Th. 3e cycle--Math. appl.--Lille 1, 1980. N°: 844.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : mathématiques appliquées : Grenoble 1 : 1986. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 119-124.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : informatique : Grenoble, INPG : 1988. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 167-173.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : mathématiques appliquées : Grenoble 1 : 1989. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 93-101.

Otimizar significa determinar estratégias para se obter as melhores alternativas em busca dos objetivos traçados. Em matemática, otimização refere-se ao estudo de problemas em que se deseja maximizar ou minimizar uma determinada função através da escolha sistemática dos valores de variáveis dentro de um conjunto viável. Um dos métodos de se determinar os máximos e mínimos de funções é utilizando-se o cálculo em várias variáveis, o qual será abordado nesse trabalho. Possíveis situações relacionadas ao cotidiano são apresentadas para que o processo de otimização possa ser abordado por alunos do Ensino Médio. / Optimizing means determing strategies to obtain better alternatives in the search of the stated aims. In Mathematics, optimization refers to the study of problems in which we want to maximize or to minimize a certain function through a systematic choice of variable values in a viable set. One of the methods used to determine the maximums and the minimums of functions is using calculus in several variables, what will be discussed in this work. Possible situations related to daily life are presented so that the optimization process can be studied by high school students.

Otimizar significa determinar estratégias para se obter as melhores alternativas em busca dos objetivos traçados. Em matemática, otimização refere-se ao estudo de problemas em que se deseja maximizar ou minimizar uma determinada função através da escolha sistemática dos valores de variáveis dentro de um conjunto viável. Um dos métodos de se determinar os máximos e mínimos de funções é utilizando-se o cálculo em várias variáveis, o qual será abordado nesse trabalho. Possíveis situações relacionadas ao cotidiano são apresentadas para que o processo de otimização possa ser abordado por alunos do Ensino Médio. / Optimizing means determing strategies to obtain better alternatives in the search of the stated aims. In Mathematics, optimization refers to the study of problems in which we want to maximize or to minimize a certain function through a systematic choice of variable values in a viable set. One of the methods used to determine the maximums and the minimums of functions is using calculus in several variables, what will be discussed in this work. Possible situations related to daily life are presented so that the optimization process can be studied by high school students.

Ce mémoire réunit deux grands champs de recherche économique du marché du travail, soit la recherche sur le salaire minimum et celle sur l’automatisation de l’emploi. Ainsi, l’objectif de ce mémoire est d’évaluer l’impact du salaire minimum sur l’automatisation de l’emploi au Canada entre 1998 et 2018. L’hypothèse principale est que les augmentations du salaire minimum stimulent l’automatisation des emplois nécessitant peu de qualifications, en substituant les nouvelles technologies aux travailleurs peu qualifiés. Ce mémoire reprend la méthodologie de Lordan et Neumark (2018) afin d’explorer cette hypothèse de substitution capital-travail et de mieux comprendre comment les politiques de salaire minimum façonnent le type d’emploi détenu au Canada. Les résultats montrent qu’une augmentation de 10 % du salaire minimum réduirait de 0,3 point de pourcentage la part de l’emploi automatisable occupé par des travailleurs peu qualifiés. La seconde partie de ce mémoire montre également une probabilité plus élevée de perte d’emploi pour les travailleurs peu qualifiés occupant un emploi automatisable à la suite d’une augmentation du salaire minimum. Ensemble, ces résultats sont des éléments de preuve que le salaire minimum a un effet positif sur l’automatisation de l’emploi au Canada. / This thesis brings together two major field of economic research in the labor market,that is, research on minimum wage and research on job automation. The objective of thisthesis is therefore to assess the impact of the minimum wage on the automation ofemployment in Canada between 1998 and 2018. The main hypothesis is that increases in theminimum wage stimulate the automation of jobs requiring few skills, by substituting newtechnologies for low-skilled workers. The analysis uses the methodology of Lordan andNeumark (2018) in order to explore this hypothesis of capital-labor substitution and to betterunderstand how minimum wage policies shape the type of employment held in Canada. Theresults show that a 10% increase in the minimum wage would reduce the share of automatedjobs held by low-skilled workers by 0,3 percentage points. The second part of this thesis alsoshows a higher probability of losing their job for low-skilled workers in automatable jobsfollowing an increase in the minimum wage. Together, these results are evidence that theminimum wage has a positive effect on the automation of employment in Canada.

