published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Clinical Psychology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

Thesis advisor: J. Scott Miller / The development of two catalytic asymmetric synthetic methods is presented and culminates with studies of their application to the synthesis of a natural product. The intramolecular variant of the Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) reaction has remained almost untouched by asymmetric catalysis. A significant advance in the field is demonstrated with the development of a highly enantioselective intramolecular MBH reaction employing a co-catalytic system of N-methylimidazole (NMI) and pipecolinic acid (Pip). The optimization of various reaction parameters and the use of protic conditions (THF-H2O, 3:1) afforded the desired products in up to 82% yield and 80% ee. The extension of this methodology to include the use of vinylogous reaction partners in the Rauhut-Currier (RC) reaction has been achieved, establishing the first highly enantioselective RC reaction. A single amino acid derivative of cysteine, in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide and a critical concentration of water in acetonitrile, was demonstrated to function as a highly selective catalyst providing products in up to 95% ee. Finally, the application of the MBH and RC reactions to the synthesis of complex molecules presents highly useful methodology for the formation of a new C–C bond in the generation of densely functionalized enantiopure products. Preliminary studies toward the application of this methodology to the stereoselective synthesis of (+)-Sch 642305 are described. Examination of the catalyst’s ability to dictate the stereoselectivity of the key step (catalyst control) and allow the synthesis of both the natural product, and difficult-to-obtain unnatural stereoisomeric analogs, will be the subject of on-going studies. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2008. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Chemistry.

Diss.--Philosophische Fakultät I--Universität Zürich, 1987/1988. / Résumé en anglais.

Aachen, Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2005

Orientador: Fernando Antônio Santos Coelho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T09:54:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomes_JulianaCristina_M.pdf: 4989683 bytes, checksum: 5c832ea5cf01eaffa0b515ea660caf83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O importante papel desempenhado pela aromatase na síntese de estrógenos qualificou essa enzima como alvo para o desenvolvimento de inibidores seletivos, que podem ser utilizados no tratamento do cancer de mama. Recentemente, pesquisadores descreveram o isolamento de uma diidrocumarina da planta brasileira conhecida popularmente como sempre-viva. Essa substância apresentou-se como um importante inibidor de aromatase, o que nos impulsionou a propor uma síntese total para essa substância natural. A síntese proposta envolve apenas 10 etapas reacionais sendo que sete etapas já foram concluídas. A segunda parte deste trabalho destina-se a preparação diastereosseletiva de derivados de tetraidro-1,8- naftiridinas 3,4- substituídas através de adutos de Morita-Baylis-Hillman. Esta classe de compostos tem atraído considerável atenção devido, principalmente, a presença do esqueleto estrutural [1,8]-naftiridínico estar presente em muitos compostos naturais e sintéticos, que exibem várias propriedades biológicas. A síntese de vários derivados de [1,8]-naftiridinas foi realizada através de uma metodologia fácil, eficiente e que envolve apenas 3 etapas, com rendimentos globais variando de 18- 60%. O método é baseado em uma sequência em cascata envolvendo uma reação de adição de Michael e uma reação de substituição nucleofílica aromática, na qual formam um ciclo e controlam a estereoquímica relativa dos dois centros em uma única etapa / Abstract: The important role played by aromatase in the synthesis of estrogen makes this enzyme an important therapeutic target for the development of new selective inhibitors to be used in the treatment of breast cancer. Recently, a dihydrisocumarine having a remarkable inhibitory effect against aromatase has been isolated from a brazilian plant popularly known as ¿sempre-viva¿. The biological activity of this new substance stimulated us to propose an appproach to the total synthesis of this natural compound. The initially proposed synthetic approach involves 10 steps. In this work seven steps have been performed. In the second part of this work we describe a new diastereoselective approach to the preparation of 3.4-substituted tetrahydro-1,8- naphthyridines from Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts. This class of compounds has attracted considerable attention, mainly because the [1,8]-naphthyridyl skeleton is present in many natural and synthetic biologically active compounds. The syntheses of several [1,8]-naphthyridine derivatives were accomplished using a facile and efficient methodology, in 3 steps and overall yield ranging from 18-60%. The method is based on a cascade sequence involving a Michael addition reaction, followed by a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction. In a one single step, a new cycle is formed and the relative stereochemistry of the two asymmetric centers is controlled / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestre em Química

