<p>Today’s society depends on complex and technically advanced mechanical systems, often containing a variety of different components. Despite careful development andconstruction, some of these components may eventually fail. To avoid unnecessary damage, for example environmental or financial, there is a need to locate and diagnose these faults as fast as possible. This can be done with a diagnostic system, which should produce an alarm if there is a fault in the mechanical system and, if possible, indicate the reason behind it. </p><p>In model based diagnosis, a mathematical model of a fault free system is used to detect if the monitored system contain any faults. This is done by constructing fault indicators, called fault tests, consisting of equations from different parts of the model. Finding these parts is a time-consuming and demanding task, hence it is preferable if as much as possible of this process can be automated. In this thesis an algorithm that finds all parts of a system that can be used to create these fault tests is presented. To make this analysis feasible, in industrial applications, a simplified version of a system model called a structural model is used. Since the models considered in this thesis are implemented in the mathematical software Simulink, a method for transforming Simulink models into analytical equations and structural models is described. As a way of increasing the diagnostic performance for a model based diagnostic system, information about different faults, called fault models, can be included in the model. However, since the models in this thesis are implemented in Simulink, there is no direct way in which this can be preformed. This thesis describes a solution to this problem. The correctness of the algorithms in this thesis are proved and they have been applied, with supreme results, to aScania truck engine model.</p>

<p>Thorough testing of software is necessary to assure the quality of a product before it is released. The testing process requires substantial resources in software development. Model-based software development provides new possibilities to automate parts of the testing process. By automating tests, valuable time can be saved. This thesis focuses on different ways to utilize models for automatic generation of test vectors and how test coverage analysis can be used to assure the quality of a test suite or to find "dead code" in a model. Different test-automation techniques have been investigated and applied to a model of an adaptive cruise control system (ACC) used at Scania. Source code has been generated automatically from the model, model coverage and code coverage has therefore been compared. The work with this thesis resulted in a new method to create test vectors for models based on a combinatorial test technique.</p>

<p>The WinCandide application, a platform for face tracking and model based coding, had become out of date and needed to be upgraded. This report is based on the work of investigating possible open source GUIs and computer vision tool kits that could replace the old ones that are unsupported. Multi platform GUIs are of special interest.</p>

<p>This thesis aims at building a system capable of automatically extracting and parameterizing the position of a face and its features in images acquired from a low-end monocular camera. Such a challenging task is justified by the importance and variety of its possible applications, ranging from face and expression recognition to animation of virtual characters using video depicting real actors. The implementation includes the construction of Active Appearance Models of the human face from training images. The existing face model Candide-3 is used as a starting point, making the translation of the tracking parameters to standard MPEG-4 Facial Animation Parameters easy.</p><p>The Inverse Compositional Algorithm is employed to adapt the models to new images, working on a subspace where the appearance is "projected out" and thus focusing only on shape.</p><p>The algorithm is tested on a generic model, aiming at tracking different people’s faces, and on a specific model, considering one person only. In the former case, the need for improvements in the robustness of the system is highlighted. By contrast, the latter case gives good results regarding both quality and speed, with real time performance being a feasible goal for future developments.</p>

<p>Legislation requires substantially lowered emissions and that all trucks manufactured are equipped with an On-Board Diagnosis (OBD) system. One approach for designing an OBD system is to use model based diagnosis and residual generation. At Scania CV AB, a method for automatic design of a diagnosis system from a model has been developed but there are still possibilities for improvements to get more and better residual generators. The main objective of this thesis is to analyze and improve the existing method.</p><p>A theoretic outline of two methods using different causality assumptions is presented and the differences are analyzed and discussed. Stability of residual generators is analyzed and a method for constructing stable residual generators and its consequences for the diagnosis system is presented.</p><p>Methods using integral and derivative causality are found not to be equivalent for all dynamic systems, resulting in that a diagnosis system utilizing both methods would be preferred for detectability reasons. A stable residual generator can be constructed from an unstable residual generator. The method for stabilizing a residual generator affects the fault sensitivity of the residual generator and the fault detectability properties of the diagnosis system.</p> / <p>Lagkrav kräver väsentligt sänkta emissionsnivåer och att alla tillverkade lastbilar är utrustade med ett system för On-Board Diagnosis (OBD). Ett sätt att konstruera ett OBD system är att använda modellbaserad diagnos och residualgenerering. På Scania CV AB har en metod för automatisk konstruktion av ett diagnossystem utifrån en modell utvecklats, men det finns utrymme för bättringar som leder till att fler och bättre residualgeneratorer konstrueras. Huvudsyftet med examensarbetet är att analysera och förbättra den existerande metoden.</p><p>En teoretisk beskrivning av två metoder som använder sig av olika kausalitet presenteras och skillnaderna analyseras och diskuteras. Stabiliteten hos residualgeneratorer analyseras och en metod för att konstruera stabila residualgeneratorer och dess konsekvenser för diagnossystemet presenteras.</p><p>Metoder som använder sig av integrerande respektive deriverande kausalitet visar sig inte vara ekvivalenta för alla dynamiska system, vilket resulterar i att ett diagnossystem som använder sig av båda kausaliteterna är att föredra i ett diagnossystem med avseende på detekterbarhet. En stabil residualgenerator kan konstrueras från en instabil residualgenerator. Metoden för att stabilisera en residualgenerator påverkar felkänsligheten hos residualgeneratorn och feldetekterbarheten hos diagnossystemet.</p>