Les activités motrices de la vie quotidienne ou sportive se caractérisent par des mouvements de rotations complexes 3D des membres supérieurs pouvant s’effectuer autour d’axes de rotation distincts (i) articulaires (ii) d’inertie ou (iii) passant par le centre de masse du bras, chacun relevant de référentiels distincts. Une étude récente a montré que selon les contraintes de vitesse, un changement d’axe de rotation s’opère dans le cadre de l’exécution d’un mouvement simple de rotation du bras par rapport au tronc (Isableu et al., 2009). Dans ce cadre, l’objectif de la thèse a été de compléter cette première analyse et d’évaluer la robustesse de l’hypothèse selon laquelle les axes autour desquels s’organise le mouvement dépendent de la vitesse du mouvement et des contraintes liées à la tâche en général. L’hypothèse formulée est que l’axe correspondant à l’inertie minimum verra sa variabilité diminuée avec des vitesses qui augmentent par rapport à un axe lié au centre de masse (épaule-centre de masse du membre supérieur) ou géométrique (axe-épaule–coude). Cette étude s’effectue en considérant des mouvements « simples » et plus complexes incluant des gestes sportifs. Ainsi, les études effectuées ont porté sur l’influence des contraintes liées à la tâche et leur incidence sur le choix des axes de rotation. Tout d'abord le rôle de l'instruction initiale est testé. Deuxièmement, la variabilité de l'axe d’inertie minimum est évaluée au cours d'une tâche de précision. Troisièmement, l’hypothèse est testée dans le cadre d’une tâche d’interception qui implique des contraintes de temps. Enfin, nous avons testé le rôle des axes lors de gestes complexes, à grande vitesse, notamment lors de lancer à bras cassé et lors du service au tennis. Les résultats obtenus permettent de discuter l’hypothèse de l’importance de l’axe d’inertie minimum lors de l’exécution de mouvements volontaires du membre supérieur. / Motor activities of daily life or sports are characterized by complex 3D rotational movements of the upper limbs can be done around distinct axes of rotation (i) joint (ii) inertia or (iii) through the center mass of arms, each under separate repositories. A recent study showed that within the constraints of speed, a change of axis of rotation occurs in the context of the implementation of a simple rotation of the arm relative to the trunk (Isableu et al., 2009) . In this context, the aim of the thesis was to complete this first analysis to evaluate the robustness of the assumption that the axes around which organizes the movement depends on the speed of motion and the constraints task in general. The assumption is that the axis corresponding to the minimum inertia reduced variability seen with speeds which increase with respect to a center axis associated with the mass (shoulder mass center of the upper limb) and geometric (pin-shoulder elbow). This study is done by considering "simple" and complex athletic movements including movements. Thus, studies have focused on the influence of the task constraints and their impact on the choice of axes of rotation. Firstly the role of initial instruction is tested. Secondly, the variability of the axis of minimum inertia is estimated in a precise task. Thirdly, the hypothesis is tested in an interception task that involves time constraints. Finally, we tested the role of axes in complex gestures, high speed, especially during launch and broken arm during the tennis serve. The results are used to discuss the hypothesis of the importance of the axis of minimum inertia during the execution of voluntary movements of the upper limb.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:29:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6311.pdf: 6136932 bytes, checksum: 61ddcfd9f2becb52bf53455a06dd1ced (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-15 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This paper presents a didactic proposal for Spatial Geometry classes in High School. We were taken to create this proposal from our experience as a teacher, when we observed that the study of this content requires experimentation and contextualization activities. The study of the Spatial Geometry is of great importance in High School. It contributes to the development of the capacity of abstraction, solving practical problems of everyday life and helps to acquire skills to estimate and compare results, recognize properties of geometric shapes, calculate areas, volume