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The American way of life is becoming increasingly transient in nature. But at the same time there is also the inherent need to have a sense of rootedness, the need for a place to call home, to belong. The current thesis is an architectural exploration of creating a dialogue between this duality. The approach is to explore a composite system, where modular prefabricated architecture is implemented in conjunction with traditional building practices. The idea is to address the transient nature and sense of belonging by combining the prefabricated modular approach with the site-built traditional approach. This study proposes that there are two types of spaces in a house that creates the overall spatial experience of a home. These can be termed as core functional spaces and more fluid or flexible spaces. Core functional spaces are bedroom, kitchen, bathroom, dining, formal living etc. Flexible spaces are more fluid in terms of function, for example – family living, lobby, lounge, connecting/common spaces etc. In the current thesis, core functional units are proposed to be developed as modular units. The reason is, because of their defined functionality they can be designed as basic modules. The modules would be prefabricated in a factory and transported to site. The modules themselves are composed of panelised systems. This allows for a flexibility in different permutation of layouts and enables adaptability of the house with changing family dynamics and other functional needs, thus addressing the transient nature of life. The fluid spaces are proposed to be built on site allowing greater flexibility in terms of dimensions, construction material and design. This type of space addresses the sense of permanence and rootedness as they are designed to be responsive to the site forces and define the unique characteristics of a home based on client’s unique requirements. Overall, the composite approach addresses transience and changing family demographics through the modular, prefabricated, core functional units. Prefabrication is adopted for saving time and expenses of construction. Assembly line techniques, grouping of similar tasks and use of skilled labour help in achieving that. The core functional spaces serve some basic purposes which is common for every house in general. So these spaces can be considered as repeating units and forms, and can be considered for prefabrication. For example, Kitchens, bathrooms or bedrooms can be treated as basic units and thus can be designed as prefab modules. Prefabricated, modular construction is rapidly gaining interest in the building construction industry. Implementation of modular construction improves the efficiency in production and safety in the working environment. This reduces the necessity to transport many skilled workers to the construction site. Prefabrication also helps avoid other adverse conditions like exposure to harsh weather or a hazardous environment, lack of water or power etc. On the other hand, the proposed composite approach addresses permanence through the site-built components. These components are responsive to different sites and different client needs. The fluid spaces are the spaces that do not serve any specific or basic purpose for the designed architectural piece to function as a home, but rather work as a space that binds all the core functions together. The fluid spaces ne the architectural experience of a house and how the core functions are coming together to form an architectural piece that one can call home. For example, common lobby spaces, informal living, corridors etc work as fluid spaces where all the functional spaces are connected. For different households, different family needs, the fluid space can receive the functional modules differently thereby defining the architectural space differently. This type of spaces can be designed using traditional on-site construction which provides the language of permanence and rootedness. Proposed modular units themselves follow a panelised construction, so it is easy to add or remove panels to support the different arrangements of modules around different types of site built elements. Thus the composite system supports the transience by providing adaptability and permanence by responding and being rooted to the site. The overall spatial experience created by the juxtaposition of these two systems and two types of textures is the focus of this thesis. / Master of Architecture / Modern life is increasingly becoming fast and mobile. The idea of building one permanent accommodation for life that does not adapt to changes in family dynamics is increasingly going away. On the contrary, there is an inherent need in human beings to feel rooted to the place they live in. The current thesis aims to address this duality from an architectural perspective. The thesis proposes an architectural system that combines age-old, traditional architectural style with novel construction concepts. In traditional systems, houses were built from scratch, on-site. Which made them rooted to the place and directly influenced by the site. But new, prefabrication concepts propose constructing parts of a house as modules off-site, in a factory, and transporting them to the site. This off-site, module-based process makes a house easily adaptable to changes with changing family dynamics. This thesis proposes that there are two types of spaces in a house that creates the overall spatial experience of a home. These can be termed as core-functional spaces and flexible spaces. Core functional spaces are bedroom, kitchen, bathroom, dining, formal living etc. Flexible spaces are more fluid in terms of functionality, for example – family living, lobby, lounge, connecting/common spaces etc. In the current thesis, core functional units are proposed to be developed as modular, factory-built units. The reason is, because of their distinct functionality, they can be designed as modules. The modules would be prefabricated in a factory and transported to site. This approach enables adaptability of the house with changing family dynamics, thus addressing the transient nature of life. The flexible spaces are proposed to be built on site. This type of space addresses the sense of permanence and rootedness as they are designed to be responsive to the site forces and define the unique characteristics of a home based on client’s unique requirements. The architectural implementation presented here celebrates the coming together of these two types of building processes. Overall, the composite approach addresses transience and changing family demographics through the modular, prefabricated, core functional units. On the other hand, the proposed composite approach addresses permanence through the site-built components. The composite system supports the transience by providing adaptability and permanence by responding and being rooted to the site. The overall spatial experience created by the juxtaposition of these two systems and two types of textures is the focus of this thesis.