Orientador: Fernando Antônio Santos Coelho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T09:19:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Freire_KristersonReinaldodeLuna_D.pdf: 11850497 bytes, checksum: e314153107dd07d9368b43666918d973 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: As glicosidases regulam uma grande variedade de processos biológicos, incluindo a catálise, degradação, e biossíntese de oligossacarídeos e glicoconjugados. Inibidores eficientes dessas enzimas podem ser aplicados para o tratamento de várias doenças ou disfunções metabólicas, tais como doenças do estoque lisossomal, diabetes, cancer, malária e infecções virais, incluindo influenza e HIV. Neste trabalho, descrevemos a primeira síntese total de pirrolizidinonas e pirrolizidinas poli-hidroxiladas, benzillideno- e benzil-pirrolizidinonas e pirrolizidinas a partir de adutos de Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH). A estratégia sintética inicia-se com a síntese do aldeído N-Boc-4-hidroxi-D-prolinal, em 3 etapas (82 %), a partir da 4-hidroxi-D-prolina comercial. De posse do aldeído, realizou-se a reação de MBH, produzindo praticamente um único diastereoisômero ( 95% e.e.), que sofreu uma etapa de remoção de um grupo funcional e ciclização, formando uma pirrolizidinona. Esta última foi utilizada em duas sequências distintas: a primeira, envolve uma etapa one pot de ozonólise e redução de carbonila com NaBH4, e outra etapa de redução da carbonila com alana (AlH3), para fornecer a pirrolizidina poli-hidroxilada, com um rendimento global de 24% em 4 etapas; a segunda, envolve a reação de arilação de Mizoroki- Heck, utilizando como catalisador o paladaciclo de Nájera, visando fornecer as benzilideno-pirrolizidinonas. Estas, por sua vez, foram reduzidas com hidrogênio sob paládio, para fornecer as benzil-pirrolizidinonas. Tanto as benzil- quanto as benzilideno-pirrolizidinonas foram reduzidas com AlH3 para fornecer as benzilideno e benzil-pirrolizidinas, em rendimentos globais que variaram de 4 % a 23 %, em 4 ou 5 etapas. Os estudos de cristalografia de raios X permitiram determinar a estereoquímica absoluta e relativa de três pirrolizidinonas. Estudos de 2D-NOESY foram realizados para a confirmação da estereoquímica relativa das pirrolizidinonas e pirrolizidinas / Abstract: Glycosidases regulate a wide variety of biological processes, including catalysis, degradation, and biosynthesis of oligosacharides and glycoconjugates. Efficient inhibitors of these enzymes may therefore be applied to the treatment of several diseases or metabolic dysfunctions, such as lysosomal storage diseases, diabetes, cancers, malaria and viral infections, including influenza and HIV. Here we describe the first approach towards the total synthesis of a polyhydroxylated pyrrolizidinones, pyrrolizidines, benzylidene- and benzyl-pyrrolizidinones and - pyrrolizidines from asymmetric Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) adducts. The synthetic strategy starts with the synthesis of aldehyde N-Boc-4R-Hydroxy-D-prolinal in three steps (82 %), from commercial 4-Hydroxy-D-proline. The MBH reaction between N-Boc-4R-Hydroxy-D-prolinal and methyl acrylate furnished a single isomer ( 95% ee). The MBH adduct was deprotected and cyclized in acid medium to provide the pyrrolizidinone. From this molecule, we evaluated two paths: the first involves a one pot ozonolysis and reduction of the carbonyl group with NaBH4 and reduction of lactam group with alane (AlH3) to provide a poly-hydroxylated pyrrolizidine, in four steps and 24% overall yield; the second involves the Mizoroki-Heck arylation reaction, using the Najera fs palladacycle as catalyst, to provide the benzylidenepyrrolizidinones. These, in turn, were reduced with hydrogen under palladium, providing the benzyl-pyrrolizidinones. Both the benzyl- and benzylidenepyrrolizidinones were reduced with AlH3 to provide the benzylidene and benzylpyrrolizidines, from 4% to 23% overall yields, over 4 or 5 steps. X-ray crystallography studies allowed determining the absolute and relative stereochemistry of three pyrrolizidinones. 2D-NOESY studies were performed to confirm the stereochemistry of pyrrolizidinones and pyrrolizidines / Doutorado / Quimica Organica / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador: Fernando Antonio Santos Coelho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T19:28:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Teodoro_BrunoViniciusMotta_M.pdf: 11061427 bytes, checksum: 006abc673338577da39655293c55243c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esta dissertação de mestrado está dividida em duas partes. Na primeira parte descrevemos os resultados obtidos na síntese de núcleos indolizidínicos, a partir de adutos de Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH). Na segunda parte, descrevemos os resultados obtidos na avaliação de uma reação de dessimetrização de adutos de MBH. Os núcleos indolizidínicos representam um padrão estrutural de grande interesse sintético, pois existem inúmeros alcaloides, com atividade biológica pronunciada, que contêm este núcleo. A metodologia desenvolvida nesse trabalho permite a preparação de núcleos indolizidínicos, a partir de adutos de MBH, em duas etapas. Assim, uma reação de ciclização intramolecular de um aduto, gera indolizinas que, após uma reação de hidrogenação total, conduz as indolizidinas. A rota desenvolvida é rápida, simples, eficiente e estereosseletiva. Os rendimentos globais variaram de 43 a 55%. Os excessos diastereoisoméricos obtidos variaram entre 68 e 86%, em favor do isômero cis. Nesta parte do trabalho avaliamos também um procedimento para preparar tetraidroindolizinas, a partir da hidrogenação parcial das indolizinas. Usando a mesma estratégia, descrevemos a preparação de tetraidroindolizinas com rendimentos que variaram entre 40-93%. Na segunda parte desse trabalho avaliamos uma alternativa de dessimetrização de adutos de MBH. A redução de ?-ceto-?-metileno-ésteres, obtidos a partir de uma reação de oxidação de adutos de MBH racêmicos, nos permite acessar a esses adutos em suas formas enantiomericamente puras. Após realizar uma triagem de catalisadores de redução assimétrica, a melhor condição encontrada nos forneceu o aduto de MBH enantioenrriquecidos, com um rendimento de 25% e um excesso enantiomérico de 68%, utilizando o catalisador CBS. A partir deste dado, outros estudos poderão ser realizados visando verificar a generalidade do método desenvolvido / Abstract: This work is divided in two parts. In the first part, we described the development of a strategy for preparing indolizidine skeletons starting from Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) adducts. In the second part, the preliminary results of study for the desymmetrization of MBH adducts is reported. The indolizidine core is a structural pattern of great synthetic interest since it's present in the structure of several alkaloids with remarkable biological activity. The two-step methodology developed in this work allowed the efficient preparation of indolizidine nucleus from MBH adducts. Thus, an intramolecular cyclization reaction of MBH adducts derived from 2-pyridine-carboxaldehyde followed by platinum mediated hydrogenation affords the indolizidines in good overall yield. The developed methodology is simple, fast and stereoselective. The overall yields ranged from 43 and 55% and the diastereoisomeric excesses obtained ranged from 68 to 86%, in favor of the cis isomer. The partial hydrogenation of the indolizines allowed the preparation of tetrahydroindolizines. Thus, using the same strategy, we also described the preparation of tetrahydroindolizines with yields ranging from 40-93 %. In the second part of this work we described the preliminary results of an evaluation of an alternative desymmetrization strategy of MBH adducts. The reduction of ?-keto-?-methylene esters obtained from an oxidation of racemic MBH adducts could allow us to access these adducts in their enantiomerically pure forms. A screening of asymmetric reduction catalysts showed us that the CBS catalyst provided the best condition. An enantioenriched MBH adduct was obtained in 25% yield and 68% enantiomeric excess. This result will stimulate new studies in order to check the scope of this method / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestre em Química

