The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children has increased over the past decades, creating a need for animal models that recapitulate the features of the pediatric disease. Iberian pigs have a leptin-resistant phenotype characterized by hyperleptinemia, hyperphagia, and extreme adipogenesis. We hypothesized that neonatal Iberian pigs fed a high fat high-fructose (HFF) diet will develop a pattern of liver injury resembling pediatric NAFLD. In addition, we sought to determine if a mixture of probiotics would prevent the disease. Animals were fed 1 of 4 diets containing (g/kg body weight × d) 0 g fructose, 11 g fat and 199 kcal (CON-N; n=8), 22 g fructose, 16 g fat and 300 kcal (HFF2-N; n=8), CON + probiotic (CON-P; n=6), or HFF2 + probiotic (HFF2-P; n=6) every 6 h for 70 d. The probiotic mixture (6.2 × 104 cfu/mL) contained Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Body weight was recorded every 3 d. Serum markers of liver injury and dyslipidemia were measured on d 40 and 65 at 2 h post feeding. Fasting leptin, insulin, glucose and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) values were assessed on d 70. Liver and skeletal muscle (longissimus dorsi) were collected on d 70 for histology, triacylglyceride (TAG) quantification, relative gene expression, and Western blot analysis. Metabolomic analysis was performed on liver tissue and plasma. Body weight was not significantly greater in HFF fed pigs compared to CON. Leptin, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and total bilirubin were increased (P ≤ 0.001), and high and low density lipoproteins decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in HFF2-N and HFF2-P. Livers in HFF2-P and HFF2-N had higher relative weight and TAG (P ≤ 0.001), micro and macrovesicular steatosis, ballooning degeneration, Mallory-denk bodies, inflammation and necrosis, increased gene expression of TNFα, TGFβ, IL1α and PPARγ (P ≤ 0.001), and decreased ChREBP (P ≤ 0.001). A probiotic affect was seen as pigs fed CON-P and HFF2-P had higher insulin and HOMA values were increased (P ≤ 0.05). Western blot analysis showed dysregulation of autophagy in liver of pigs fed CON-P and HFF2-P, and in skeletal muscle of pigs fed CON-N and HFF2-N. Metabolomic analysis demonstrated dysregulation of one-carbon metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), the urea cycle, and amino acid metabolism of pigs fed HFF2 diets compared to CON diets. In conclusion, Iberian pigs fed a HFF diet recapitulate many pediatric NAFLD-associated features, in the absence of obesity and independently of probiotic supplementation, suggesting a potentially suitable model for pediatric NAFLD research. Furthermore, probiotic supplementation did not ameliorate the onset of NAFLD when fed in conjunction with a HFF diet.

We have previously demonstrated that long-term dietary Se deficiency in old Terc-/- mice with humanized telomeres induces type-2 diabetes and exacerbates age-dependent increases in the abundance of A. muciniphila and Lachnospiraceae, which are related to obesity and metabolic syndromes. The objectives of this dissertation are: 1) to determine the minimum intake of Se required for type 2 diabetes prevention in middle-aged mice; 2) to evaluate the efficacy of A. muciniphila and R. torques (a Lachnospiraceae family member) to intervene dietary Se deficiency-induced type 2 diabetes and the underlying mechanisms; 3) to assess sex differences in the responses to dietary Se deficiency and oral gavage of such bacteria. Our results demonstrated that mice fed diets containing ≤0.10 mg Se/kg developed glucose intolerance and insulin resistance at middle-aged stage. To address objectives 2 and 3, we showed that dietary Se deficiency exacerbated type-2 diabetes-like phenotypes in males but the extent was less in females aged 7 and 13 months. Oral gavage of A. muciniphila into either antibiotics-treated or conventional mice ameliorated these phenotypes and elevated beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus, F. prausnitzii, and Roseburia spp./E. rectale) abundance, but reduced E. coli abundance. Dietary Se deficiency decreased intestinal barrier functions and induced intestinal inflammation. In conventional mice, A. muciniphila oral gavage reversed such intestinal defects but did not affect the expression of selenoproteins. By contrast, oral gavage of R. torques did not restore dietary Se deficiency-induced type 2 diabetes-like phenotypes in female mature mice and showed opposite impacts on the change of the 4 specific genera in comparison with A. muciniphila oral gavage. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that suboptimal body Se status induces type 2 diabetes and reshapes gut microbiota in an age- and sex-dependent manner. Such metabolic defects in conventional Se-deficient mice can be alleviated by A. muciniphila but not R. torques supplement, which may counteract common intestinal defects in metabolic syndrome. In conclusion, optimal Se at nutritional level of intake is necessary to prevent type 2 diabetes. A. muciniphila is a promising supplement for alleviation of type 2 diabetes and possibly other metabolic diseases in relation to intestinal inflammation and glucose dysregulation.

