The problem of the study is the delineation and subsequent application of a system of theoretical concepts associated with teaching addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of whole numbers--referred to as the "operations of arithmetic."

As more organisations apply project management to perform projects in order to deliver high quality products and services, the demand for project managers grows, and thus more research is required on the effectiveness of project managers (Crawford, 2005). Hence, this research project aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the effectiveness of project managers within project-oriented organisations.The purpose of this research project is to fill the research gap by bringing the practical perspective of the effectiveness of project managers, from different informants in various fields, into the theoretical perspective in the form of a conceptual model (i.e. the combination of the constructs: core categories, categories, and concepts) through in-depth interviews and the grounded theory method. This qualitative study attempts to provide a fresh insight into the leading and managing projects, and hence into the effectiveness of project managers in project-oriented organisations.This research project is one of the very rare studies investigating the matter of an effective project manager, particularly within project-oriented organisations. It is also one of the very few studies investigating the role of leadership in the effectiveness of project managers, particularly within project-oriented organisations. In addition, it is one of the very rare studies providing the conceptual model as the criteria for project managers to become effective within project-oriented organisations. Furthermore, it is one of the very rare studies providing the practical model as the tool to evaluate the effectiveness of project managers within project-oriented organisations. The research project provides an insightful understanding of the notion of leadership, management, and emotional intelligence, and uncovers their roles in the effectiveness of project managers within project-oriented organisations.The research project highlights the value of qualitative inquiry for exploring individuals’ perceptions and lived experiences, as well as investigating phenomena which have been relatively under-investigated to date. It also highlights the usefulness of grounded theory, which builds concepts grounded in empirical data.