Global ETD Search

1	Proposition d'une méthode mixte d'évaluation de l'incidence des média sur le processus de conception architecturale / Proposition d'une méthode mixte d'évaluation de l'incidence des médias sur le processus de conception architecturale Mohamed-Ahmed, Ashraf 20 April 2018 (has links) La thèse traite de l'incidence des media d'aide à la conception sur le processus de conception architecturale. Plus spécifiquement, en se basant sur une littérature multidisciplinaire, l’objectif de la thèse est d’analyser l’incidence de trois media, utilisés traditionnellement dans les milieux académique et professionnel, soit l’esquisse à main levée, la maquette et le logiciel de conception assistée par ordinateur (ici, Sketch-UP 7.0) sur le concepteur, le processus de conception architecturale et de la qualité des projets générés. 35 étudiants en architecture ont participé à cette étude. Une méthodologie d’évaluation mixte de cette incidence est proposée, soit d’une part des mesures quantitatives pour évaluer les capacités visuo-spatiales des étudiants-concepteurs (tests psychométriques), la gestion de leur charge cognitive (tâche secondaire) lors du processus de conception et d’autre part, des mesures qualitatives de la gestion de la charge cognitive (questionnaire du NASATLX) et de la qualité des projets générés (évaluation consensuelle d’experts). Les résultats n’ont pas permis de montrer de différence significative entre les media concernant les deux mesures de la charge cognitive, ainsi que pour la qualité des projets générés. De plus, aucune corrélation n’a été établie entre la charge cognitive et la qualité des projets. / The thesis discusses the impact of design media upon architectural design. Based on a multidisciplinary literature revue, the objective of the thesis is to analyze the impact of three media, namely the freehand sketch, the physical model and the software (here, Sketch-UP 7.0) on architectural design. 35 students in architecture have participated in the study. A mixed evaluation methodology is proposed to evaluate the impact, namely quantitative measures of visual-spatial abilities (psychometric test), and the cognitive load management (secondary task technique) during the design, and also qualitative measures to evaluate the cognitive load management (NASATLX) and the quality of projects generated (consensual assessment technique). The results show no significant statistical difference between the three media for the cognitive load management, and the project quality. Furthermore, no correlation was found between the cognitive load management and the project quality. Design architectural -- Méthodologie Architecture -- Esquisses Modèles architecturaux Design architectural -- Informatique
2	Diversité lumineuse dans les espaces de transition : une approche expérimentale de recherche-création à l'aide de maquettes analogiques et numériques Lemonde-Cornellier, Alexis 25 March 2022 (has links) Cette recherche-création étudie le potentiel des espaces de transition à offrir une diversité d'ambiances lumineuses dans le parcours entre l'intérieur et l'extérieur. Le cadre théorique s'appuie principalement sur la conception biophilique, la diversité environnementale et la perception visuelle. Trois concepts qui sont mis en relation à travers une solution architecturale; l'espace de transition. L'espace architectural éclairé naturellement offre un environnement visuel diversifié qui varie au rythme des cycles naturels affectant la perception des occupants. Dans le parcours entre l'intérieur et l'extérieur, l'espace de transition, par son volume simple et sa fonction transitoire, offre une stratégie spatiale qui permet le contrôle de la lumière naturelle de manière à enrichir les qualités lumineuses des espaces et articuler le niveau de proximité entre l'extérieur et l'intérieur ; entre la nature et l'architecture. Le cadre d'expérimentation jumèle la simulation numérique et la simulation analogique comme outils d'exploration des ambiances lumineuses dans un parcours architectural à l'étape de conception. Une conception typologique a été privilégiée pour favoriser la transposition des stratégies proposées à différentes situations d'aménagement où les architectes doivent composer avec la relation intérieur-extérieur et le contrôle de la lumière naturelle. La simulation en maquette offre une approche itérative tactile et intuitive permettant de bâtir les séquences spatiales et de les photographier sous la lumière du soleil. Une méthode mixte d'analyse permet d'évaluer les ambiances lumineuses perçues à l'aide des images HDR de la maquette et des données du facteur lumière du jour par simulation. En somme, les résultats démontrent qu'une diversité lumineuse stimulante peut être générée par l'ajout de l'espace de transition éclairé naturellement et que ce type d'aménagement peut augmenter les opportunités de contact avec la nature. Cette recherche montre l'intérêt d'une expérimentation typologique en maquette et la pertinence d'une méthode mixte d'analyse pour établir un lexique d'évaluation des ambiances lumineuses selon les critères de design. Entrées (Architecture) Lumière en architecture. Espace (Architecture)
