Thesis advisor: Gabor T. Marth / This thesis concerns itself with the development of methods for comparing genomes. Chapter 2 is a comparative genomics investigation of coding regions across multiple species. Regions of the genome coding for proteins show higher conservation than non-coding regions. Furthermore, we show that a portion of coding regions are conserved beyond the requirements of protein conservation, supporting functions such as microRNA binding and splicing enhancement, providing the non-coding functional impetus to conservation. In Chapter 3, we focus on the detection and characterization of a particular type of structural variation - mobile element insertions (MEIs). While there are many types of mobile elements in the human genome, three of these are active and cause most of the MEI variation observed in humans: ALU, L1 and SVA elements. We detect variation across 1000 Genomes Pilot populations caused by these elements, assemble ALU elements to single nucleotide resolution, and determine actively copying species of this element. We've developed a variety of algorithmic approaches to MEI detection, and present these. Chapter 4 outlines an approach to remedy reference bias via the incorporation of variation data into the reference. In particular, we construct a pan-genome reference, demonstrated concretely via resolving ALU regions, and develop new alignment software to align against this enriched reference structure. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2014. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Biology.

La réaction de serpentinisation résulte de l’interaction de l’eau de mer, ou de fluides hydrothermaux avec les roches mantelliques. Elle engendre des changements des propriétés chimiques de la lithosphère océanique, avec notamment un enrichissement en éléments mobiles (ex. As, Sb, Li, Cs, Pb, et B). Ces éléments sont importants en sciences de la terre car ce sont des traceurs géochimiques des interactions fluides-roches depuis la ride océanique jusqu’aux zones de subduction. Ce travail de thèse a pour but de caractériser le partitionnement de certains éléments mobiles entre un fluide et la serpentine de manière expérimentale. Pour cela, j’ai développé deux protocoles expérimentaux en condition alcaline. Le premier, consiste en la synthèse de chrysotile à partir d’un gel à la stoechiométrie de la serpentine, à 300 °C et Psat. Pour le second protocole, la serpentine est obtenue par altération de grains d’olivine San Carlos (granulométrie : <30 µm, 30-56 µm, >56 µm) à 200 °C (Psat) pour 1M de NaOH et en présence de carbonate (HCO3-). La minéralogie des produits expérimentaux ainsi que leurs abondances ont été déterminées par diffraction des rayons-X, spectroscopie infrarouge et analyse thermogravimétrique. Les propriétés texturales ont été caractérisées par microscopie électronique à balayage et à transmission haute résolution. La composition du produit solide a été mesurée par spectrométrie de masse et analyse par microsonde-électronique et l’état d’oxydo-réduction du fer a été déterminé par analyses Mössbauer. Des analyses d’absorption des rayons-X (XAS) ont été effectuées afin d’analyser la structure locale de l’antimoine et de l’arsenic. La combinaison de ces techniques analytiques a permis de montrer que la synthèse de chrysotile est effective après seulement 8 heures de réaction. A 200°C, l’olivine est remplacée (pseudomorphose) par le chrysotile et la brucite. Le remplacement est total après 1 mois (<30 µm) et 3 mois (30 et 56 µm). En présence de carbonate, l’altération de l’olivine est caractérisée par une cinétique plus lente et est contrôlée par la précipitation de la magnésite et de la lizardite.En reprenant les 2 protocoles expérimentaux de synthèse de chrysotile (1M NaOH), et en dopant le fluide en un élément trace (Li, As, Cs, Sb et B) le partitionnement des éléments mobiles a pu être étudié. Le coefficient de partage solide-fluide (KD) a pu être défini pour chaque élément durant la synthèse du chrysotile à 300 °C en modélisant nos résultats suivant l’équation de Langmuir (concentrations en solution de 5 à 1000 µg g-1). La séquence obtenue pour les coefficients de partage est la suivante : 0.5<B < As < Li < Cs < Sb<9. En présence de lithium, d’arsenic et d’antimoine, la morphologie du chrysotile atteste d’une croissance radiale. En revanche, le bore favorise une croissance en longueur du chrysotile perpendiculaire à l’axe c. Un mécanisme d’adsorption contrôle principalement la séquestration des éléments mobiles par le chrysotile comme l’indiquent les résultats d’absorption des rayons-X sur l’arsenic et l’antimoine. Lors de l’altération des olivines, la séquestration des éléments trace est hétérogène et le changement des conditions d’oxydo-réduction du système durant la réaction de serpentinisation explique les changements dans la séquestration de l’antimoine d’abord adsorbé sous sa forme pentavalente puis incorporé sous sa forme trivalente par des phases secondaires. Même en faible concentration en solution (200 µg g-1), le lithium a un fort pouvoir catalytique sur la réaction de serpentinisation de l’olivine à 200 °C.En perspective plusieurs expériences haute pression et température (450 °C et 1-4 kbar) ont été réalisées afin de mieux comprendre le comportement des éléments traces durant les transitions de phase et la déstabilisation de la serpentine en contexte de subduction. Les résultats préliminaires indiquent que la présence de ces éléments traces a un rôle très important sur la stabilité du chrysotile. / Serpentinization reaction is the result of the interaction of seawater with mantle