The communication technology is changing rapidly every day, and the internet has played a very important role in our lives. Through specific protocols, people transform the data into 0¡¦s and 1¡¦s as digital signals and transfer them from sender to receiver via the network. Unfortunately, data transfer through the internet is open to the public, and too much exposure of private data may be a serious risk. To avoid this situation, we can encrypt the data before transmission to guarantee data confidentiality and privacy. The RSA encryption system is a simple and highly secure public key cryptosystem, but the encryption and decryption process requires a lot of exponentiation operations and division operations. In order to improve the reliability of the encrypted data, the operands are usually larger than 512 bits. If software is used to perform encryption and decryption, real time application will not be sufficed, since software lacks performance. For this reason, the RSA must be implemented in hardware. Since then, many methods of refining the effectiveness of the RSA encryption and decryption hardware have began to be developed. This research proposes a new Modular Multiplier architecture similar to the original Montgomery Modular Multiplier and the RSA encryption system, which is composed by simple adders, shifting registers and multiplexers. What¡¦s more, we¡¦ve also proposed new concepts including the Quotient Lookahead and the Superfluous Operation Elimination to further enhance the performance. The test results show that our design can reduce the total cycle count by 19%, and also save the overall energy consumption. Due to the features of high performance and energy saving, the proposed design is suitable for portable devices which have low power requirements.

The explosive growth in the data communications industry has positioned the internet to hold very important roles in our lives. Sending or receiving data on an open network is an invitation for unauthorized users to obtain your personal information. In order to avoid compromising sensitive information while transferring data, the data needs to be encrypted before transmission to ensure that the information remains safe and confidential. RSA is the most widely used public-key cryptosystem. An RSA operation is a modular exponentiation, which is usually achieved by repeated modular multiplications. For security reasons, RSA operand sizes need to be 512 bits or greater. It would be difficult to achieve real time transmission on the internet by running software programs on typical processors. For this reason, we believe it is necessary to implement RSA by hardware circuit in order to speed up RSA operations. Modular exponentiation is the only operation in RSA cryptosystem and it can be done through repeated modular multiplications. The Montgomery multiplication algorithm is widely recognized as the most efficient modular multiplication algorithm. In order to improve the speed of RSA operation, many papers have proposed ways to refine the Montgomery Algorithm and its architecture. In this thesis, we focus on further improving the performance and power consumption of RSA cryptosystems. This research presents an improved Montgomery multiplier and RSA cryptosystem architecture using only one carry saver adder to significantly reduce the delays of conventional multipliers. We also proposed a low power shift register to reduce power consumption of shift register in Montgomery multiplier. Experimental results show that the proposed RSA cryptosystem not only runs with higher performance but also consumes less power, leading to this system more competitive and suitable for implementations in portable electronic products.

Thanks to the development of the Internet in recent years, we can see more and more applications on E-commerce in the world. At the same time, we have to prevent our personal information to be leaked out during the transaction. Therefore, topic on researching network security becomes increasingly popular. It is well-known that an encryption system can be applied to consolidate the network security. RSA encryption algorithm is a special kind of asymmetric cryptography, commonly used in public key encryption system on the network, by using two prime numbers as the two keys to encrypt and decrypt. These two keys are called public key and private key, and the key length is at least 512 bits. As a public key encryption, the only way to decrypt is using the private key. As long as the private key is not revealed, it is very difficult to get the private key from the public key even using the reverse engineering. Therefore, RSA encryption algorithm can be regarded as a very safe encryption and decryption algorithm. As the minimum key length has to be greater than 512 bits to ensure information security, using software to execute RSA encryption and decryption will be very slow so that the real time requirement may not be satisfied. Hence we will have to implement RSA encryption system with a hardware circuit to meet the real time requirement on the network. Modular exponentiation (i.e., ME mod N) in RSA cryptosystem is usually achieved by repeated modular multiplications on large integers. A famous approach to implement the modular multiplication into hardware circuits is based on the Montgomery modular multiplication algorithm, which replaces the trial division by modulus with a series of addition and shift operations. However, a large amount of clock cycle is still required to complete a modular multiplication. For example, Montgomery multiplication algorithm will take 512 clock cycles to complete an A․B mod N. As a result, performing one modular exponentiation ME mod N in RSA cryptosystm will need 512․512 clock cycles. To counter the above disadvantage, we employ radix-4 algorithm to reduce 50% of clock cycle number for each A•B mod N. In addition, we also modify the architecture of conventional in order to achieve the radix-4 algorithm to reduce its critical path delay so that the performance can be improved further. Experimental results show that the proposed 1024-bit radix-4 modular multiplier (Our-Booth-Radix-4) before performing as pipeline is 70% faster than the radix-2 multiplier with 24% area overhead. Furthermore, it is 20% faster than traditional radix-4 modular multiplier with 12% area reduction. Therefore, its AT is smaller than the previous architectures.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2009. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 40-42).

