京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(理学) / 乙第12913号 / 論理博第1549号 / 新制||理||1591(附属図書館) / 32123 / 名古屋大学大学院理学研究科 / (主査)准教授 林 泰一, 教授 石川 裕彦, 教授 余田 成男 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

<p> Preparations for an investigation of interfacial momentum transfer in two-phase two-component critical flows have been completed.</p> <p> The experiments involve the measurement of flow rates, axial pressure profiles, axial and transverse void fraction profiles, and axial wall shear stress profiles of steady-state gas-liquid critical flow in a vertical diverging nozzle. A photographic study is to be initiated to record the flow structure. The results of these experiments will be used to develop constitutive relations for interfacial momentum transfer.</p> <p> An experimental loop capable of circulating a gas-liquid mixture in a vertical test section was modified to suit the requirements of this investigation. The void fraction profiles are measured with a traversing gamma densitometer using a 20 mCi Co57 source. The wall shear stress profiles are obtained using the electrochemical method to measure the mass transfer coefficients of electrodes mounted flush with the test section wall. The liquid phase is an electrolyte and the gaseous phase can be air, nitrogen or freon. The latter is used to better approximate the densities of a steam-water flow.</p> <p> This report describes the required theory, measurement techniques, design and operation of the loop, and the experimental procedures.</p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (MEngr)

Gas-solid flow is fundamental to many industrial processes. Extensive experimental and numerical studies have been devoted to understand the interphase momentum and heat transfer in these systems. Most of the studies have focused on spherical particle shapes, however, in most natural and industrial processes, the particle shape is seldom spherical. In fact, particle shape is one of the important parameters that can have a significant impact on momentum, heat and mass transfer, which are fundamental to all processes. In this study particle-resolved simulations are performed to study momentum and heat transfer in flow through a fixed random assembly of ellipsoidal particles with sphericity of 0.887. The incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved using the Immersed Boundary Method (IBM). A Framework for generating particle assembly is developed using physics engine PhysX. High-order boundary conditions are developed for immersed boundary method to resolve the heat transfer in the vicinity of fluid/particle boundary with better accuracy. A complete framework using particle-resolved simulation study assembly of particles with any shape is developed. The drag force of spherical particles and ellipsoid particles are investigated. Available correlations are evaluated based on simulation results and recommendations are made regarding the best combinations. The heat transfer in assembly of ellipsoidal particle is investigated, and a correlation is proposed for the particle shape studied. The lift force, lateral force and torque of ellipsoid particles in assembly and their variations are quantitatively presented and it is shown that under certain conditions these forces and torques cannot be neglected as is done in the larger literature. / Ph. D. / Gas-solid flow is fundamental to many industrial processes such as pollution control, CO2 capture, biomass gasification, chemical reactors, sprays, pneumatic conveying, etc. Extensive experimental and numerical studies have been devoted to understand the interphase momentum and heat transfer in these systems. Most of the studies have focused on spherical particle shapes, however, in most natural and industrial processes, the particle shape is seldom spherical. In fact, particle shape is one of the important parameters that can have a significant impact on momentum, heat and mass transfer, which are fundamental to all processes. In this study particle-resolved simulations are performed to study momentum and heat transfer in flow through a fixed random assembly of ellipsoidal particles. A Framework for generating particle assembly is developed using physics engine—PhysX. A complete framework using particle-resolved simulation study assembly of particles with any shape is developed. The drag force of spherical particles and ellipsoidal particles are investigated. Available correlations are evaluated based on simulation results and recommendations are made regarding the best combinations. The heat transfer in assembly of ellipsoidal particle is investigated, and a correlation is proposed for the particle shape studied. The lift force, lateral force and torque of ellipsoidal particles in assembly and their variations are quantitatively presented and it is shown that under certain conditions these forces and torques cannot be neglected as is done in the larger literature. The framework developed in this work can be used to study the heat and momentum transfer in flow with spherical and non-spherical particles. With data collected using this method, more accurate drag and heat transfer models can be developed for fluid-particle system.

