Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:07:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo8336_1.pdf: 1002374 bytes, checksum: 93fcfaf987ae20da39f6b1a29a7ece9a (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002 / Determinou-se a importância da vegetação e o conhecimento etnobotânico em duas comunidades rurais estabelecidas no município de Cajazeiras-PB, em torno de uma área de preservação de Caatinga, formada pelas Serras Coxos, Oitis e Mirador. Uma das comunidades é formada por antigos moradores do local (AM) e a outra é constituída por assentados (A), provenientes de outros municípios da região ou já moradores do município, que receberam lotes em assentamento instalado em 1997. Na área de preservação de caatinga arbórea foram estabelecidas três parcelas (25mX25m), onde foram levantadas e identificadas botanicamente as espécies com DAP igual ou superior a 8 cm, para as quais se determinou o índice de diversidade, a densidade e a freqüência relativa e se indagou o uso a um mateiro morador do local. Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas junto a 34 famílias de assentados e 39 de antigos moradores, coletando-se, identificando-se e determinando-se o percentual de citação das espécies úteis para cada comunidade. O conhecimento etnobotânico é semelhante entre antigos moradores e assentados, registrando-se as seguintes categorias de uso: alimento, medicinal, energético, construção, utensílio doméstico, forrageira, veneno, repelente e ferramenta. Destacam-se o uso medicinal (A=71,8%; AM=71,4%), construção (A=34,3%;AM=26,5%) e utensílio doméstico (A=21,8%;AM=26,3%). O levantamento etnobotânico indicou como principais famílias: Anacardiaceae, Bignoniaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Crysobalanaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Mimosaceae, Rubiaceae e Sapindaceae. São úteis para as duas comunidades 86 espécies de plantas, destacando-se, pelo grau de preferência, Mimosa tenuiflora (L) Poir. (jurema preta), Myracrodruon urundeuva (Engl.) Fr. All. (aroeira) e Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. (brauna). São também freqüentemente utilizadas: Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. (pau ferro), Tabebuia aurea (Manso) Benth. (pau d`arco) e Amburana cearensis (Arr. Cam.) A C. Smith. (cumarú). Dentre as espécies amostradas nas parcelas destacam-se pela densidade e freqüência relativa: Bauhinia cheilanta (Bong.) Steud. (9,7%, 33,3%), M. urundeuva e Croton sonderianus Muell. (8,3%, 33,3%), T.aurea e Caesalpinia pyramidales Tul. (5,5%, 33,3%) e Acacia sp. (5,5%, 50%). O índice de diversidade (3,05 nats/ind.) foi enquadrado como acima da média para a caatinga. Todas as espécies amostradas nas parcelas têm, segundo o mateiro, uma ou mais formas de uso para a população local, confirmadas em sua maioria nas entrevistas realizadas nas duas comunidades. Assentados e antigos moradores fazem o corte da madeira, em suas propriedades, para comercialização e uso doméstico, só usando a área preservada quando necessitam de madeira de lei, preferindo a madeira da serra para construção e utensílio doméstico. A presença atual de um assentamento na área pode contribuir para aumentar a pressão sobre os recursos naturais do local

Recent excavations uncovered numerous small rooms constructed on top of the Danta Acropolis at El Mirador, Guatemala. The characteristics of the settlement and the material items indicated that it was a late occupation and lacked the features associated with large Maya polities and Classic Maya culture. This thesis focused on describing the continuities and changes that occurred from the Late Classic to the Terminal Classic at El Mirador based on the ceramic assemblage and architecture. Significant continuity and stability of the pottery making community is reflected in the ceramic assemblage. Additionally, it was desirable to gain an understanding of how the Terminal Classic occupation at El Mirador differed from other Maya cities. The comparisons show that on a general level, despite being a small settlement, El Mirador participated in many of the cultural patterns that characterize the Terminal Classic period. Two levels of ceramic production are postulated for the Late Classic period, one sustaining production of fine wares (polychromes) and the other sustaining production of basic production (utilitarian wares). The people inhabiting El Mirador in the Terminal Classic period were materially less well-off, and did not pursue activities associated with high culture as their counterparts did in larger cities. Nevertheless, they were not culturally isolated and they had access to trade items and small quantities of prestige goods.