3	La création d'ambiances architecturales relatives au climat nordique : l'érosion comme processus d'explorations formelles et lumineuses par modèles maquettes/images Mazauric, Louise 26 January 2021 (has links) Ce mémoire de recherche s'intéresse à concevoir l'architecture en milieu nordique, en abordant la question de savoir comment habiter dans un environnement climatique froid et extrême. En effet, les flux naturels tels que le vent, la neige et la glace créent des conditions de confort indésirables pendant la saison froide. Cette recherche prend donc l'hypothèse d'intégrer le climat nordique hivernal dans tout son potentiel de recherche et de création de formes en explorant sa valeur poétique où le climat serait utilisé comme déclencheur d'inspiration formel. Ainsi, par l'expérimentation des flux climatiques de l’hiver, ce mémoire de recherche développe un processus de conception dans le but de créer de nouvelles formes architecturales. La méthode développée intitulée le « processus d'habitabilité de la forme par le climat » a pour objectif de valider l'habitabilité de ces nouvelles typologies climatiques, réalisées au travers d'étapes expérimentales successives au moyen d'une approche à la fois tactile et numérique, qui pourraient offrir diverses ambiances une fois transposées à l'échelle de l'architecture. En combinant différents éclairages, matériaux et échelles, des maquettes sont produites afin de visualiser la possible habitabilité des nouvelles formes générées. Celles-ci sont étudiées au travers d'explorations photographiques, où les images sont ensuite davantage contextualisées au moyen de collages numériques par l'insertion de personnages et d'un environnement extérieur. Ces résultats formels, spatiaux et ambiants ont ainsi inspiré le développement d'un projet d'architecture qui, appuyé d'images éloquentes, a pour but de servir à inspirer les architectes concepteurs à concevoir et à expérimenter leur projet en milieu nordique. Pour finir, le processus développé sert à encourager la création de nouvelles formes et ambiances architecturales adaptées au défi critique imposé par le climat et propose une nouvelle représentation de notre rapport à l'hiver et à l'architecture. / This research focuses on designing architecture in the undesirable conditions of northern climates by addressing the question of how to inhabit the Nordicity by conceptualizing with a cold climatic environment. Indeed, natural flows such as wind, snow and ice create undesirable comfort conditions during the cold season. This research therefore takes the hypothesis of integrating the northern climate into all its potential for research and creation of forms by exploring its poetic value, where the climate would be used as a trigger for inspiration. Thus, by experimenting with winter cold climate fluxes, this research thesis develops a design process with the aim of creating new architectural forms. The method that has been developed entitled the « process of habitability of form by climate » aims to validate the habitability of these new climatic typologies, carried out through successive experimental stages using both a tactile and a digital approach, which could offer various atmospheres once transposed to the scale of architecture. By combining different lighting, materials and scales, models are produced to visualize the possible habitability of the new shapes generated. These are studied through photographic explorations, where images are thereafter contextualized by means of digital collages through the insertion of characters and an external environment. These formal, spatial and ambient results have thus guided the development of an architectural project. Supported by eloquent rendering images, this project has the purpose of inspiring architects and to convince them to design and experiment their project with the cold climatic environment. Finally, the process developed serves to encourage the creation of new architectural forms and atmospheres adapted to the critical challenge imposed by the climate and proposes a new representation of our relationship to winter and architecture. Érosion. Imagerie en architecture. Impression tridimensionnelle.