rocks especially at slow-spreading ridges. The formation of serpentinite during this alteration reaction changes the physico-chemical properties of the oceanic lithosphere and induces an enrichment in Fluid-mobile elements (FME: e.g. As, Sb, Li, Cs, Pb and B) compared to primary minerals. These elements are efficient geochemical tracers reflecting mantle hydration from the oceanic ridge to subduction environments. In this context, there is a lack of data concerning the partitioning and sequestration processes of FME between serpentine and fluids. The aim of this thesis is to determine fluid/serpentine partition coefficients of these elements as well as their effects on serpentine formation (reaction mechanism and kinetics, textural properties etc.). To achieve this goal, serpentine has been synthesized under highly alkaline hydrothermal conditions using two distinct protocols. Experimental-products were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR), N2 sorption isotherms, ThermoGravimetric Analyses (TGA), Field Emission gun Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) and Mössbauer Spectroscopy. The first protocol consists in chrysotile synthesis from H2SiO3 and MgCl2 at 300 °C using batch and semi-continuous experiments. With this approach, we were able to chrarcterized chrysotile nanotubes nucleation and growth processes. In the second protocol, we investigated olivine serpentinization reaction under high hydroxyl-alkalinity or high carbonate-alkalinity at 200 °C. We note the efficiency of serpentine formation under high alkaline conditions in the both protocols and the significant effect of the carbonate component on the serpentinization processes and crystal growth rates. The serpentinization of olivine under alkaline conditions induces the oxidation of a large part of iron trapped by brucite.Replacement is total after 1 month (<30 µm) and 3 month (30-56 µm). The presence of a carbonate component induces a lower reaction kinetic and is characterized by the co-precipitation of magnesite and lizardite.Based on these results, we chose favorable conditions in order to study FME (Li, As, Cs, Sb and B) sequestration. Solid-liquid partitioning for each FME was investigated during chrysotile synthesis at 300°C. Experimental results were modeled using the Langmuir equation and the role of each element on chrysotile textural properties was investigated. In addition, we report new results concerning the sequestration and the distribution of the trace elements during olivine replacement by serpentine and brucite. We highlight that Li act as a catalyst during olivine serpentinisation. Moreover, from XAS measurements, we indicate that Sb and As sequestration is dominated by adsorption mechanism. The precipitation of secondary As- and Sb-bearing phases was also revealed by Electron Microprobe X-ray mapping. Finally, Sb-trapping within chrysotile tubes was also suspected by HRTEM measurements. The changes of redox conditions during serpentinisation induce a change of Sb sequestration mechanism and the precipitation of Sb-bearing phases. In addition, we investigate the partitioning of FME at higher pressure (1-4 kbar) and temperature (450 °C). This pilot study brings promising results regarding the behavior of trace elements during serpentine destabilization (deep lithosphere or subduction contexts) and on the non-negligible role of trace elements on the stability of chrysotile.

Telomeres are special nucleoprotein structures at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Because of incomplete DNA replication telomere length becomes shorter with each cell cycle. Several mechanisms of telomere maintenance have been identified. Although the most common mechanism is the activity of telomerase that synthesizes short telomeric sequences onto chromosome ends, telomere length might be elongated by alternative ways such as the retrotransposition of special telomeric mobile elements targeted to chromosome ends, found in Drosophila, and homologous recombination. Homologous recombination extends satelite sequences in some dipteran species and also serves in vertebrates as the alternative mechanism to telomerase. The (TTAGG)n sequence was designated as the insect telomeric sequence. Although the (TTAGG)n sequence was found at telomeres of most of the tested insect orders in previous studies, there are numerous insect species showing the (TTAGG)n absence. Diptera is the large insect order, which shows the lost of the (TTAGG)n sequence together with telomerase system and its replacement by the transposition of telomeric elements in Drosophila or homologous recombination in mosquitoes or midges. The (TTAGG)n sequence was reported as telomeric sequence in most insect orders, however, the (TTAGG) specific telomerase activity was not tested in these orders.Therefore, I first speculated that non-telomerase systems in insects may not be limited only to Diptera and the presence of non-telomerase systems in insect might be underestimated. When I tested a distribution of the TTAGG-specific telomerase activity I confirmed that the telomerase system is the most comon telomere length compensation mechanism in insect, however, it is not present in Zygentoma, Orthoptera and Phasmida, which are insect orders with a previously reported presence of the (TTAGG)n telomeric motif. Data of the thesis showed that the activity of telomeric retrolements at Drosophila is up-regulated by mild-levels of free radical species, enhancing telomere extension. The role of non-telomerase mechanisms to overcome stress conditions during evolution of insect telomeres is hypothesized.