L’écoulement entre deux cylindres coaxiaux, appelé l’écoulement de Couette-Taylor, a été étudié lorsque le cylindre intérieur tourne. Quatre dispositifs ont été utilisés avec différentes tailles d’entrefer. Les visualisations montrent l’évolution des motifs avec le nombre de Reynolds, Re. La variation du couple sur le cylindre intérieur a été déterminée en utilisant le pseudo-nombre de Nusselt, qui est une mesure du taux de dissipation d’énergie.Pour des faibles valeurs de Re, l’écoulement est laminaire et azimutal, et le couple est proportionnel à Re. Au-delà d’une valeur critique de Re, les rouleaux de Taylor apparaissent et la pente de variation du couple change brutalement. Pour de grandes valeurs de Re, les rouleaux deviennent turbulents et la pente du couple augmente à cause de la dissipation d’énergie turbulente. Le couple a été mesuré jusqu’à Re=45.000 et montre une dépendance avec le rapport de rayons des cylindres et du nombre de vortex. Avant le régime ultime de la turbulence, les états avec plus de rouleaux présentent un couple plus grand et la situation est inversée dans le régime ultime.Une étude du couple agissant sur le cylindre intérieur a été menée en présence d’un liquide viscoélastique contenant des polymères de grande masse molaire. En appliquant des cycles d’accélération-décélération de la rotation du cylindre intérieur, le couple présente une boucle d’hystérèse dont l’aire augmente avec la concentration de polymère. Les statistiques des fluctuations de la turbulence élastique ont été analysées. Le couple exercé par les vortex solitaires obtenus lors de la phase de décélération, avant la relaminarisation complète de l’écoulement, a été étudié. / The flow between two concentric cylinders, i.e., the Couette-Taylor flow, has been investigated when only the inner cylinder rotates. Four set-ups have been employed with 4 values of the radius ratio. Flow visualisations have been performed to analyse the evolution of the flow patterns with the Reynolds number, Re. The variation of the torque acting on the inner cylinder with different parameters has been quantified using the pseudo-Nusselt number, which measures the rate of energy dissipation in the flow.At low Re, the flow is laminar and azimuthal, and the torque is proportional to Re. Above a critical value of Re, Taylor vortices emerge in the flow and the slope of the torque changes drastically. At high values of Re, the vortices become turbulent and the increase rate of torque is enhanced due to the energy dissipation of turbulence. The torque measured up to Re=45 000 depends on the radius ratio of the cylinders and on the number of vortices. Below the ultimate regime of turbulence, flows containing larger number of vortices exert larger levels of torque; above it, flows containing larger number of vortices exert lower levels of torque.A specific study of the torque exerted on the inner cylinder has been carried out with viscoelastic fluids made of large-weight-molecule polymers. If acceleration-deceleration cycles of the rotation of the inner cylinder are applied, the torque exhibits a hysteretic loop, which increases with the polymer concentration. The statistics of the elastic turbulence fluctuations have been analysed. A special focus was made on the torque induced by the solitary vortices obtained in the deceleration phase, before the flow relaminarisation.

We develop the theory of parton distributions f(_a)(π, k(^t2), μ(^2), unintegrated with respect to transverse momentum k(_t), from a phenomenological standpoint. In particular, we demonstrate a convenient approximation in which the unintegrated functions are obtained by explicitly performing the last step of parton evolution in perturbative QCD, with single-scale functions a(π, Q(^2) as input. Results are presented in the context of DGLAP and combined BFKL-DGLAP evolution, but with angular ordering imposed in the last step of the evolution. We illustrate the application of these unintegrated distributions to predict cross sections for physical processes at lepton-hadron and hadron-hadron colliders. The use of partons with incoming transverse momentum, based on k(_t)-factorisation, is intended to replace phenomenological "smearing" in the perturbative region k(_t) > k(_o) (k(_o) ≈ 1 GeV), and enables the full kinematics of a process to be included even at leading order. We apply our framework to deep inelastic scattering and the fitting of F(_2)(π, Q(^2), to the transverse momentum spectra of prompt photons in hadroproduction and in photoproduction, and to the topical problem of bb production at HERA. Finally, we address the issue of parton-parton recombination (shadowing) at very low values of π, building on recent work by Kovchegov and others to make predictions for the likely magnitude of shadowing effects at the LHC.