and working with different units of measure. Our work uses as motivation the problem of constructing a silo for grain storage, for this it is necessary to compare the volumes of the prisms with triangular, square and hexagonal base and of the cylinder without the cover, height and total area of the fixed surface to choose the format representing the highest volume. Our work is not intended to define or obtain formulas to calculate areas and volumes. The main focus of this work is to develop the ability to manipulate these formulas and other knowledge, such as solving quadratic equation, using the Pythagorean theorem, and correctly use the calculator to solve a practical problem. This activity has been applied to three classes of Second Grade High School students in a State School of São Paulo in Agudos town. For this purpose two classes of 100 minutes were used. The pupils enjoyed the activity that was carried out in groups of three and the lesson was without complications. This is a didactic sequence that does not require many resources and may be useful for teachers who want to work the theme in context. Our proposal adopts suggestions from the National Curricular Parameters (NCP) and we believe that can be used by fellow teachers, to which our product is available. / Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta didática para aulas de Geometria Espacial no Ensino Médio. Fomos levados a criar essa proposta a partir de nossa experiência como professor, quando observamos que o estudo desse conteúdo necessita de atividades de experimentação e contextualização. O estudo da Geometria Espacial é de grande importância no Ensino Médio. Contribui para o desenvolvimento da capacidade de abstração, resolução de problemas práticos do quotidiano, e ajuda a adquirir habilidades como estimar e comparar resultados, reconhecer propriedades das formas geométricas, calcular áreas, volumes e trabalhar com diferentes unidades de medida. Nosso trabalho usa como motivação o problema de construir um silo para armazenamento de grãos, para isso é preciso comparar os volumes dos prismas de base triangular, quadrada, hexagonal e do cilindro, sem a tampa, altura e área total da superfície fixa para escolher o formato que apresente o maior volume. Nosso trabalho não tem o objetivo de definir ou obter fórmulas para calcular áreas e volumes. O foco principal deste trabalho é desenvolver a capacidade de manipular tais fórmulas e outros conhecimentos, como por exemplo, resolver equações do segundo grau, utilizar o teorema de Pitágoras e utilizar corretamente a calculadora para resolver um problema prático. Esta atividade foi aplicada em três turmas da segunda série do Ensino Médio de uma escola da Rede Estadual de Ensino de São Paulo em Agudos. Para isso foram utilizadas duas aulas de 100 minutos. Os alunos gostaram da atividade que foi realizada em grupos de três e a aula transcorreu sem complicações. Trata-se de uma sequência didática que não requer muitos recursos e pode ser útil para os professores que pretendam trabalhar o tema de maneira contextualizada. Nossa proposta adota sugestões dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN) e acreditamos que pode ser utilizada por colegas professores, aos quais nosso produto está disponível.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work we show contents of high-school and college which can be applied when the subject is to optimise. The search for the great is something very present in our lives. Different areas, amongst them, Operational Reserach, search for better solutions for their problems. For example, the best way to distribute scarce resources among the sectors of an industry. Studying optimisation may sharpen in people the interest for studying Mathmatics, and the understanding that the squaring function is not the only way of modeling and solving problems of optimisation. / Neste trabalho apresentamos conteúdos do ensino médio e do ensino superior que podem ser aplicados quando o assunto é otimizar. A busca pelo ótimo é algo muito presente em nossas vidas. Diferentes áreas, dentre elas, Pesquisa Operacional, buscam melhores soluções para seus problemas. Por exemplo, a melhor forma de distribuir recursos escassos entre os setores de uma indústria. Estudar otimização pode aguçar nas pessoas o interesse por estudar matemática, e a compreensão de que a função quadrática não é a única forma de modelar e resolver problemas de otimização. / São Cristóvão, SE