The use of Light Detection and Ranging (lidar) technology is revolutionizing Maya archaeology, as it penetrates through thick vegetation prevalent in Maya environments, uncovering the structures and features below. At the site of El Mirador in the Petén Department of Guatemala, lidar data has been analyzed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to map features, such as residential buildings and quarries, that other technologies like satellite imagery have missed. El Mirador is a large site dating to the Preclassic through Post Classic periods (1000 BCE to 1500 BCE) and is argued to have the largest monumental architecture built by the Lowland Maya, but the nature of socioeconomic and political coordination at the site is poorly understood. Through analysis of quarry and residential structure volumes outlying areas of El Mirador at various distances from the city center, this research seeks to understand more about the nature of coordination at the site in terms of limestone production. Buffer zones of 150m and 300m were created around a central residence group in each selected area. This research shows that zones closer to the city center produced a greater volume of limestone than those further away; however, the quarries within each buffer zone did not produce enough stone even for the structures within their immediate zone. The total quarry volumes in the 150m buffer zones are greater than the combined volumes in the area between the 150m and 300m buffers, indicating a measure of coordination from each central structure group. Further research of quarrying at residential groups could help uncover the nature of supra-household coordination at Preclassic sites where the exact nature of elite involvement in quarrying is still not completely understood.

In October of 1998 the category 5 storm, Hurricane Mitch, struck Nicaragua, leaving in its wake mass destruction and devastation. Numerous aid agencies and social organisations poured funds into the country to assist in emergency disaster relief efforts, and to rebuild the lives of those who lost their homes and livelihoods (damnificados). El Mirador in the city of Matagalpa is one example of the many communities built with aid monies after Hurricane Mitch. This thesis uses qualitative data constructed from in-depth interviews with participants (community members in El Mirador) to understand the level of successful community development that has been achieved, the ability for longer term sustainability as a result of community development strategies, and the areas in which community development has failed. Through an examination of the relationship the community has with the NGO the Communal Movement, the question of long term sustainability becomes important. The most telling indicator (that development practice is unsustainable) is the unproductive coping mechanisms of community members as aid and social organisations withdraw leaving members with ineffective social networks and at times uncooperative behaviour. Added into this is the arrival of new members into the community, and squatters, who have only added to the feelings of segregation already apparent, as a 'them and us' mentality develops. This study provides a detailed case specific analysis of community development through disaster relief efforts. It highlights some of the consistent, broad inefficiencies as well as more location and situation specific difficulties of community development. Moreover, it adds to the growing body of literature researching how disaster relief can become more effective and sustainable in the longer term.

In October of 1998 the category 5 storm, Hurricane Mitch, struck Nicaragua, leaving in its wake mass destruction and devastation. Numerous aid agencies and social organisations poured funds into the country to assist in emergency disaster relief efforts, and to rebuild the lives of those who lost their homes and livelihoods (damnificados). El Mirador in the city of Matagalpa is one example of the many communities built with aid monies after Hurricane Mitch. This thesis uses qualitative data constructed from in-depth interviews with participants (community members in El Mirador) to understand the level of successful community development that has been achieved, the ability for longer term sustainability as a result of community development strategies, and the areas in which community development has failed. Through an examination of the relationship the community has with the NGO the Communal Movement, the question of long term sustainability becomes important. The most telling indicator (that development practice is unsustainable) is the unproductive coping mechanisms of community members as aid and social organisations withdraw leaving members with ineffective social networks and at times uncooperative behaviour. Added into this is the arrival of new members into the community, and squatters, who have only added to the feelings of segregation already apparent, as a 'them and us' mentality develops. This study provides a detailed case specific analysis of community development through disaster relief efforts. It highlights some of the consistent, broad inefficiencies as well as more location and situation specific difficulties of community development. Moreover, it adds to the growing body of literature researching how disaster relief can become more effective and sustainable in the longer term.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Canterbury, 2006. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-83). