O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver e caracterizar uma resina adesiva acrescida de α-fosfato tricálcico (αTCP), que reconhecidamente apresenta potencial de estimular a deposição mineral, avaliando o seu desempenho in vitro quando utilizada em restaurações adesivas de dentes decíduos submetidos à remoção seletiva de tecido cariado. Sessenta dentes decíduos posteriores com lesões de cárie profunda em metade interna de dentina foram submetidos in vitro à remoção seletiva de tecido cariado, e restaurados utilizando sistema adesivo com incorporação de 0% e 2% de αTCP (n=30). As resinas adesivas foram caracterizadas pelos ensaios de taxa de polimerização e grau de conversão (n=3) e degradação em solvente. O desempenho restaurador foi avaliado através de ensaios imediatos e longitudinais (6 meses) de grau de conversão, resistência de união à microtração (Two-Way ANOVA p<0,05) o grupo controle em 24 horas (2,899) e seis meses após (2,450), o grupo experimental (2,646) em 24 horas e seis meses (2,646). Dureza Knoop (Two-Way ANOVA p<0,05), houve aumento da dureza com o passar do tempo e avaliação da deposição mineral por Espectroscopia Raman, o grupo experimental apresentou maior deposição (3 meses). / The objective of the present work was to develop and characterize an adhesive resin added with tricalcium α-phosphate (αTCP), which has the potential to stimulate mineral deposition, evaluating its in vitro performance when used in adhesive restorations of deciduous teeth submitted to selective removal Of carious tissue. Sixty posterior deciduous teeth with deep caries lesions in the inner half of dentin were submitted in vitro to the selective removal of carious tissue and restored using adhesive system with 0% and 2% incorporation of αTCP (n = 30). Adhesive resins were characterized by polymerization rate and conversion degree (n = 3) and solvent degradation assays. The restorative performance was evaluated by means of immediate and longitudinal trials (6 months) of conversion grade, bond strength to microtraction (Two-Way ANOVA p <0.05) in the control group in 24 hours (2,899) and six months after (2,450), experimental group (2,646) at 24 hours and six months (2,646). There was an increase in hardness over time and mineral deposition by Raman Spectroscopy, the experimental group presented higher deposition (3 months).

Scale deposition, either in the formation or inside the tubing, is a serious problem that can affect the productivity of oil fields. Production sustainability depends on the successful implementation of scale management strategies prior to developing new fields. Such strategies should involve tools capable of addressing the risks of developing scales during the production stage as well as determining the outcomes of possible remediation jobs in the future. UTCHEM, a multi-compositional flow model, was used in this work to present a comprehensive study that includes both precipitation and remediation scenarios. Although there are different mechanisms prompting the deposition of mineral scales, barite and calcite were selected primarily to simulate the effect of mixing incompatible water compositions; an issue that is usually associated with seawater injection. Equilibrium state calculations were carried out using a geochemical model (EQBATCH) to verify the incompatibility of the injection water with the formation water. In this work, we show the evolution, distribution, and remediation of solids over time for several hypothetical cases. The quantity of deposits in the near-wellbore region was found to be less at a highly heterogeneous reservoir model in contrast to the amount precipitated in homogenous reservoirs. This could be critical to wells productivity in the long-run since much of the drop in reservoir pressure occurs near the wellbore. The predictive ability of UTCHEM was extended to include simulating the removal of carbonate scales using a chelating chemical. The optimization of the injected treatment can be achieved mechanically through adjusting the well spacing (during the initial stages of field development) or through adjusting the concentrations of active components in the remediation fluids. The model provides a valuable tool that helps planners to predict scaling-related issues ahead of time, and subsequently to determine the economic viability of the project. This work serves as an opportunity to re-assess this simulator and allows for further work to enhance its capabilities. / text