4	Le bois comme générateur d'ambiances visuelles en architecture : étude expérimentale comparative sur la satisfaction visuelle à l'aide de maquettes à l'échelle réduite Poirier, Geneviève 24 April 2018 (has links) Cette étude explore le potentiel d’environnements intérieurs en bois éclairés naturellement à créer des ambiances chaleureuses, lumineuses et agréables, favorisant le confort et le bien-être psychologique. Le premier objectif de ce projet est d’étudier la diversité des conditions de ciel en termes de couverture et d’épaisseur nuageuse, ainsi que d’évaluer les impacts de cette diversité lumineuse sur cinq maquettes à échelle réduite composées de différents agencements de bois. Des données météorologiques sont transcrites dans un journal (voir article 1) alors que la comparaison simultanée de photographies des espaces sous les mêmes conditions révèle une remarquable diversité d’ambiances lumineuses pour un espace orienté au Sud-Est en fonction de la position du soleil et de la nébulosité du ciel. Alors qu’un espace composé de bois teint gris crée une atmosphère sombre, terne et froide, ne subissant aucune différence au niveau de ses ambiances visuelles lorsque soumise à des conditions de ciel différentes, l’analyse de photographies révèle qu’un espace composé de bois en chêne jaune crée une atmosphère chaleureuse, claire, et moins contrastée, remarquablement différente selon la nébulosité et la position du soleil. Par la suite, le deuxième objectif consiste en une enquête composée d’un questionnaire exploratoire soumis à 80 participants afin de comparer et classer ces espaces en contexte extérieur (voir article 2). Les résultats révèlent une préférence pour les espaces clairs, les qualifiant de « lumineux », « naturels », « chaleureux » et « agréables », favorisant des tâches cognitives et de concentration. L’espace composé de surfaces foncées est le moins apprécié, particulièrement chez les femmes, le qualifiant de « sombre », « désagréable », « épeurant » et « éblouissant ». Le sexe des participants ainsi que la séquence dans laquelle les maquettes sont observées génèrent un impact sur leur évaluation, tandis que la nébulosité du ciel ne possède pas d’effet sur la façon dont les maquettes sont perçues et classées. / This paper explores the potential for natural light to enhance wooden interior environments. Several studies have proven that the use of wood in furniture, interior surfaces and decoration help creating warm, bright and pleasant ambiences, enhancing psychological well-being and comfort when compared to other materials. This study aims to compare and examine the photometric and psychologic effects of diverse wooden environments. The objectives of this project were twofold: first, to study the diversity of northern sky conditions in terms of cloud cover and thickness as well as to evaluate the impacts of the diversity of natural light on five different wooden scale models. In order to create a cloudiness scale, weather data was collected during spring equinox in Quebec City, as well as photometric measurements. A photographic survey occurred in five scale models made with interior wooden finishes of varying color combinations, which documented the impact of sky diversity on brightness, hue and contrast. Simultaneous scale model studies under a real sky allowed direct comparison under the exact same lighting conditions. The second objective was to explore the effects of different colors, finish and ratio of wooden surfaces combinations on human perception. More specifically, participants compare simultaneously the five different interior wooden scale models under the natural light of the northern hemisphere in terms of their appreciation, visual comfort and well-being. The survey involved 80 participants with an exploratory questionnaire in order to compare and classify the different models. Conclusions showed a remarkable diversity of visual ambiences for a South-East oriented space depending on the position of the sun and sky conditions. Gray-dyed wooden finishes created dull and unchanging atmospheres, while yellow oaked surfaces allowed various dynamic ambiences. Participants demonstrated a preference for clear, bright and warm models, relating them cognitive and small-scale tasks. Darker models in terms of reflectance and lighting ambiences were the least preferred, especially for women. NA 9040.5 UL 2017 Bois -- Essais d'environnement Bois en décoration intérieure Modèles architecturaux Éclairage architectural Éclairage naturel Lumière en architecture