This doctoral thesis is dealing with the correlation of morphological, immunohistochemical and genetical findings in malignant tumors of salivary glands. The first half of the thesis comprises the summary of current knowledge about salivary malignancies. The second half is presenting the research itself. The research results are divided into three parts. The first part is presenting the method of "2-step diagnostic test" of malignant tumors. This screening test aims to find new, so far not described gene aberrations with a focus on malignant tumors of salivary glands. This method takes place in two consecutive steps. In the first step the material is examined by an immunohistochemical mixture of antibodies, which non-specifically detects aberration in the genes NTRK1-3, ALK and ROS1. In the second step all positive cases are subjected to highly sensitive and specific molecular-genetic examination by the method of next generation sequencing (NGS) using the Archer kit. In the second part of the work there has been designed the approach to the cytological diagnosis of salivary secretory carcinoma by the fine-needle aspiration (FNA). This part is describing to the details the cytomorphology of secretory carcinoma in both, Pap smears and cell blocks, from which additional immunocytochemical and genetic...

Bile acids in the small intestines of animals serve to breakdown fats and fatsoluble vitamins. Most of the bile acids are reabsorbed into the enterohepatic circulation, but approximately five percent of these bile acids pass into the large intestine. These bile acids are swiftly deconjugated by the bacterial population, and then subjected to further intestinal bacterial chemical modifications. The most significant of these modifications are 7α-dehydroxylations which form secondary bile acids (deoxycholate and lithocholate). Much research has illuminated the 7α-dehydroxylation pathway: of particular interest is the bile acid inducible operon, for which Clostridium scindens VPI 12708 serves as the model organism. There is a lack of knowledge on how this operon is regulated, so the goal of this project was to create a genetic construct consisting of upstream regulatory elements, a bile acid inducible promoter, and a ϐ- glucuronidase reporter. Cloning strategies utilized PCR to amplify desired DNA fragments and sewing methodology to combine DNA fragments. DNA fragments were ligated into plasmids and transformed into competent E. coli. Transformants were evaluated for the desired reporter gene fusion by blue/white screening, additional PCR, and/or restriction digestion. The bile acid inducible promoter was successfully amplified, and the upstream sequence and uidA (ϐ- glucuronidase) reporter was demonstrated. However, no E. colitransformants were demonstrated to possess the baiP-uidA gene fusion. The project strategy is plausible and data regarding the bile acid inducible promoter are greatly needed.

Due to their relative chemical stability and ubiquity in the environment, chlorinated organic contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pose significant health risks and enduring remediation challenges. Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) provide a novel platform for sensing/remediation of these toxicants, in addition to the growing use of NPs in many industrial and biomedical applications, but there remains concern for their potential long-term health effects. Research highlighted herein also represents a transdisciplinary approach to address human health challenges associated with exposure to PCBs and NPs. The objectives of this dissertation research are two-fold, 1) to develop effective methods for capture/sensing and remediation of environmental toxicants, and 2) to better understand associated risks and to elucidate relevant protective mechanisms, such as lifestyle-related modulators of environmental disease. Prevalent engineered nanoparticles, including aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide, have been studied to better understand effective nanoparticle dispersion methods for in vitro nanotoxicology studies. This work has served both to effectively stabilize these nanoparticles under physiological conditions and to better understand the associated mechanisms of toxicity, which links these metal nanoparticles to endothelial oxidative stress and inflammation through phosphorylation of key cellular signaling molecules and increased DNA binding of pro-inflammatory NFκB. Surface functionalization, though, is being found to limit potential toxicity and has been utilized in subsequent research. A novel polyphenol-functionalized, NP-based system has been developed which combines the biomimetic binding capabilities of nutrient polyphenols with the separation and heating capabilities of superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs for the capture/sensing of organic contaminants in polluted water sources. Magnetic nanocomposite microparticles (MNMs) incorporating the fluorescent polyphenols quercetin and curcumin exhibit high affinity for model organic pollutants followed by rapid magnetic separation, addressing the need for sustainable pollutant remediation. Further work has been performed to both better understand health concerns associated with environmental toxicants such as PCBs and to determine effective methods for modulating their toxicity. This research has shown that PCB remediation through dechlorination is a viable technique for decreasing endothelial inflammation, although complete dechlorination to biphenyl is necessary to effectively eliminate superoxide production, NFκB activation, and induction of inflammatory markers. Additionally, the nutrient polyphenol EGCG, found in green tea, has been shown to serve as a biomedical modulator of in vivo PCB toxicity by up-regulating a battery of antioxidant enzymes transcriptionally controlled by AhR and Nrf2 proteins.