Pacientes ortodônticos apresentam grande prevalência de lesões de mancha branca devido ao maior acúmulo de biofilme em torno dos brackets. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um adesivo ortodôntico que apresentasse atividade antibacteriana e que estimulasse a deposição mineral para evitar o aparecimento e/ou a evolução destas lesões. Adesivos experimentais foram formulados contendo 75% de BisGMA e 25% de TEGDMA por peso; sistema fotoiniciador a base de canforoquinona e 5% de sílica coloidal. Os compostos 1,3,5-triacriloilhexahidro-1,3,5-triazina (TAT) e vidro fosfato invertido contendo pentóxido de nióbio (PIG-Nb) foram adicionados ao adesivo base, como agente antibacteriano e remineralizante, respectivamente. Foram analisados grupos contendo somente TAT nas concentrações de 10, 15 e 20% por peso; grupos contendo somente PIG-Nb nas concentrações de 1, 2,5 e 5% por peso e um grupo contendo 20% TAT e 5% PIG-Nb, por peso. Utilizou-se um grupo sem a adição de TAT e PIG-Nb como Grupo Controle, dentre os experimentais. O adesivo ortodôntico comercial Transbond XT foi utilizado para comparação. Avaliou-se a atividade antibacteriana, capacidade de deposição mineral, variação de pH, grau de conversão, amolecimento em solvente e resistência de união dos adesivos ortodônticos. Os adesivos desenvolvidos apresentaram atividade antibacteriana e capacidade de estimular deposição mineral sem prejudicar as propriedades dos adesivos. Os resultados obtidos a partir dos ensaios realizados neste trabalho permitem concluir que se trata de material com propriedades favoráveis e potencialidade de, após ajustes necessários, tornar-se viável para uso na prática odontológica. / White spot lesions are a concern for orthodontic patients due to biofilm accumulation around brackets. The aim of this study was to develop an antibacterial and remineralizing orthodontic adhesive to overcome these lesions. Experimental orthodontic adhesives were formulated containing 75wt% BisGMA and 25wt% TEGDMA; camphorquinone-based photoinitiator system and 5wt%fummed silica. The compounds 1,3,5-tryacryloylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (TAT) and phosphate invert glass containing niobium pentoxide (PIG-Nb) were added to the adhesive as antibacterial and remineralizing agents, respectively. Experimental groups obtained containing only TAT at 10, 15 and 20wt% concentration; groups containing only PIG-Nb at 1, 2.5 and 5wt%, and one group containing 20wt% TAT and 5wt% PIG-Nb. A groups without TAT and PIG-Nb was used as Control and Transbond XT was used as a commercial control. Antibacterial activity, mineral deposition, changes in pH, degree of conversion, softening in solvent and shear bond strength of orthodontic adhesives was assessed. The experimental adhesives presented antibacterial activity and were capable to induce mineral deposition with no negative effect on adhesive's properties. The results of this study allow the conclusion that this material has favorable properties and potential, after necessary adjustments become viable for use in dental practice.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver e caracterizar uma resina adesiva acrescida de α-fosfato tricálcico (αTCP), que reconhecidamente apresenta potencial de estimular a deposição mineral, avaliando o seu desempenho in vitro quando utilizada em restaurações adesivas de dentes decíduos submetidos à remoção seletiva de tecido cariado. Sessenta dentes decíduos posteriores com lesões de cárie profunda em metade interna de dentina foram submetidos in vitro à remoção seletiva de tecido cariado, e restaurados utilizando sistema adesivo com incorporação de 0% e 2% de αTCP (n=30). As resinas adesivas foram caracterizadas pelos ensaios de taxa de polimerização e grau de conversão (n=3) e degradação em solvente. O desempenho restaurador foi avaliado através de ensaios imediatos e longitudinais (6 meses) de grau de conversão, resistência de união à microtração (Two-Way ANOVA p<0,05) o grupo controle em 24 horas (2,899) e seis meses após (2,450), o grupo experimental (2,646) em 24 horas e seis meses (2,646). Dureza Knoop (Two-Way ANOVA p<0,05), houve aumento da dureza com o passar do tempo e avaliação da deposição mineral por Espectroscopia Raman, o grupo experimental apresentou maior deposição (3 meses). / The objective of the present work was to develop and characterize an adhesive resin added with tricalcium α-phosphate (αTCP), which has the potential to stimulate mineral deposition, evaluating its in vitro performance when used in adhesive restorations of deciduous teeth submitted to selective removal Of carious tissue. Sixty posterior deciduous teeth with deep caries lesions in the inner half of dentin were submitted in vitro to the selective removal of carious tissue and restored using adhesive system with 0% and 2% incorporation of αTCP (n = 30). Adhesive resins were characterized by polymerization rate and conversion degree (n = 3) and solvent degradation assays. The restorative performance was evaluated by means of immediate and longitudinal trials (6 months) of conversion grade, bond strength to microtraction (Two-Way ANOVA p <0.05) in the control group in 24 hours (2,899) and six months after (2,450), experimental group (2,646) at 24 hours and six months (2,646). There was an increase in hardness over time and mineral deposition by Raman Spectroscopy, the experimental group presented higher deposition (3 months).