5	Methodological investigations on vegetation typology and phytogeography of rain forests of tropical Africa Senterre, Bruno B.M.L. 17 June 2005 (has links) I. An original methodological discussion is proposed on the problem of the typology of tropical rain forest’s plant communities, based on the study of forest types across gradients of continentality and elevation, within Atlantic central Africa. These investigations were based on the statement that the main problems in forest typology are related to the non-zonal or zonal character of the different vegetation types and to non considering the relations and differences between forest strata. II. Field data consisted in phytosociological homogeneous sample plots localized within different recognized phytogeographical entities, in a region of tropical Africa where these entities are known to be well conserved. A total of 37 such plots were inventoried in the region extending from the littoral forests of Ndoté, Equatorial Guinea, which are wet evergreen forests, to the continental forests of the Dja, Cameroon, known as evergreen seasonal forests. The studied region also included the oriental Atlantic forests of Equatorial Guinea, known as moist evergreen forests or caesalp forests. In various parts of this continentality gradient, some plots were localized within climax non-zonal formations, namely the submontane rain forests. The emphasis was put on the vegetation of the Monte Alén National Park. The sampling methodology was willing to be as "complete ", including all strata, "quantitative ", enumerating all individuals, and "representative ", within each stratum, as possible. These multi-layers plots were realised using nested sub-plots, with a sampling size of 100 individuals for every ligneous stratum recognized (dominant trees, dominated trees and shrubs) and a sampling size of 200m² for the herbaceous and suffrutex stratum. Forest types were defined independently for each stratum and the differences were analysed. A method was proposed for the simultaneous analysis of all floristic data, converting and standardizing the values from ligneous strata, on the one hand, and from understorey strata, on the other hand. III. Ten forest types were described using IndVal and discussed in the general context of the guineo-congolian region, from a syntaxonomic view point (agglomerative classification) and from a phytogeographical view point (divisive classification). Homologies between these two approaches are described. The proposed phytogeographical system is based on an "open " conception of hierarchical classifications, combining advantages of agglomerative and divisive classifications. In concrete terms, the non-zonal criteria, for example the submontane variants, are categorised separately and in analogy with the zonal criteria, related to the usual phytochoria. Analysis of ecological relationships for the 10 communities showed that the main variables related to the floristic variability in our mainland rain forests are elevation, rainfall, hygrometry (estimated using bryophytes cover levels) and distance to the ocean. The two extremes on the vertical microclimatic gradient, dominant trees stratum and herbaceous stratum, give similar typologies, however canonical analysis showed that for the herbaceous layer, non-zonal variables (hygrometry and elevation) were gaining more importance when the influence of the two zonal variables was attenuated. In every case, spatial autocorrelation was less important than the environment in explaining floristic variability but its role increased in the spatial arrangement of understorey species, whose dispersal capacity is generally lower than canopy trees. The phytosociological, phytogeographical and ecological description of forest types is accompanied by a physiognomical description using biological types spectrum, as well as architectural models, leaf sizes, etc. With regard to diversity, we have demonstrated that species richness was higher from upper to lower strata because of the accumulation in lower strata of species from various strata. On the other hand, the proper stratum diversity, i.e. the structural set, decreased from dominant trees to shrubs. The proper diversity of the herb layer showed relatively high figures mainly due to the higher individual density in relation to the existence of microstrata. Within the 37 sample plots, 1,050 taxa have been identified to species or morpho-species levels, for a total of 25,750 individuals. These taxa represent 442 genus among 104 families. The richest forest type is found on the foothills of the Niefang range, on the windward side. This forest type is also characterised by a high number of oligotypic genus and by species belonging to functional types indicators of glacial refuges. These functional types are defined on the basis of the dispersal capacity and on kind of stand needed for effective germination. We formulated the hypothesis that this kind of "foothills refuge ", characterised by his zonal nature, could have been one of the rare refuges for species from mainland rain forests, while montane and fluvial refuges would mainly have preserved species from non-zonal forest types: (sub)montane and riverine. Based on indicator species of submontane forests, a potential distribution map of this forest type has been realised at the Atlantic central African scale. More than 400 submontane forest localities have been mapped. These forests begin at 400m of altitude near the ocean, and progressively at higher altitude for increasing distance to the ocean. Many lowland localities also comprised