Un des aspects les plus marquants de l'évolution des grands singes est l'augmentation relative du volume du cerveau, et en particulier du néocortex, qui culmine chez Homo sapiens. La microcéphalie primaire est une anomalie congénitale du développement cérébral humain caractérisée par un cerveau normalement formé mais de petit volume. Il en existe une forme isolée, non syndromique, dont la majorité des cas sont d'origine génétique et transmis sur le mode autosomique récessif (MCPH), qui constituent donc un modèle génétiquement simple qui résulte de l'altération d'un seul gène, essentiel dans le développement volumique du cerveau. Une consanguinité parentale est présente dans la majorité des cas, ce qui permet une approche puissante de localisation génomique de la mutation responsable, nommée cartographie d'homozygotie. A ce jour, huit gènes causant cette anomalie ont déjà été identifiés :BRIT1 (MCPH1), ASPM (MCPH5), CDK5RAP2 (MCPH3) et CENPJ (MCPH6), et plus récemment, STIL (MCPH7), CEP152 (MCPH9), WDR62 (MCPH2) et CEP135 (MCPH8). Tous ces gènes jouent un rôle au niveau du cycle cellulaire. Nous avons tenté, au cours de ce doctorat, d’identifier et de caractériser un nouveau gène du locus MCPH4 cartographié au laboratoire et situé sur le bras long du chromosome 15. <p>Dans trois familles MCPH4 originaires de villages voisins du Maroc rural, nous avons affiné la zone de liaison à un segment de 3,7cM, contenant un haplotype commun sur une longueur de 2,7cM suggérant un déséquilibre de liaison autour d’une mutation ancestrale. Le LOD score combiné dans les trois familles était supérieur à 6. Parmi les gènes contenus dans cette région, nous avons sélectionné des candidats que nous avons ensuite analysés par séquençage direct de l’ADN de nos patients. Parmi ces gènes, CASC5 présentait un variant, homozygote chez nos patients, hétérozygote chez leurs parents sains et absent chez 150 contrôles non apparentés. Nous avons utilisé la technologie 454 de séquençage à haut débit de Roche pour séquencer les gènes de l’intervalle de 2.7Mb en une fois. Parmi les mutations identifiées, nous n’avons trouvé qu’une seule variation exonique inconnue qui correspondait à la variation faux-sens déjà identifiée dans le gène CASC5. CASC5 est une protéine centromérique requise pour l’alignement des chromosomes à la métaphase et pour le point de contrôle métaphasique de la progression mitotique. Il était donc potentiellement un très bon candidat causal de la microcéphalie primaire. CASC5 lie directement MIS12, BUB1, BUBR1 et Zwint-1, et fait partie du réseau KMN du kinétochore. Il est nécessaire à l’ancrage des centromères chromosomiques au fuseau mitotique, et est requis pour le contrôle du cycle cellulaire au niveau du Spindle-Assembly Checkpoint.<p>Nous avons ensuite confirmé que la mutation génère un défaut d’épissage chez nos patients consistant en la perte partielle de l’exon 18 dans l’ARNm. La perte de cet exon conduit à un déphasage du cadre de lecture provoquant l’apparition d’un codon STOP prématuré dans l’exon 19. Ceci prédit donc la formation d’une protéine tronquée, ou absente après dégradation par le mécanisme cellulaire de dégradation des ARNm non-sens. Par Western-Blotting nous avons pu révéler, en lignée lymphoblastoïdes, la protéine CASC5 endogène chez tous nos patients, y compris, à notre surprise, chez les sujets atteints. <p>Il est décrit dans la littérature qu’un knockdown de CASC5 provoque un mauvais alignement des chromosomes, une entrée prématurée en mitose et la formation de micronoyaux, conséquence d’un mauvais alignement des chromosomes pendant la métaphase. Les différentes études menées sur le phénotype cellulaire de nos patients en lignées lymphoblastoïdes n’ont pu révéler ces défauts. Notre hypothèse est que l’allèle muté est hypomorphe et que le phénotype cellulaire décrit en boites de culture ne s’observerait in vivo que dans certaines cellules du cerveau en cours de développement.