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver e caracterizar uma resina adesiva acrescida de α-fosfato tricálcico (αTCP), que reconhecidamente apresenta potencial de estimular a deposição mineral, avaliando o seu desempenho in vitro quando utilizada em restaurações adesivas de dentes decíduos submetidos à remoção seletiva de tecido cariado. Sessenta dentes decíduos posteriores com lesões de cárie profunda em metade interna de dentina foram submetidos in vitro à remoção seletiva de tecido cariado, e restaurados utilizando sistema adesivo com incorporação de 0% e 2% de αTCP (n=30). As resinas adesivas foram caracterizadas pelos ensaios de taxa de polimerização e grau de conversão (n=3) e degradação em solvente. O desempenho restaurador foi avaliado através de ensaios imediatos e longitudinais (6 meses) de grau de conversão, resistência de união à microtração (Two-Way ANOVA p<0,05) o grupo controle em 24 horas (2,899) e seis meses após (2,450), o grupo experimental (2,646) em 24 horas e seis meses (2,646). Dureza Knoop (Two-Way ANOVA p<0,05), houve aumento da dureza com o passar do tempo e avaliação da deposição mineral por Espectroscopia Raman, o grupo experimental apresentou maior deposição (3 meses). / The objective of the present work was to develop and characterize an adhesive resin added with tricalcium α-phosphate (αTCP), which has the potential to stimulate mineral deposition, evaluating its in vitro performance when used in adhesive restorations of deciduous teeth submitted to selective removal Of carious tissue. Sixty posterior deciduous teeth with deep caries lesions in the inner half of dentin were submitted in vitro to the selective removal of carious tissue and restored using adhesive system with 0% and 2% incorporation of αTCP (n = 30). Adhesive resins were characterized by polymerization rate and conversion degree (n = 3) and solvent degradation assays. The restorative performance was evaluated by means of immediate and longitudinal trials (6 months) of conversion grade, bond strength to microtraction (Two-Way ANOVA p <0.05) in the control group in 24 hours (2,899) and six months after (2,450), experimental group (2,646) at 24 hours and six months (2,646). There was an increase in hardness over time and mineral deposition by Raman Spectroscopy, the experimental group presented higher deposition (3 months).