submontane species, which could indicate the existence of ecological transgressions. These transgressions would allow migratory tracks for submontane species between isolated mountain ranges, not only during glacial periods, through heights at the northern and southern borders of the congo basin, but also contemporarily through the lowland riverine forest network, in the centre of this basin. Finally, a special attention has been attributed to littoral forests and to some cases of choroecological transgressions, coupled to the ecological equalization phenomenon. plant diversity foothills refuge glacial refuge environmental stability conservation rarefaction curves individuals-area curves species-area curves compensations écologiques Guinée Equatoriale Monte Alén Monts de Cristal Réserve de Ndoté rainforest transgression Monte Alén Cristal mountains strate forestière sous-bois ensemble structural groupe écologique modèles architecturaux guilde types fonctionnels synusie genres monotypiques genres paucispecifiques diversité végétale courbes aire-espèces courbes individus-espèces courbes de raréfaction courbes aire-constance aire minimale morpho-espèces pléistocène constancy-area curves minimal area structural ensemble understorey ecological group synusia oligotypic genus Réserve de Biosphère du Dja Cameroun Quaternaire glaciation refuge glaciaire refuge de pied de massifs montagneux stabilité environnementale conservation transgression forestière phytosociology plant community phytogeography open classification non-zonal nested plots forest types IndVal morphospecies pleistocene littoral forest rain forest afromontane submontane altitudinal belt glaciation Quaternary Equatorial Guinea ecological equalization continentality continentalité étage d’altitude forêt littorale forêt dense humide afromontagnard submontagnard IndVal types forestiers phytosociologie phytogéographie classification ouverte azonal relevés emboîtés multistrates monotypic genus architectural model guild plant functional type Ndoté Reserve Cameroon Dja Biosphere Reserve forest stratum forest layer understory
6	Recherches méthodologiques pour la typologie de la végétation et la phytogéographie des forêts denses d'Afrique tropicale Senterre, Bruno 17 June 2005 (has links) I. An original methodological discussion is proposed on the problem of the typology of tropical rain forest’s plant communities, based on the study of forest types across gradients of continentality and elevation, within Atlantic central Africa. These investigations were based on the statement that the main problems in forest typology are related to the non-zonal or zonal character of the different vegetation types and to non considering the relations and differences between forest strata.<p><p>II. Field data consisted in phytosociological homogeneous sample plots localized within different recognized phytogeographical entities, in a region of tropical Africa where these entities are known to be well conserved. A total of 37 such plots were inventoried in the region extending from the littoral forests of Ndoté, Equatorial Guinea, which are wet evergreen forests, to the continental forests of the Dja, Cameroon, known as evergreen seasonal forests. The studied region also included the oriental Atlantic forests of Equatorial Guinea, known as moist evergreen forests or caesalp forests. In various parts of this continentality gradient, some plots were localized within climax non-zonal formations, namely the submontane rain forests. The emphasis was put on the vegetation of the Monte Alén National Park.<p><p>The sampling methodology was willing to be as "complete ", including all strata, "quantitative ", enumerating all individuals, and "representative ", within each stratum, as possible. These multi-layers plots were realised using nested sub-plots, with a sampling size of 100 individuals for every ligneous stratum recognized (dominant trees, dominated trees and shrubs) and a sampling size of 200m² for the herbaceous and suffrutex stratum.<p><p>Forest types were defined independently for each stratum and the differences were analysed. A method was proposed for the simultaneous analysis of all floristic data, converting and standardizing the values from ligneous strata, on the one hand, and from understorey strata, on the other hand.<p><p>III. Ten forest types were described using IndVal and discussed in the general context of the guineo-congolian region, from a syntaxonomic view point (agglomerative classification) and from a phytogeographical view point (divisive classification). Homologies between these two approaches are described. The proposed phytogeographical system is based on an "open " conception of hierarchical classifications, combining advantages of agglomerative and divisive classifications. In concrete terms, the non-zonal criteria, for example the submontane variants, are categorised separately and in analogy with the zonal criteria, related to the usual phytochoria.