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Geóloga / El volcán Mirador es un cono de piroclastos que se encuentra ubicado en la Zona Volcánica Sur de los Andes (ZVS) a los 40°21 30 S y a los 72°03 30 O, dentro del Grupo Volcánico Carrán-Los Venados (GVCLV). Este grupo volcánico constituye una franja de alrededor de 70 centros eruptivos, correspondiendo al mayor conjunto de centros eruptivos menores (CEM) de la ZVS. Posee una orientación N60-70°E y la mayoría de los centros eruptivos corresponden a conos de piroclastos y maares. Estos centros generalmente son de tipo monogenético, aunque tres de ellos presentan reactivaciones históricas, y por ende, han dejado de ser monogenéticos. Estos corresponden al maar Riñinahue (1907), maar Carrán (1955) y volcán Mirador (1979), cuya ubicación preferencial dentro del GVCLV (justo en la intersección de la franja de orientación N60-70°E y la ZFLO), sugiere que forman parte un caso particular dentro de todo el GVCLV. Los productos de la erupción de 1979 del volcán Mirador son de composición basáltica y andesítico-basáltica, encontrándose en el límite del campo toleítico y calco-alcalino. Los análisis petrográficos indican un gran desequilibrio en los magmas que generaron estas rocas (zonación y texturas de reabsorción en microfenocristales), mientras que los análisis químicos indican bajos contenidos de Ni, Cr y Co, que sugieren fraccionamiento de olivino, clinopiroxeno y magnetita, como proceso principal de diferenciación del magma. Este se habría originado por fusión parcial del manto astenosférico a partir de una lherzolita de espinela, debido a la influencia de fluidos provenientes de la deshidratación de la placa oceánica subductada. Diferencias petrográficas y geoquímicas con otros conos monogenéticos del GVCLV y la ZVS, muestran que los magmas del volcán Mirador poseen una mayor evolución y diferenciación. Por otro lado, la presencia de una zona altamente fracturada (intersección de dos sistemas de fallas), en vez de generar una mayor cantidad de rutas estables, podría estar generando una trampa que acumule magma en la corteza superior, generando de esta manera, un reservorio magmático somero. En este caso, la evolución magmática estaría dada por un ascenso inicial hasta el límite corteza manto, donde comienza la diferenciación en un primer reservorio magmático profundo, para posteriormente ascender a través de diques que utilizan como ruta estable la ZFLO (hasta que son capturados por las fracturas de la franja N60-70°E), donde se encuentran con un reservorio somero cortical que permitiría una mayor diferenciación magmática. La generación de un reservorio magmático en la corteza superior estaría alimentando un volcanismo de tipo poligenético en el GVCLV, el cual se estaría desarrollando, actualmente, en la zona de intersección de la ZFLO y la franja de orientación N60-70°E.

[EN] The balcony and the oriel in pre-modern architecture: the case of study of the old intramoenia Valencia. An historical, compositive, and material culture's study. Abstract: This thesis is a research about balcony and oriels under an historical and compositive point of view. It analyses these elements as words of the architectural pre-modern lexicon, especially in the architectural dialect of the old intramoenia city of Valencia, with special interest towards the urban minor architecture. In the first section the balcony has been studied as functional element of the closing features of the pre-modern urban fronts, managing to demonstrate its climatic coherence in the city of Valencia, fact that justifies the profusion of its use in the pre-modern architecture of the southern Mediterranean basin area, considering it like spontaneously sustainable at an energetic level. Concurrently, on the basis of the same analytical process, the oriel has been identified as a climatic incoherent solution, justifying its presence in Valencia as an architectural solution used, on the one hand, to follow an artistic and cultural mode of the 19th century, and, on the other hand, as a compositive remedy against the crushed appearance of Valencian urban fronts, plagued with individual balconies. The central section goes on the normative system: this study has been necessary in order to understand and determine the social and legal environment that allowed the spread of the balcony as element of the Valencian minor architecture. On the other side, thanks to the analysis of the plans submitted with the historical buildings permits stored in the Historical Municipal Archive of Valencia, clear patterns of use of balconies and oriels in the urban fronts' composition have been identified, attesting the importance of the balcony as bordering element between the private space, the interior of the dwellings, and the public space, the street and the urban landscape. The last section presents the Valencian balcony as a material architectural element, that is to say, as a constructed feature, studying firstly the specific building materials, their production's methods and supply practice between XVIIth and XIXth centuries, period in which balcony appeared and occupied a relevant position in the vertical urban form of the city of Valencia. Thanks to the analysis of the commercial routes, Spanish and European production sites, that were supplying with iron the city of Valencia, have been identified. This fact projects Valencia's balconies into a firm European dimension, as elements born from historical commercial exchanges across the entire continent. Finally, thanks to a careful catalogue of the contemporary urban architectural heritage, a definition of the constitutive elements of Valencian balconies and