Pacientes ortodônticos apresentam grande prevalência de lesões de mancha branca devido ao maior acúmulo de biofilme em torno dos brackets. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um adesivo ortodôntico que apresentasse atividade antibacteriana e que estimulasse a deposição mineral para evitar o aparecimento e/ou a evolução destas lesões. Adesivos experimentais foram formulados contendo 75% de BisGMA e 25% de TEGDMA por peso; sistema fotoiniciador a base de canforoquinona e 5% de sílica coloidal. Os compostos 1,3,5-triacriloilhexahidro-1,3,5-triazina (TAT) e vidro fosfato invertido contendo pentóxido de nióbio (PIG-Nb) foram adicionados ao adesivo base, como agente antibacteriano e remineralizante, respectivamente. Foram analisados grupos contendo somente TAT nas concentrações de 10, 15 e 20% por peso; grupos contendo somente PIG-Nb nas concentrações de 1, 2,5 e 5% por peso e um grupo contendo 20% TAT e 5% PIG-Nb, por peso. Utilizou-se um grupo sem a adição de TAT e PIG-Nb como Grupo Controle, dentre os experimentais. O adesivo ortodôntico comercial Transbond XT foi utilizado para comparação. Avaliou-se a atividade antibacteriana, capacidade de deposição mineral, variação de pH, grau de conversão, amolecimento em solvente e resistência de união dos adesivos ortodônticos. Os adesivos desenvolvidos apresentaram atividade antibacteriana e capacidade de estimular deposição mineral sem prejudicar as propriedades dos adesivos. Os resultados obtidos a partir dos ensaios realizados neste trabalho permitem concluir que se trata de material com propriedades favoráveis e potencialidade de, após ajustes necessários, tornar-se viável para uso na prática odontológica. / White spot lesions are a concern for orthodontic patients due to biofilm accumulation around brackets. The aim of this study was to develop an antibacterial and remineralizing orthodontic adhesive to overcome these lesions. Experimental orthodontic adhesives were formulated containing 75wt% BisGMA and 25wt% TEGDMA; camphorquinone-based photoinitiator system and 5wt%fummed silica. The compounds 1,3,5-tryacryloylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (TAT) and phosphate invert glass containing niobium pentoxide (PIG-Nb) were added to the adhesive as antibacterial and remineralizing agents, respectively. Experimental groups obtained containing only TAT at 10, 15 and 20wt% concentration; groups containing only PIG-Nb at 1, 2.5 and 5wt%, and one group containing 20wt% TAT and 5wt% PIG-Nb. A groups without TAT and PIG-Nb was used as Control and Transbond XT was used as a commercial control. Antibacterial activity, mineral deposition, changes in pH, degree of conversion, softening in solvent and shear bond strength of orthodontic adhesives was assessed. The experimental adhesives presented antibacterial activity and were capable to induce mineral deposition with no negative effect on adhesive's properties. The results of this study allow the conclusion that this material has favorable properties and potential, after necessary adjustments become viable for use in dental practice.

Pacientes ortodônticos apresentam grande prevalência de lesões de mancha branca devido ao maior acúmulo de biofilme em torno dos brackets. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um adesivo ortodôntico que apresentasse atividade antibacteriana e que estimulasse a deposição mineral para evitar o aparecimento e/ou a evolução destas lesões. Adesivos experimentais foram formulados contendo 75% de BisGMA e 25% de TEGDMA por peso; sistema fotoiniciador a base de canforoquinona e 5% de sílica coloidal. Os compostos 1,3,5-triacriloilhexahidro-1,3,5-triazina (TAT) e vidro fosfato invertido contendo pentóxido de nióbio (PIG-Nb) foram adicionados ao adesivo base, como agente antibacteriano e remineralizante, respectivamente. Foram analisados grupos contendo somente TAT nas concentrações de 10, 15 e 20% por peso; grupos contendo somente PIG-Nb nas concentrações de 1, 2,5 e 5% por peso e um grupo contendo 20% TAT e 5% PIG-Nb, por peso. Utilizou-se um grupo sem a adição de TAT e PIG-Nb como Grupo Controle, dentre os experimentais. O adesivo ortodôntico comercial Transbond XT foi utilizado para comparação. Avaliou-se a atividade antibacteriana, capacidade de deposição mineral, variação de pH, grau de conversão, amolecimento em solvente e resistência de união dos adesivos ortodônticos. Os adesivos desenvolvidos apresentaram atividade antibacteriana e capacidade de estimular deposição mineral sem prejudicar as propriedades dos adesivos. Os resultados obtidos a partir dos ensaios realizados neste trabalho permitem concluir que se trata de material com propriedades favoráveis e potencialidade de, após ajustes necessários, tornar-se viável para uso na prática odontológica. / White spot lesions are a concern for orthodontic patients due to biofilm accumulation around brackets. The aim of this study was to develop an antibacterial and remineralizing orthodontic adhesive to overcome these lesions. Experimental orthodontic adhesives were formulated containing 75wt% BisGMA and 25wt% TEGDMA; camphorquinone-based photoinitiator system and 5wt%fummed silica. The compounds 1,3,5-tryacryloylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (TAT) and phosphate invert glass containing niobium pentoxide (PIG-Nb) were added to the adhesive as antibacterial and remineralizing agents, respectively. Experimental groups obtained containing only TAT at 10, 15 and 20wt% concentration; groups containing only PIG-Nb at 1, 2.5 and 5wt%, and one group containing 20wt% TAT and 5wt% PIG-Nb. A groups without TAT and PIG-Nb was used as Control and Transbond XT was used as a commercial control. Antibacterial activity, mineral deposition, changes in pH, degree of conversion, softening in solvent and shear bond strength of orthodontic adhesives was assessed. The experimental adhesives presented antibacterial activity and were capable to induce mineral deposition with no negative effect on adhesive's properties. The results of this study allow the conclusion that this material has favorable properties and potential, after necessary adjustments become viable for use in dental practice.