<p><p>Analysis of ecological relationships for the 10 communities showed that the main variables related to the floristic variability in our mainland rain forests are elevation, rainfall, hygrometry (estimated using bryophytes cover levels) and distance to the ocean. The two extremes on the vertical microclimatic gradient, dominant trees stratum and herbaceous stratum, give similar typologies, however canonical analysis showed that for the herbaceous layer, non-zonal variables (hygrometry and elevation) were gaining more importance when the influence of the two zonal variables was attenuated. In every case, spatial autocorrelation was less important than the environment in explaining floristic variability but its role increased in the spatial arrangement of understorey species, whose dispersal capacity is generally lower than canopy trees. The phytosociological, phytogeographical and ecological description of forest types is accompanied by a physiognomical description using biological types spectrum, as well as architectural models, leaf sizes, etc.<p><p>With regard to diversity, we have demonstrated that species richness was higher from upper to lower strata because of the accumulation in lower strata of species from various strata. On the other hand, the proper stratum diversity, i.e. the structural set, decreased from dominant trees to shrubs. The proper diversity of the herb layer showed relatively high figures mainly due to the higher individual density in relation to the existence of microstrata. Within the 37 sample plots, 1,050 taxa have been identified to species or morpho-species levels, for a total of 25,750 individuals. These taxa represent 442 genus among 104 families. The richest forest type is found on the foothills of the Niefang range, on the windward side. This forest type is also characterised by a high number of oligotypic genus and by species belonging to functional types indicators of glacial refuges. These functional types are defined on the basis of the dispersal capacity and on kind of stand needed for effective germination. We formulated the hypothesis that this kind of "foothills refuge ", characterised by his zonal nature, could have been one of the rare refuges for species from mainland rain forests, while montane and fluvial refuges would mainly have preserved species from non-zonal forest types: (sub)montane and riverine.<p><p>Based on indicator species of submontane forests, a potential distribution map of this forest type has been realised at the Atlantic central African scale. More than 400 submontane forest localities have been mapped. These forests begin at 400m of altitude near the ocean, and progressively at higher altitude for increasing distance to the ocean. Many lowland localities also comprised submontane species, which could indicate the existence of ecological transgressions. These transgressions would allow migratory tracks for submontane species between isolated mountain ranges, not only during glacial periods, through heights at the northern and southern borders of the congo basin, but also contemporarily through the lowland riverine forest network, in the centre of this basin. Finally, a special attention has been attributed to littoral forests and to some cases of choroecological transgressions, coupled to the ecological equalization phenomenon.<p> / Doctorat en sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished Sciences exactes et naturelles Agronomie générale Phytogeography -- Africa, Sub-Saharan Forest surveys -- Africa, Sub-Saharan Phytogéographie -- Afrique noire Inventaires forestiers -- Afrique noire submontane afromontane rain forest littoral forest pleistocene morphospecies IndVal forest types nested plots non-zonal open classification phytogeography plant community phytosociology transgression forestière conservation stabilité environnementale refuge de pied de massifs montagneux refuge glaciaire glaciation Quaternaire Cameroun Réserve de Biosphère du Dja oligotypic genus synusia ecological group understorey structural ensemble minimal area constancy-area curves pléistocène morpho-espèces aire minimale courbes aire-constance courbes de raréfaction courbes individus-espèces courbes aire-espèces diversité végétale genres paucispecifiques genres monotypiques synusie types fonctionnels guilde modèles architecturaux groupe écologique ensemble structural sous-bois strate forestière Cristal mountains Monte Alén rainforest transgression Réserve de Ndoté Monts de Cristal Guinée Equatoriale compensations écologiques species-area curves individuals-area curves rarefaction curves environmental stability glacial refuge foothills refuge plant diversity altitudinal belt Quaternary Equatorial Guinea ecological equalization continentality continentalité étage d’altitude forêt littorale forêt dense humide afromontagnard submontagnard types forestiers phytosociologie phytogéographie classification ouverte azonal relevés emboîtés multistrates monotypic genus architectural model guild plant functional type Ndoté Reserve Cameroon Dja Biosphere Reserve forest stratum forest layer understory

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