stage without the capabilities to overcome the increasing barriers to participation in the industry‟s continuing high learning potential.