oriels has been presented and a chronological characterization of the existing models has been located. / [ES] ¿El balcón y el mirador en la arquitectura pre-moderna: el caso de la Valencia intramuros. Estudio histórico compositivo y de cultura material. Resumen: La presente tesis es una investigación sobre el balcón y el mirador a nivel histórico y compositivo que analiza estos elementos como vocablos del léxico arquitectónico pre-moderno y en particular dentro del dialecto arquitectónico local valenciano con especial interés hacia la arquitectura urbana menor. En la primera parte se ha estudiado el balcón como elemento funcional dentro del cerramiento de la fachada pre-moderna, llegando a demostrar su coherencia climática en la ciudad de Valencia, hecho que justifica la profusión de su uso en la arquitectura pre-moderna de la zona climática del mediterráneo, considerándolo como espontáneamente sostenible en sentido energético. Paralelamente se ha identificado el mirador como solución incoherente en base al mismo proceso analítico y explicado su presencia en la ciudad del Levante como solución arquitectónica derivada de una moda cultural propia del siglo XIX y como remedio al aplastamiento compositivo que el uso desmadrado del balcón había conllevado en los frentes urbanos. En la parte central se ha estudiado el ámbito normativo, estudio necesario para entender los condicionantes sociales y legales que se activaron alrededor de su uso como elemento de la arquitectura menor valenciana. Por otro lado, gracias al análisis de los alzados de las licencias de obra del Archivo Histórico Municipal de Valencia se han identificado unos patrones de uso del balcón y del mirador en la composición de los frentes urbanos, demostrando la importancia del balcón como elemento fronterizo entre lo privado, es decir, la vivienda, y lo público, la calle y el panorama urbano. En la última parte se ha presentado el balcón como elemento arquitectónico material, es decir, construido, estudiando en primer lugar los materiales que los componen, su producción y abastecimiento entre los siglos XVII y XIX, época en la cual el balcón apareció y se consolidó como elemento de la forma urbana vertical de la ciudad de Valencia. A través del análisis de las vías comerciales se han identificado algunos polos de producción que abastecían la ciudad de hierro, proyectando el balcón valenciano en una óptica más firmemente europea, nacido de los intercambios comerciales históricos. Finalmente, gracias a una esmerada catalogación del patrimonio arquitectónico contemporáneo se ha presentado una definición de los elementos constitutivos de los balcones y miradores valencianos y una caracterización cronológica de los modelos más empleados. / [CA] El balcó i el mirador en l'arquitectura premoderna: el cas de la València intramurs. Estudi històric compositiu i de cultura material. Resum: La present tesi és una investigació al voltant el balcó i el mirador en l'àmbit històric i compositiu que analitza aquests elements com vocables del lèxic arquitectònic premodern i en particular dins del dialecte arquitectònic local valencià amb especial interès cap a l'arquitectura urbana menor. En la primera part s'ha estudiat el balcó com a element funcional dins del tancament de la façana premoderna, arribant a demostrar la seva coherència climàtica a la ciutat de València, fet que justifica la profusió del seu ús en l'arquitectura premoderna de la zona climàtica del mediterrani, considerant-ho com espontàniament sostenible en sentit energètic. Paral¿lelament s'ha identificat el mirador com a solució arquitectònica derivada d'una moda cultural pròpia del segle XIX i com a remei a l'aixafament compositiu que l'ús extralimitat del balcó havia comportat als fronts urbans. A la part central s'ha estudiat l'àmbit normatiu, estudi necessari per entendre els condicionants socials i legals que es van activar al voltant del seu ús com a element de l'arquitectura menor valenciana. Per altra banda, gràcies a l'anàlisi dels alçats de les llicencies d'obra de l'Arxiu Històric Municipal de València s'han identificat uns patrons d'ús del balcó i del mirador en la composició dels fronts urbans, demostrant la importància del balcó com element fronterer entre el privat, és a dir, la vivenda, i el públic, el carrer i el panorama urbà. En l'última part s'ha presentat el balcó com a element arquitectònic material, és a dir, construït, estudiant en primer lloc els materials que el composen, la seva producció i proveïment entre els segles XVII i XIX, època en la qual el balcó va aparèixer i es va consolidar com element de la forma urbana vertical de la ciutat de València. Mitjançant l'anàlisi de les vies comercials s'han identificat alguns pols de producció que proveïen la ciutat de ferro, projectant el balcó valencià en una òptica més fermament europea, nascut dels intercanvis comercials històrics. Finalment, gràcies a una acurada catalogació del patrimoni arquitectònic contemporani s'ha presentat una definició dels elements constitutius dels balcons i miradors valencians i una caracterització cronològica dels models més emprats. / Privitera, P. (2015). El balcón y el mirador en la arquitectura pre-moderna: el caso de la Valencia intramuros. Estudio histórico, compositivo y de cultura material [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/49620