<p>Rodon is a diagnostic tool developed by Sörman. SAAB’s interest in Rodon regards the possibility to use the tool for development and operations of aircraft systems. The main goal of this thesis was to evaluate the capacity of Rodon and determine how SAAB can use the diagnostic tool during development and operations.</p><p>The tool uses model based diagnosis with artificial intelligence for fault isolation which is a powerful approach. If Rodon is introduced at SAAB, then detailed models of systems will be necessary to create, including the nominal behavior of the system and different faulty behaviors. In order to achieve high quality fault isolation, it is necessary to have complete and consistent models. To be able to use all applications that Rodon feature for a modeled system, preferable characteristics are that the model should be static, have discrete control signals, and have well defined system behavioral modes.</p><p>During development of a system Rodon can be used to improve and easy the work for failure analysis, guidance of sensor placements, evaluation of tests, generation of decision structures, and fault isolation. Since design of tests during development is a desirable application that Rodon does not have, two different methods are presented that utilizes Rodon to generate all possible limit checking tests.</p><p>In conclusion, Rodon can be very useful in several different aspects if introduced, but benefits gained by using Rodon will have to be compared to the labor cost of creating good models.</p>

<p>Spectrally pure signals are an indispensable requirement when the Signal Generator (SG) is to be used as part of a test bed. However, even sophisticated equipment may not comply with the needs imposed by certain applications. This work approaches the problem by using Digital Pre-Distortion (DPD) based on a polynomial memory-less model obtained for the SG.</p><p>Using the SG in arbitrary mode (ARB) an input signal is computer-generated and reproduced by the SG. Measurement accuracy is ensured using coherence sampling and grid matching to the Signal Analyzer (SA). Finally, careful time alignment is used to compare the transmitted and received three-tone signals to obtain the polynomials coefficients.</p><p>Results show that the accuracy of the model and the effectiveness of pre-distortion may vary depending on the amplitude of the three-tone signal. However, using polynomials of 5th and 9th degrees up to 15dB reduction of the 3rd order Inter-Modulation products can be obtained, and spurious powers may be lowered down to 70dBc.</p>

<p><strong>Aim:</strong> The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between innovation and system complexity, and suggest improvements for an organization to handle innovation and complexity better.</p><p><strong>Method:</strong> The analysis was based on theoretical models about organizational structure, development models and knowledge management. The models were selected to highlight theoretical extremes rather than practical usefulness to avoid practical obstacles in the theoretic evaluations. The work progressed as a strategy development flow based on a model including four phases; analysis, objectives and recommendations, options and Implementation.</p><p><strong>Result & Conclusions: </strong>To significantly improve how complexity and innovation are managed it isn’t sufficient to focus on improvements in one part, such as processes. Organizational goals, external environment, organizational structure, development model, knowledge management and internal culture have to be considered and balanced to achieve significant improvements. For the organization studied it was clear that there was a difference in the official description of the organization and how it worked in practice.</p><p><strong>Suggestions for future research: </strong>Metrics are important to measure value and improvement. Balanced metrics describing how well an organization is adapted to its goals and environment is an area for future work. The effect of Model-Based design on organizational structure is another interesting topic for further research.  </p><p><strong>Contribution of the thesis: </strong>The recommendations and objectives developed in this study can be used to improve an organization with respect to both internal and external environment.</p>

<p>Testing is a critical activity in the software development process in order to obtain systems of high quality. Tieto typically develops complex systems, which are currently tested through a large number of manually designed test cases. Recent development within software testing has resulted in methods and tools that can automate the test case design, the generation of test code and the test result evaluation based on a model of the system under test. This testing approach is called model-based testing (MBT).</p><p>This thesis is a feasibility study of the model-based testing concept and has been performed at the Tieto office in Karlstad. The feasibility study included the use and evaluation of the model-based testing tool Qtronic, developed by Conformiq, which automatically designs test cases given a model of the system under test as input. The experiments for the feasibility study were based on the incremental development of a test object, which was the client protocol module of a simplified model for an ATM (Automated Teller Machine) client-server system. The experiments were evaluated both individually and by comparison with the previous experiment since they were based on incremental development. For each experiment the different tasks in the process of testing using Qtronic were analyzed to document the experience gained as well as to identify strengths and weaknesses.</p><p>The project has shown the promise inherent in using a model-based testing approach. The application of model-based testing and the project results indicate that the approach should be further evaluated since experience will be crucial if the approach is to be adopted within Tieto’s organization.</p>

Generality, representation, and control have been the central issues in machine recognition. Model-based recognition is the search for consistent matches of the model and image features. We present a comparative framework for the evaluation of different approaches, particularly those of ACRONYM, RAF, and Ikeuchi et al. The strengths and weaknesses of these approaches are discussed and compared and the remedies are suggested. Various tradeoffs made in the implementations are analyzed with respect to the systems' intended task-domains. The requirements for a versatile recognition system are motivated. Several directions for future research are pointed out.