In this investigation, the flow friction associated with laminar pulsating flows through porous media was numerically studied. The problem is of interest for understanding the regenerators of Stirling and pulse tube cryocoolers. Two-dimensional flow in a system composed of a number of unit cells of generic porous structures was simulated using a CFD tool, with sinusoidal variations of flow with time. Detailed numerical data representing the oscillating velocity and pressure variations for five different generic porous structure geometries in the porosity range of 0.64 to 0.84, with flow pulsation frequency of 40 Hz were obtained, and special attention was paid to the phase shift characteristics between the velocity and pressure waves. Based on these detailed numerical data, the standard unsteady volume-averaged momentum conservation equation for porous media was then applied in order to obtain the instantaneous as well as cycle-averaged permeability and Forchheimer coefficients. It was found that the cycle-averaged permeability coefficients were nearly the same as those for steady flow, but the cycle-averaged Forchheimer coefficients were about two times larger than those for steady flow. Significant phase lags were observed with respect to the volume-averaged velocity and pressure waves. The parametric trends representing the dependence of these phase lags on porosity and flow Reynolds number were discussed. The phase difference between pressure and velocity waves, which is important for pulse tube cryocooling, depended strongly on porosity and flow Reynolds number.

Les oscillateurs à transfert de spin (STO) sont des oscillateurs Radiofréquence nanométriques dont la fréquence peut être variée d'un ordre de grandeur. Cette forte agilité en fréquence provient des propriétés non-linéaires de la dynamique de l'aimantation induite par le transfert de spin (STT) dans des multicouches magnétiques nano-structurées. Cette forte agilité en fréquence a le désavantage d'induire une forte sensibilité au bruit. La pureté spectrale des STO est alors bien en dessous des pré-requis pour les applications en télécommunications. Les principales propriétés de la dynamique de l'aimantation induite par le STT ont été décrites simplement à l'aide de la théorie non-linéaire des ondes de spin. Cependant des informations importantes sur le mode d'excitation sont enfouies dans des paramètres phénoménologiques tels que le couplage amplitude-phase NU et le taux de relaxation Gp. La détermination de ces paramètres avec précision est d'un intérêt primordial pour la description de la dynamique non-linéaire. Cette thèse décrit plusieurs méthodes expérimentales pour extraire ces paramètres. La première est la spectroscopie de bruit depuis le domaine temporel qui permet l'extraction des Densités Spectrales de Puissance du bruit d'amplitude et de phase. Leur analyse dans le cadre des modèles théoriques permet non seulement d'extraire directement les paramètres non-linaires mais également de quantifier le bruit de phase qui a un intérêt technologique. Ceci est démontré pour des dispositifs basés sur des jonctions tunnels magnétiques. La deuxième méthode est basée sur l'analyse des largeurs de raies des harmoniques du signal, où il est montré que du fait des propriétés non-isochrones des STO, la relation entre Dfn et Df1 est non triviale et permet l'extraction de NU et Gp. Nous utilisons alors toutes les informations obtenues sur le régime autonome de la dynamique des STO pour comprendre leur dynamique non-autonome qui sont des pré-requis à leurs utilisations dans des architectures RF complexes. / Spin Torque Oscillators (STO) are nano-sized Radio-Frequency oscillators whose frequency agility can be tuned by an order of magnitude. This tuning originates from the non-linear properties of the underlying magnetization dynamics that is induced by spin transfer torque (STT) in multilayered magnetic nanostructures. Being highly tunable in frequency has the inconvenient of creating a very strong sensitivity to noise. As a result the spectral purity of STOs is far below the one required for applications for instance in telecommunications. The magnetization dynamics induced by STT has been described theoretically in the frame of nonlinear spin wave theory that makes the essential features of the underlying properties very transparent. However important information on the excitation mode are "buried" in phenomenological parameters such as NU the amplitude-phase coupling and Gp the amplitude relaxation rate. Determining these parameters with accuracy from experiments is thus an important issue. This thesis describes several experimental methods to extract these parameters. The first is time domain noise spectroscopy which permits to extract phase and amplitude noise Power Spectral Densities. Their analysis in the frame of theoretical models allows direct extraction of the nonlinear parameters, but also to quantify the technological relevant phase noise. This is demonstrated for magnetic tunnel junction devices. A second method is the analysis of higher harmonics linewidth, where it is shown that due to the non-isochronous property of STOs, the relationship between Dfn and Df1 is non-trivial and allows to extract NU and Gp. We then apply the information gathered on the autonomous dynamics of STOs to understand the non-autonomous dynamics of STOs that are a prerequisite for the use of STOs in complex RF architectures. It is shown experimentally how the nonlinear parameters influence this non-autonomous behaviour.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / The growth of structure in the Universe proceeds via the collapse of dark matter and baryons. This process is retarded by dark energy which drives an accelerated expansion of the late Universe. In this thesis we use cosmological perturbation theory to investigate structure formation for a particular class of dark energy models, i.e. interacting dark energy models. In these models there is a non-gravitational interaction between dark energy and dark matter, which alters the standard evolution (with non-interacting dark energy) of the Universe. We consider a simple form of the interaction where the energy exchange in the background is proportional to the dark energy density. We analyse the background dynamics to uncover the e ect of the interaction. Then we develop the perturbation equations that govern the evolution of density perturbations, peculiar velocities and the gravitational potential. We carefully account for the complex nature of the perturbed interaction, in particular for the momentum transfer in the dark sector. This leads to two di erent types of model, where the momentum exchange vanishes either in the dark matter rest-frame or the dark energy rest-frame. The evolution equations for the perturbations are solved numerically, to show how structure formation is altered by the interaction.