Fluid-mobile elements (FMEs) such as B, Cs, As, Li and Tl can mobilize readily under low P-T conditions (0.2-0.5 GPa). This makes them effective geochemical tracers that can be used as a way of tracking fluid-rock exchanges at the shallow depths encountered in the earliest stages of subduction. The Izu-Bonin-Mariana (IBM) subduction system is unique in that it preserves a record of the sequences produced from the onset of subduction through the development of arc magmatism. International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 352 recovered >800m of boninite core material from the earliest IBM magmatic events. Select boninitic glasses from these IODP 352 cores, found mostly as selvages on the rinds of pillow lavas and as clasts within hyaloclastites, were examined via EPMA and laser ablation ICP-MS techniques. The boninite glasses analyzed were separated into two categories – low-silica boninite (LSB) and high-silica boninites (HSB), based on the bulk chemistry and mineralogy of the lithostratigraphic locations from which the glass samples occur in the drill core. LSB are the earlier erupted boninite series, which show both greater variation in extent of differentiation and reflect less depleted mantle sources than HSB. Boron concentrations in the Expedition 352 boninite glasses analyzed range from 0.08 to 12.91 ppm, arsenic contents vary from 0.15 to 3.26 ppm, and cesium varies from 0.01 to 0.91 ppm. Lithium concentrations in the boninites range from 1 to 18.35 ppm while Tl concentrations vary from 10 to 155 ppb. FME concentrations trend toward higher values in HSB than in LSB. Low-Si boninites appear to form via simple mixing of depleted mantle source and an FME enriched fluid endmember, which mobilizes B, As, Cs, (Tl) and Li very early in the subduction process. Coupled with inputs from upwelling mantle, this FME-rich fluid triggers fluid-fluxed boninite melting. The high-Si boninites reflect the addition of a subduction component with a higher Ba/La ratio than that of the depleted mantle; this higher ratio more closely resembles that of Mariana cherts from altered Pacific crust. Thus, the high-Si boninites are consistent with the fluid-fluxed melting of a highly depleted, harzburgitic mantle source and reflect inputs of two distinguishable slab-derived components, one that is sedimentary in nature and another that is FME-enriched. This model for melting that is more similar to the melting regime of modern arcs and reflects the transition from early extension-related melting into that of a “normal” subduction system.