A quay is a structure which is constructed along the shoreline for docking purposes. When the quay is constructed using reinforced concrete, damage over time happens under the combined action of chemical and mechanical corrosion of the varied materials. The quay columns situated in the seawater are commonly corroded due to the chloride ingress and frost attack. These deteriorations significantly reduce the service life of the quay column. Reinforced concrete materials are traditionally used to repair the eroded quay structures in the present circumstances but have significant environmental impacts. As a sustainable alternative, a calcareous electrochemical precipitation, induced mineral deposition (IMD) after sea water electrolysis, has been suggested for refurbishing underwater structures. This thesis aims to evaluate the carbon footprint associated with the IMD approach from a life cycle perspective. The critical hotspots and the trade-offs of this approach are identified and compared with the concrete-based refurbishment. It is found that the primary contributors to the carbon emissions are the upstream processes involving the production of IMD materials. Similarly, a significant amount of carbon emissions occurs from the use of electricity in the downstream processes. However, IMD approach outperforms the concrete refurbishment on an overall climate change impact. The results from the sensitivity analysis also demonstrate that use of less carbon- intensive anode materials and the complete transition of grid electricity in the use phase into renewable energy resources would environmentally benefit the IMD approach. Therefore, for the refurbishment of marine quay columns, the IMD approach with asserted recommendations would be a sustainable alternative to the current practices. / En kaj är en betongkonstruktion som är byggd längs strandlinjen för dockningsändamål. När kajen är konstruerad med hjälp av armerad betong, händer skador med tiden under kombineradverkan av kemisk och mekanisk korrosion av de varierade materialen. Kajkolonner som ligger i havsvattnet kan frätas sönder (eroderas) genom inträngning från kloridsalter och frostattacker. Dessa frätskador minskar avsevärt kajkolonnens livslängd. Material av armerad betong används traditionellt för att reparera de eroderade kajstrukturerna, men har en betydande miljöpåverkan. Som ett hållbart alternativ har en kalkhaltig elektrokemisk nederbörd, ”inducerad mineral nedfall” (IMD) efter havet vatten elektrolys, föreslagits för renovering av kajkolonnens undervattensstruktur. Denna avhandling syftar till att utvärdera de koldioxidavtryck som är förknippade med IMD-ansatsen ur ett livscykelperspektiv. De kritiska ”hotspots” och kompromisser för detta tillvägagångssätt identifieras och jämförs med den traditionella betongbaserade renoveringen. Det konstateras att de främsta bidragsgivarna till koldioxidutsläppär de uppströmsprocesser som omfattar produktion av IMD-material. På samma sätt uppstår en betydande del av koldioxidutsläpp påverkan genom användning av el i de efterföljande processerna. IMD-metoden överträffar dock den traditionella renoveringen när det gäller den övergripande inverkan på klimatförändringarna. Resultaten från känslighetsanalysen visar också att användning av mindre kolintensiva anodmaterial och fullständig övergång av förnybar el i användningsfasen skulle gynna IMD-metoden utifrån ett miljöperspektiv. För renovering av betongkolonner för marina kajer skulle därför IMD-metoden med rekommendationer från denna studie vara ett hållbart alternativ till den nuvarande praxisen.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Introduction: Regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) are a type of endodontic treatment aimed at replacing damaged tooth structures, including dentin and root structures, as well as cells of the pulp-dentin complex. Double antibiotic paste (DAP) has been shown to be efficacious in achieving disinfection of the root canal system while minimizing cytotoxicity to dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). Hydroxyapatite (HA) is an extracellular, mineralized component of bone that has shown much promise as a scaffold in the field of regenerative medicine. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of HA in a DAP loaded methylcellulose (MC) carrier on the differentiation and mineral deposition of DPSC over time. Materials and Methods: DPSCs were plated in 24-well plates with culture media. The following day, semi-permeable 0.1 m chambers were inserted into the wells to separate the reservoirs and permit delivery of medicaments. 