A series of laboratory experiments were conducted at three fetches of 4.8, 8.8 and 12.4 m, and at six wind speeds ranging from 4.1 to 9.6 m/s at each fetch in a wind-wave-current research facility. In addition, five surfactant-influenced experiments were conducted at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 5.0 ppm at a wind speed of 7.9 m/s and a fetch of 4.8 m. The goals were to examine the momentum transfer and to characterize the turbulent flow structure beneath wind waves, and to investigate the relationship between wind waves and the gas transfer rate at the air-water interface. Digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) was used to measure two-dimensional instantaneous velocity fields beneath the wind waves. The friction velocities and roughness lengths of the coupled boundary layers were used to characterize the flow regime and momentum transfer. The air-side flows were found to be aerodynamically rough and the water-side flows were found to be in transition and then become hydrodynamically smooth as wind speed increased. Airflow separation from the crests of breaking waves may be responsible for making the air-side boundary layer rougher and water-side boundary layer smoother. Momentum transfer was studied by examining the partitioning of the wind stress into the viscous tangential stress and wave-induced stress. It was found that the wave steepness was the most important wind-wave property that controls the momentum transfer in the coupled boundary layers. Two distinct layers were observed in the near-surface turbulence in the presence of a surfactant and three layers in clean water. In the surfactant-influenced experiments, the energy dissipation rate decayed as zeta^(-0.3) in the upper layer and in the lower layer energy dissipation rate decayed as zeta^(-1.0) similar to a wall-layer. For clean experiments, the energy dissipation rate could be scaled using the depth, friction velocity, wave height and phase speed as proposed by Terray et al. (1996) provided that layer based friction velocities were used. In the upper layer, the near-surface turbulence was dominated by wave-induced motions and the dissipation rates decayed as zeta^(-0.2) at all fetches. Below this in the transition layer turbulence was generated by both wave-induced motions and shear currents and the dissipation rate decayed as zeta^(-2.0) at a fetch of 4.8 m. However, at fetches of 8.8 and 12.4 m, the dissipation rate decayed at two different rates; as zeta^(-2.0) in the upper region and as zeta^(-4.0) in the lower region. In the third layer, the dissipation rate decayed as zeta^(-1.0) similar to a wall-layer at a fetch of 4.8 m. Four empirical relationships commonly used to predict the gas transfer rate were evaluated using laboratory measurements. The gas transfer rate was found to correlate most closely with the total mean square wave slope and varied linearly with this parameter. The three other parameterizations using wind speed, wind friction velocity and energy dissipation did not correlate as well. / Water Resources Engineering

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