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T15:00:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Gracy Chrisley Carvalho.pdf: 2155639 bytes, checksum: fdf1bfc985cd4dc0f7e767ea5d5107a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-13 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO / Knowing the diversity of solitary bees through trap-nests have sought to compose a checklist of diversity, as well as the account of the behavior and biology of the species. Few studies have been done in the state of Maranhão, which is a privileged area, as it includes within its boundaries the two major biomes. Given these few reports, the purpose of this work was to study the community of solitary bees by the method of trap nests for two years, in an area of cerrado and gallery forest, in the Parque Estadual do Mirador. Also, describe the nesting biology of Centris (Hemisiella) dichrootricha and analyze the floristic composition of the food of her offspring. The study area is located in the Parque Estadual do Mirador, municipality of Formosa Serra Negra, Maranhão. The method used was the trap-nests in wood diameters 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 mm, these were grouped in sets of 6 nests, totaling 300 nests per area. A total of 101 nests belonging was founded 11 bee species, including eight species occurred in the Gallery Forest and six in the Cerrado, and the similarity was low among habitats (SJ = 0.27). Two species were dominant in the community, Centris dichrootricha in Gallery Forest and the Centris tarsata in Cerrado. The diversity and evenness of species were higher in gallery forest than in the cerrado. The peak of the nests was founded in November (2012 and 2013) and August (2013), there were nothing correlation between the precipitation (rCE = -0.061; pCE = 0.775 and rMG = 0.194; pMG = 0.365). After 24 months of collecting the species rarefaction curve did not reach the asymptote for both habitats. Centris dichrootricha observed nesting in 29 nests in sizes 8, 10, 12 and 14mm. The species used in most resources from the Cerrado, which consisted both in the sediment to compose the cells and the pollen material and floral oil. Pollen types Byrsonima the genus of the Malpighiaceae family were the most representative in the samples. In this study five species of Centris were collected for a single study, all represented in the gallery forest. Thus, the study reveals the importance of forests as a refuge for some species of solitary bees. The biology of C. dichrootricha showed a preference for nesting in cavities with different sizes and in shady places in the Gallery Forest , also Euglossa amazonica species which hitherto had not been recorded nesting in trap-nests, especially in areas of the field was observed Cerrado. Besides these two species, the present study contributes to the expansion of the geographical distribution and Centris bicornuta e Centris terminata, these species are little studied in Brazil. / Conhecer a diversidade de abelhas solitárias através de ninhos-armadilha tem buscado compor um checklist da diversidade, assim como o relato do comportamento e da biologia das espécies. Poucos foram os estudos já realizados no Estado do Maranhão, que é uma zona privilegiada, pois incluem em seus limites os dois principais biomas brasileiros. Diante desses poucos relatos, o propósito desse trabalho foi estudar a comunidade de abelhas solitárias através do método de ninhos-armadilha durante dois anos, em uma área de Cerrado e Mata de Galeria, no Parque Estadual do Mirador. Além disso, descrever a biologia de nidificação de Centris (Hemisiella) dichrootricha e analisar a composição florística do alimento de sua prole. A área de estudo está localizada no Parque Estadual do Mirador, município de Formosa da Serra Negra, Maranhão. O método empregado foi o de ninhos-armadilha de madeira nos diâmetros 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 e 16 mm, estes foram agrupados em conjuntos de 6 ninhos, totalizando 300 ninhos por área. Foi fundado um total de 101 ninhos pertencentes a 11 espécies de abelhas, das quais oito espécies ocorreram na Mata de Galeria e seis no Cerrado, sendo que a similaridade foi baixa entre os habitats (SJ = 0,27). Duas espécies foram dominantes na comunidade, Centris dichrootricha na Mata de Galeria e Centris tarsata no Cerrado. A diversidade e equitabilidade das espécies foram maiores na Mata de Galeria do que no Cerrado. O pico de fundação dos ninhos foi em novembro (2012 e 2013) e agosto (2013), não havendo correlação com a precipitação mensal (rCE = -0,061; pCE = 0,775 e rMG = 0,194; pMG = 0,365). Após 24 meses de coleta a curva de rarefação das espécies não atingiu a assíntota para ambos os habitats. Centris dichrootricha nidificou em 29 ninhos nos diâmetros 8, 10, 12 e 14mm. A espécie utilizou em maioria recursos provenientes do Cerrado, que consistia tanto no sedimento para compor as células quanto o material polínico e óleo floral. Tipos polínicos do gênero Byrsonima da família Malpighiaceae foram os mais representativos nas amostras. Nesse trabalho foram coletadas cinco espécies de Centris para um único estudo, sendo todas representadas na Mata de Galeria. Assim, o estudo revela a importância das áreas florestais como refúgio para algumas espécies de abelhas solitárias. A biologia da C. dichrootricha mostrou uma preferência por nidificar em cavidades com diâmetros variados e em locais sombreados da Mata de Galeria, também foi observada a espécie Euglossa amazonica que até então não havia sido registrada nidificando em ninhos-armadilha, principalmente em áreas de domínio do Cerrado. Além dessas duas espécies, o presente estudo contribui com a ampliação da distribuição geográfica de Centris bicornuta e Centris terminata, espécies estas que são pouco estudadas no Brasil.

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