100 L treatment paste composed of MC with 1% DAP and either 0.5% or 1.0% nano-HA was added, followed by additional culture media. After 3 days of treatment, medicaments were removed and DPSCs were cultured for an additional 9 days with replacement of media every 3-4 days. At Day 12, DPSCs were evaluated for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity using a biochemical assay and mineral deposition using an Alizarin Red S Ca2+ staining assay (4 wells/group). Comparisons between groups were performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a 5% significance level used for all tests. Results: A trend towards increased ALP and mineral deposition activity was noted among the groups with HA added to DAP with MC. Although these trends were not statistically significant, a trend towards increased ALP and mineral deposition was observed after 3-day medicament exposure. The results were similar to previous findings using 7-day medicament treatments. Conclusion: The addition of HA showed a trend towards improved differentiation and mineral deposition of DPSCs compared to DAP with MC. Although additional studies are required, these results showed suggest that even with a shortened treatment time, increased differentiation and mineral deposition of DPSCs may be possible. This study provides additional support that low concentration DAP in a MC carrier has potential application in regenerative endodontic procedures. The novel addition of HA may provide additional osteogenic potential.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Introduction: Regenerative endodontic procedures are an effective treatment option for immature teeth with infected necrotic pulps to allow for healing and potential continued root development, yet challenges to ideal treatment outcomes remain. Consistent development of root length and width of dentin remains a challenge, as does development of the pulp-dentin complex. Previous in vitro studies have assessed the role of different growth factors and bioactive molecules in combination with scaffolds to potentially facilitate continued development of the pulp-dentin complex using dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). The proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is linked with osteoblast activity and the regulation of bone mass. Further, the Pyk2 inhibitor PF-4618433 (PF-46) has been shown in previous studies to enhance osteoblast activity and mineral deposition in vitro. However, whether Pyk2 targeting promotes the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs remains unknown. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a Pyk2 inhibitor, PF-46, on the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of human DPSCs. Materials and Methods: Human DPSCs were cultured in 24-well plates with α-MEM with 10% FBS, and containing 0 μM (vehicle control) or 0.1 μM, 0.3 μM, or 0.6 μM PF-46. Fresh media and treatments were replaced every 2-3 days. After 1 day incubation, cytotoxic effects were evaluated by using an MTS proliferation assay. After 4 days of treatment, direct cell counting was performed. To induce osteogenic differentiation, ascorbic acid and β-glycerol phosphate were added to the culture media and the DPSCs were cultured with PF-46 for 14 days. Then, an alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay and mineral deposition assay were performed. Differences between treatment groups were analyzed by a one-way ANOVA followed by pair-wise tests conducted using Tukey’s multiple comparisons procedure with a 5% significance level. Results: The 0.6 μM PF-46 group had a significantly higher cell count, ALP activity and mineral deposition when compared to 0 μM PF-46. The 0.1 and 0.3 μM PF-46 groups also had significantly higher ALP activity compared to the 0 μM PF-46 group after 14 days of incubation. There was a general trend of increased differentiation and mineral deposition as the concentration of PF-46 increased from 0.1 μM to 0.6 μM. Conclusion: There was a general concentration-dependent increase in cell count, differentiation, and mineral deposition by human DPSCs as the concentration of PF-46 increased from 0 μM up to 0.6 μM, with the highest activity observed with 0.6 μM PF-46. Although further research is needed, these results suggest that strategies that target Pyk2 may potentially be used to improve the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs to aid endodontic regeneration.