<p>En parallèle de ces travaux, nous avons également contribué à l’identification de la cause d’une microcéphalie primaire syndromique, associée à un diabète insulino-requérant précoce, tansmis sur le mode récessif autosomique et identifié dans une famille d’origine marocaine. Notre laboratoire avait localisé la mutation dans une région de 3 cM du chromosome 4. Parmi les 39 gènes compris dans cette région, nous en avons sélectionné et séquencé plusieurs. Aucun n’a cependant montré de mutation. Un séquençage de l'exome complet de l’un de nos patients, a permis de mettre en évidence une mutation non-sens homozygote dans un gène de l’intervalle critique de liaison. La mutation ségrège avec le phénotype autosomique récessif chez les malades, leurs parents et leurs germains asymptomatiques. L’abondance du transcrit de ce gène a été mesurée en lignées lymphoblastoïdes de patients :il est présent en quantité similaire chez les patients et chez un contrôle non apparenté. <p>En conclusion, notre travail a permis l’identification d’un nouveau gène muté chez des patients atteints de microcéphalie primaire, CASC5, avec un haut degré de preuve de causalité de cette mutation, impliquant ainsi une protéine du réseau KMN du kinétochore dans le développement volumique du cerveau humain. Nous avons par ailleurs contribué à l’identification d’un nouveau gène causant microcéphalie primaire et diabète juvénile, dont le mécanisme biologique est en cours d’investigation.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

My dissertation research examined the effect of the cultivation of insect-resistant Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize on the soil environment with a goal of understanding how to obtain a balance between technological advancement and maintenance of a healthy soil ecosystem. Although Bt plants may help to reduce pesticide use, conferring benefits to farm workers and the environment, there are still unresolved questions about how the cultivation of Bt plants affects soil organisms. For this dissertation project, I used 14 different genotypes of Bt maize and non-Bt maize (Zea mays) to investigate the effects of transgenic Bt plants on the colonization ability, abundance, and diversity of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the soil ecosystem over time. My greenhouse studies demonstrated that Bt maize plants exhibited reduced AMF colonization across multiple Bt genotypes and that effects were most pronounced when fertilizer levels were limited and spore density was high. In addition, I found that although differences in AMF colonization between Bt and non-Bt maize were difficult to detect in the field, spore density was reduced in Bt field plots after just one growing season. When I tested the effect of plot history on AMF and plant growth, I found that Bt and non-Bt maize plants had higher leaf chlorophyll content when grown in plots previously cultivated with the same maize line as the previous year, indicative of a positive feedback effect. I also examined potential mechanisms contributing to the reduced AMF colonization observed in Bt maize in greenhouse studies and determined that follow-up experiments should continue to investigate differences in root apoplastic invertase activity and root permeability in Bt and non-Bt maize. Future investigations would also benefit from examining potential differences in root exudate profiles and volatile organic compounds between Bt and non-Bt cultivars. Taken together, my dissertation results suggest that, while difficult to detect in the field, reductions in AMF colonization in Bt maize roots may be ecologically significant as they could lead to a decrease in the abundance of AMF propagules in the soil over time, potentially impacting soil structure and function in areas where Bt crop cultivation is high.