Os elementos genéticos móveis (mobile genetic elements MGEs), são elementos extremamente importantes para plasticidade e evolução dos genomas. Uma das classes mais importantes de MGEs são as sequências de inserção (insertion sequences - IS). Estes elementos são encontrados em bactérias e archaea e apresentam grande diversidade de famílias e mecanismos de movimentação. Uma família interessante de IS é IS200/605, esta família encontra-se distribuída em bactérias, archaea e vírus e utiliza substratos de DNA de fita simples para seu processo de transposição. Neste trabalho, através da análise de dados públicos de transcritoma identificamos RNAs sobrepostos ao 3\' de genes tnpB de IS200/605 em archaea e bactérias, estes transcritos foram chamados de sense overlapping transcripts (sotRNAs). As extremidades 5\' e 3\' dos sotRNAs foram mapeadas através de dados de RNA-seq de pequenos RNAs (sRNA-seq) e validadas através da técnica de C-RACE. Análises de sequência e estrutura secundária demonstraram que estes RNAs apresentam um motivo conservado chamado de RE-like. Utilizando a sequência consenso deste motivo pudemos identificar RNAs intergênicos derivados de IS200/605 em H. salinarum NRC-1. Para caracterização funcional, construímos linhagens superexpressando os RNAs VNG_sot0042 e VNG_R0052, ambos contendo o motivo RE-like. Curvas de crescimento, utilizando as linhagens construídas demonstraram que a superexpressão destes RNAs aumenta o crescimento de H. salinarum demonstrando sua funcionalidade. Devido a presença do motivo RE-like, extremidades 5\' e 3\' determinadas e fenótipo visualizado em curva de crescimento padrão, o sotRNA VNG_sot0042 foi estudado mais a fundo. Realizamos experimentos de RNA-seq para avaliar o impacto desta superexpressão no transcritoma de H. salinarum NRC-1, assim como experimentos de SILAC para identificação de proteínas parceiras em larga escala. Nestes ensaios identificamos proteínas e genes associados ao processo de adesão, geração de células persistentes e resistência a metais pesados. Ensaios de adesão e sobrevivência a metais pesados demonstraram que a linhagem de superexpressão apresenta maior capacidade de aderir a vidro e maior sobrevivência em diversas condições de estresse. Deste modo, podemos sugerir que ncRNAs derivados de IS200/605 são importantes moléculas regulatórias em H. salinarum NRC-1 e nos ajudam a compreender a manutenção de IS200/605 e seus derivados nos genomas de procariotos. / Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are extremely important for plasticity and evolution of genomes. Their impacts are diverse and could be related to antibiotic resistence or symbiosis. One of the most important class of MGEs are insertion sequences (ISs). These elements are found widespread throughout bacteria and archaea, presenting a great diversity of families. An interesting family is the IS200/605, this family is found widespread in bacteria, archaea and viruses and is divided in three subgroups according to it\'s genetic composition: IS200 with tnpA gene alone, IS605 with tnpA and tnpB and IS1341 with tnpB only. Another interesting aspect is the utilization of single-stranded DNA as a substrate during the transposition process. In this work, through the analysis of public available transcriptomic data we identified transcripts that overlaps the 3\' end of tnpB in IS200/605 in both bacteria and archaea. These transcripts were named sense overlapping transcripts (sotRNAs). Sequence and secondary structure analysis showed a conserved motif present in sotRNAs, the RE-like motif. Using the consensus sequence of this motif we identified novel intergenic ncRNAs containing this motif that are derived from IS200/605. For functional characterization we overexpressed a sotRNA (VNG_sot0042) and a intergenic (VNG_R0052), both containing the RE-like motif. Standard growth curves demonstrated that the overexpression of these ncRNAs improve H. salinarum growth showing that this RNA is functional. To further evaluate the impact of the overexpressions we prepared RNA-seq libraries of the strain overexpressing VNG_sot0042 and in parallel performed SILAC experiments to identify potential protein-RNA interaction partners. Differentially regulated genes and interacting proteins associated with adhesion and persistent cells generation were found. Adhesion and survival assays showed that the lineage overexpressing VNG_sot0042 has a better capability to adhere in glass surfaces and survive more in diverse stressful conditions.

Os elementos genéticos móveis (mobile genetic elements MGEs), são elementos extremamente importantes para plasticidade e evolução dos genomas. Uma das classes mais importantes de MGEs são as sequências de inserção (insertion sequences - IS). Estes elementos são encontrados em bactérias e archaea e apresentam grande diversidade de famílias e mecanismos de movimentação. Uma família interessante de IS é IS200/605, esta família encontra-se distribuída em bactérias, archaea e vírus e utiliza substratos de DNA de fita simples para seu processo de transposição. Neste trabalho, através da análise de dados públicos de transcritoma identificamos RNAs sobrepostos ao 3\' de genes tnpB de IS200/605 em archaea e bactérias, estes transcritos foram chamados de sense overlapping transcripts (sotRNAs). As extremidades 5\' e 3\' dos sotRNAs foram mapeadas através de dados de