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-06T13:23:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 renatodacruzavelar.pdf: 1970202 bytes, checksum: e954f9890b80be2f892f0d33a4f38974 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-25T16:18:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 renatodacruzavelar.pdf: 1970202 bytes, checksum: e954f9890b80be2f892f0d33a4f38974 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T16:18:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 renatodacruzavelar.pdf: 1970202 bytes, checksum: e954f9890b80be2f892f0d33a4f38974 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-11 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo apresentar um abordagem da aritmética modular direcionada para o aluno do 1o ano do ensino médio regular, baseado na experiência do autor nessa modalidade de ensino, fazendo uma breve revisão de alguns requisitos básicos para compreensão do conteúdo. A teoria é apresentada utilizando uma linguagem simples, sempre seguida de exemplos, sendo alguns deles retirados de provas de nível nacional, além de propor atividades para fixação, seguidas das respectivas soluções e atividades de aplicação, que permitem a verificação e percepção da importância do conteúdo. / This work aims to present a modular arithmetic approach directed to the student on his first year of regular high school, based on the experience of author in this type of education, making a brief review of some basic requirements to understand the content. The theory is presented using simple language, always followed by examples, some of which are drawn from national tests, and to propose activities for fixation, followed by their solutions and activities application that allow the verification and perceived importance of the content.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24385号 / 理博第4884号 / 新制||理||1699(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科数学・数理解析専攻 / (主査)准教授 伊藤 哲史, 教授 雪江 明彦, 教授 池田 保 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Ingeniera Civil Mecánica / El presente trabajo de título consiste en el diseño y fabricación de un sistema robótico modular blando, acompañado de su respectiva caracterización técnica. El sistema se forma mediante la unión o conexión de varios módulos o unidades básicas iguales (sistema modular) y tiene la característica de que el material predominante sea resina elastomérica (robótica blanda), lo que brinda al sistema de flexibilidad en su estructura y las deformaciones que puede alcanzar. El diseño consiste en un cubo con una cámara interior vacía y cavidades en cada cara para el alojamiento de imanes, que actúan como sistema de acoplamiento entre módulos. La expansión se produce al inyectar aire comprimido a la cámara interna. Se simulan sistemas en el software VoxCad con características similares a las del diseño, con los cuales se puede apreciar la potencialidad que un sistema robótico modular blando posee: adaptabilidad de forma, flexibilidad de movimiento, alta resistencia a impacto, y la capacidad de prescindir de mecanismos complejos para su actuación. La fabricación se realiza por colada de una resina de silicona flexible y las piezas rígidas se producen por impresión 3D de tipo SLS. El método propuesto es sencillo y no requiere herramientas especiales. Los módulos resultan ser más resistentes de lo esperado, presentando fallas que muchas veces son fáciles de reparar y resistiendo expansiones de hasta diez veces su volumen inicial. Un módulo es capaz de soportar hasta ocho módulos conectados verticalmente y dos horizontalmente. La respuesta de los módulos al impulso es rápida, alcanzando el volumen final en 200 ms. La actuación en conjunto es similar a la simulada cualitativamente. La falla más común del sistema consiste en la desconexión de los módulos de las mangueras de aire a presión, lo que actúa como válvula de alivio del sistema evitando la rotura de los módulos. Como característica adicional se puede incluir la fácil reparación de los módulos luego de alguna rotura bajo ciertas condiciones como limpieza del módulo y tamaño reducido de la falla. Finalmente se estima que el costo en materiales de cada módulo es alrededor de US$ 5, sin contar costos de envío, de los moldes necesarios para la fabricación o la electrónica de control. El sistema posee características suficientes para formar estructuras simples y aprovecha las ventajas respectivas de la robótica blanda y modular. Además se identifican algunas mejoras posibles, destacando la degasificación de la resina para aumentar la resistencia de los módulos y la mejora del sistema de acoplamiento.