Many HIV-positive (HIV+) males on Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) experience metabolic abnormalities, including Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and lipodystrophy. The intestinal microbiota and short chain fatty acids (SCFA), participate in bidirectional communication with their host. Dysbiosis in HIV+ males on HAART demonstrate a Prevotella-rich enterotype shaped by multiple factors including, medications, adiposity, diet, intestinal permeability, and lifestyle; our objective was to investigate these factors. 19 HIV+ and 21 HIV- males were enrolled. BMI and hip-to-waist ratio (H:W) were obtained, and FibroScan for liver health. Intestinal permeability markers Claudin-21, flagellin, and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFABP) in serum via enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Stool was collected for 16s rRNA sequencing, SCFAs (gas chromatography), and proximate analyses (PA). PA analyses: Bomb calorimetry (kcal), soxhlet for lipids, kjeldhal for protein, and fiber. Dietary intake by food frequency questionnaires (FFQ). HIV+ males had significantly higher H:W and hepatic steatosis (pPrevotella and Lachnospiraceae compared to HIV- males. Additionally, HIV+ males had significantly higher central obesity and hepatic steatosis. In a retrospective analysis, all HIV+ men were men that have sex with men (MSM). These findings support differences in intestinal microbiome and SCFAs, and measures of altered lipid metabolism between HIV+ and HIV- males. These findings lay the framework for investigations into intestinal microbiome, SCFAs and metabolism in HIV+ MSM.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide and is partially attributed to perturbations in lipid metabolism. Xenobiotics, such as pharmaceutical drugs and environmental chemicals, have been associated with increased risk of CVD in multiple large-scale human population studies, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. We and others have identified several xenobiotics as potent agonists for the pregnane X receptor (PXR), a nuclear receptor that can be activated by numerous drugs as well as environmental and dietary chemicals. However, the role of PXR in mediating the pathophysiological effects of xenobiotic exposure in humans and animals remains elusive. The work herein identified several widely used pharmaceutical agents and endocrine disrupting chemicals as PXR-selective agonists such as drugs involved in HIV therapy and phthalates/phthalate substitutes, respectively. We investigated the role of amprenavir, an HIV protease inhibitor, and tributyl citrate, a phthalate substitute, on PXR-dependent alterations in lipoprotein metabolism. Acute exposure with either xenobiotic in mice elicited increases in the proatherogenic LDL-cholesterol levels in a PXR-dependent manner. PXR activation significantly induced expression of genes involved in intestinal lipid metabolism. Further, we went on to identify the intestinal cholesterol transporter, Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1), as a direct PXR-target gene. PXR activation also stimulated cholesterol uptake in both murine and human intestinal cells. Moreover, we provide evidence that the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) may be a direct PXR-target gene. Taken together, these findings provide critical mechanistic insight into the role of xenobiotic-mediated PXR activation on lipid homeostasis and demonstrate a potential role of PXR in mediating adverse effects of xenobiotics on CVD risk in humans. In addition to PXR signaling, we investigated the role of IκB kinase β (IKKβ), a central coordinator of inflammation, in adipocyte progenitor cells. Targeting IKKβ in adipose progenitor cells resulted in decreased high fat diet (HFD)-elicited adipogenesis, while protecting mice from inflammation and associated insulin resistance. Consistently, we discovered that IKKβ inhibition by antisense oligonucleotides ablated HFD-induced adiposity, while protecting mice against associated metabolic disorders. In conclusion, targeting IKKβ with antisense therapy may present as a novel therapeutic approach to combat obesity and metabolic dysfunctions.

The doctoral thesis MD. Liubov Kastnerova (previous name Kyrpychova) is focused on the histomorphological and molecular biologic features of selected cutaneous epithelial and nonepithelial tumors and is structured as a commentary to the 20 articles published during four years, representing the completed scientific projects in the Ph.D. course. In eight papers, the author of the thesis is the first author, whereas she coauthored in the remaining 12 papers. The thesis is composed of the commented files of authors own publications and it is divided into cutaneous epithelial and nonepithelial tumors. The first section, «Cutaneous epithelial tumors», includes 14 articles that are subdivided into two parts: adnexal tumors (9 articles) and lesions of anogenital mammary-like glands (5 articles). Of the nine articles on adnexal tumors, there are 5 articles focused on various benign and malignant adnexal lesions with apocrine or eccrine differentiation. Novel findings in this part include the identification of hitherto unreported alterations of the MYBL1 gene in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the skin and lack of deletion of the 1p36 locus in this neoplasm; the lack of a correlation between cellular composition and the presence CRTC1-MAML2 fusions in hidradenoma, the absence of CRTC3-MAML2 fusions in this tumor,...