RNA-seq de pequenos RNAs (sRNA-seq) e validadas através da técnica de C-RACE. Análises de sequência e estrutura secundária demonstraram que estes RNAs apresentam um motivo conservado chamado de RE-like. Utilizando a sequência consenso deste motivo pudemos identificar RNAs intergênicos derivados de IS200/605 em H. salinarum NRC-1. Para caracterização funcional, construímos linhagens superexpressando os RNAs VNG_sot0042 e VNG_R0052, ambos contendo o motivo RE-like. Curvas de crescimento, utilizando as linhagens construídas demonstraram que a superexpressão destes RNAs aumenta o crescimento de H. salinarum demonstrando sua funcionalidade. Devido a presença do motivo RE-like, extremidades 5\' e 3\' determinadas e fenótipo visualizado em curva de crescimento padrão, o sotRNA VNG_sot0042 foi estudado mais a fundo. Realizamos experimentos de RNA-seq para avaliar o impacto desta superexpressão no transcritoma de H. salinarum NRC-1, assim como experimentos de SILAC para identificação de proteínas parceiras em larga escala. Nestes ensaios identificamos proteínas e genes associados ao processo de adesão, geração de células persistentes e resistência a metais pesados. Ensaios de adesão e sobrevivência a metais pesados demonstraram que a linhagem de superexpressão apresenta maior capacidade de aderir a vidro e maior sobrevivência em diversas condições de estresse. Deste modo, podemos sugerir que ncRNAs derivados de IS200/605 são importantes moléculas regulatórias em H. salinarum NRC-1 e nos ajudam a compreender a manutenção de IS200/605 e seus derivados nos genomas de procariotos. / Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are extremely important for plasticity and evolution of genomes. Their impacts are diverse and could be related to antibiotic resistence or symbiosis. One of the most important class of MGEs are insertion sequences (ISs). These elements are found widespread throughout bacteria and archaea, presenting a great diversity of families. An interesting family is the IS200/605, this family is found widespread in bacteria, archaea and viruses and is divided in three subgroups according to it\'s genetic composition: IS200 with tnpA gene alone, IS605 with tnpA and tnpB and IS1341 with tnpB only. Another interesting aspect is the utilization of single-stranded DNA as a substrate during the transposition process. In this work, through the analysis of public available transcriptomic data we identified transcripts that overlaps the 3\' end of tnpB in IS200/605 in both bacteria and archaea. These transcripts were named sense overlapping transcripts (sotRNAs). Sequence and secondary structure analysis showed a conserved motif present in sotRNAs, the RE-like motif. Using the consensus sequence of this motif we identified novel intergenic ncRNAs containing this motif that are derived from IS200/605. For functional characterization we overexpressed a sotRNA (VNG_sot0042) and a intergenic (VNG_R0052), both containing the RE-like motif. Standard growth curves demonstrated that the overexpression of these ncRNAs improve H. salinarum growth showing that this RNA is functional. To further evaluate the impact of the overexpressions we prepared RNA-seq libraries of the strain overexpressing VNG_sot0042 and in parallel performed SILAC experiments to identify potential protein-RNA interaction partners. Differentially regulated genes and interacting proteins associated with adhesion and persistent cells generation were found. Adhesion and survival assays showed that the lineage overexpressing VNG_sot0042 has a better capability to adhere in glass surfaces and survive more in diverse stressful conditions.

Les serpentinites sont un composant important de la lithosphère océanique formée niveau de rides lentes à ultra-lentes. Ces roches représentant un vaste réservoir de l'eau, d’éléments mobiles dans les fluides (FME), halogènes et volatils, il a été proposé qu'elles jouent un rôle important pendant l'échange chimique se produisant entre la lithosphère subduite et le coin mantellique dans des zones de subduction. L’objectif de mon doctorat a été de caractériser la nature et la composition des fluides transférés depuis la plaque plongeante jusqu’au coin mantellique en étudiant des ophiolites alpines métamorphiques. Celles-ci se composent en grande partie de serpentinites et ont enregistré différentes conditions métamorphiques modélisant un gradient de subduction. Les études pétrologiques des ophiolites alpines montrent que celles-ci ont enregistré différentes étapes de serpentinisation et de déserpentinisation : (1) serpentinisation océanique et la formation d’assemblages à lizardite et à chrysotile ; (2) déstabilisation prograde de la serpentine océanique en antigorite, à la transition des faciès schistes verts – schistes bleus ; (3)déshydratation de l'antigorite en olivine secondaire dans les conditions du facies d'éclogite. Les analyses chimiques des éléments en trace par LA-ICPMS et constituants volatils et halogènes par SIMS prouvent que, pendant la subduction, les processus de serpentinisation se sont réalisés sans contamination significative par des fluides externes provenant de la déshydratation des sédiments. Dans la partie la superficielle de la lithosphère océanique, la déformation augmente la mobilité des éléments en trace et permet leur redistribution et l'homogénéisation de la composition d'antigorite à l'échelle kilométrique. Au contraire, dans la partie la plus profonde de la lithosphère serpentinisée, la mobilité des éléments en trace est réduite et localisée dans des veines métamorphiques qui constituent des chenaux de circulation des fluides. Les cristallisations successives de l'antigorite et de l'olivine secondaire sont accompagnés d'une diminution des concentrations en FME (B, Li, As, Sb, Ba, Rb, Cs…), halogènes (F, Cl) et volatils (S). La quantification de Fe3+/FeTotal, par chimie humide et spectroscopie XANES, des serpentinites et serpentines montrent que, dans les premières phases de subduction, la transition de lizardite en antigorite est accompagnée d'une réduction forte du fer. Cette réduction est non linéaire avec le degré métamorphique, mais dépend également de la chimie initiale du protolithe péridotitique. À un degré métamorphique plus élevée, le début du processus de déserpentinisation se produit dans un environnement ferreux, menant à une nouvelle oxydation de l'antigorite résiduelle. En conclusion, les serpentinites sont un vecteur de transfert d'éléments depuis la ride jusqu’aux zones de subduction. Pendant la subduction et pendant les changements de phases de la serpentine, les teneurs en FME, en éléments volatils et halogènes de la serpentine diminuent, suggérant que ces éléments sont soustraits dans une phase fluide qui peut potentiellement contaminer le coin mantellique. La nature de ce fluide varie au cours de la subduction. Dans les premiers kilomètres de la subduction, lors de la transition lizardite vers antigorite, les fluides relâchés sont riches en FME, volatils et halogènes. Ils pourraient oxyder le coin mantellique (e.g. SOX, H2O ou CO2) où ils initieraient la cristallisation d’une serpentine riche en ces éléments. A l’inverse, à plus grande profondeur, la déshydratation de l’antigorite libère une quantité moindre de FME, volatils et halogènes. De plus, l’observation d’antigorite riche en Fe3+ associée à l’olivine de déserpentinisation pourrait suggérer la production d’hydrogène lors de la déshydratation de la plaque plongeante. / Serpentinites are an important component of the oceanic lithosphere formed at (ultra-) slow spreading ridges. Because these rocks are a large reservoir of water, fluid mobile elements (FME), halogens and volatiles, it has been proposed that they play a major role during chemical exchange occurring between the subducted lithosphere and the mantle wedge in subduction zones. The aim of my PhD was to characterize the nature and the composition of the fluids transferred from the slab to the mantle wedge by studying metamorphic alpine ophiolites. Those ones are mostly composed of serpentinites and have recorded different metamorphic conditions modeling a subduction gradient. The petrological studies of alpine ophiolites demonstrate that they record different serpentinization and deserpentinization steps: (1) from oceanic serpentinization and the formation of lizardite and chrysotile assemblages, (2) to the prograde destabilization of oceanic serpentine into antigorite, from greenshist to blueschist facies, and (3) finally the dehydration of antigorite into secondary olivine at eclogite facies. The chemical analyses of trace elements by LA-ICPMS and volatiles and halogens by SIMS show that during subduction, the serpentinization processes took place in a relatively closed system without significant external fluid contamination from sediments. In the shallowest part of the oceanic lithosphere, the deformation enhances the mobility of trace elements and permits their redistribution and the homogenization of antigorite composition at kilometric scale. While in the deepest part, the trace element mobility is reduced and localized in metamorphic veins that correspond to channel fluid flows. The successive crystallization of antigorite and secondary olivine are accompanied by a decrease of FME (B, Li, As, Sb, Ba, Cs…), halogens (F, Cl) and volatiles (S) concentrations. The quantification of Fe3+/FeTot by wet chemistry and XANES spectroscopy in serpentinites and serpentine show that, in the first stages of subduction, the transition lizardite to antigorite is accompanied by a strong reduction of the iron. This reduction is nonlinear with metamorphic grade, but also depends on the initial chemistry of the peridotitic protolith. At higher metamorphic grade, the beginning of the deserpentinization process occurs in a ferrous environment, leading to a new oxidation of the remaining antigorite. To conclude, serpentinites are a vector of element transfer from the ridge to subduction zones. During subduction and during the phase changes of serpentine, the FME, volatile and halogen concentrations of serpentine decrease, suggesting that they are removed in a fluid phase that can potentially contaminate the mantle wedge. The composition and the nature of this fluid phase vary during prograde metamorphism. In the first stages of subduction, during the transition lizardite to antigorite, the released fluids are FME, volatiles and halogens rich. They could oxidize the mantle wedge peridotite (e.g. SOX, H2O or CO2) where they allow the crystallization of a FME, volatils and halogens-rich serpentine. At greater depth, the formation of a Fe3+-rich antigorite associated with secondary olivine suggests a H2 production during slab dehydration.

No description available.