Orientador: Fernando Antonio Santos Coelho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T16:21:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Yamakawa_NathaliaChristinaGoncalves_M.pdf: 16524766 bytes, checksum: 72cb2d423e322cd66bf985a8a162ae5a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A epilepsia é uma das principais doenças do sistema nervoso central, caracterizada por uma alteração na atividade elétrica do cérebro, que leva a perdas de memória e convulsões. Essa doença afeta cerca de 50 milhões de pessoas no mundo, que são discriminadas e isoladas da sociedade. Existem vários medicamentos que podem ser utilizados, no entanto, muitas vezes é necessário a administração de associações desses que apresentam severos efeitos colaterais. Esse quadro justifica a necessidade da busca por substâncias mais eficientes para o tratamento dessa doença. Em 2008, Ahmed e cols. isolaram da esponja marinha Negombata corticata duas ceramidas que apresentaram importante atividade anti-convulsiva. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo estabelecer uma estratégia sintética para a preparação do fragmento polar de tais ceramidas. A rota foi baseada em um aduto de Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH), obtido com elevada diastereosseletividade a partir de uma reação entre o aldeído de Garner e o acrilato de etila. Uma reação de ozonólise na dupla ligação do aduto de MBH fornece um a-cetoéster, cuja carbonila cetônica e reduzida conduzindo a um único produto. A proteção das hidroxilas, permitiu a confirmação da estereoquímica relativa através de análise por difração de raios-X, que também evidenciou a ocorrência de racemização na reação de MBH. O diol também foi utilizado na preparação de um aza-açúcar, potencial inibidor de glicosidase, sendo esta síntese em apenas 4 etapas com 32% de rendimento global. A fração apolar da ceramida foi sintetizada a partir de uma reação de Grignard, e a junção dos fragmentos pode ser realizada utilizando-se uma reação de Wittig. Desta maneira, foi descrita uma nova estratégia sintética que pode ser aplicada na preparação de diversos análogos das ceramidas, desenvolvendo um antiepiléptico mais potente / Abstract: Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder that affects around 50 million people all over the world. It is characterized by recurrent seizures - which are physical reactions to sudden excessive electrical discharges in a group of brain cells. The discrimination and social stigma that surround epilepsy worldwide are often more difficult to overcome than the seizures themselves. Because of this fact and the economical impacts of the disease, the research for new biologically active compounds is still necessary. In 2008, Ahmed et al. isolated from the Red Sea sponge Negombata corticata two ceramides, which exhibit in vivo anticonvulsant activity. This work is focused on establishing of a synthetic sequence to prepare the polar fragment present in both ceramides. The strategy was based on a Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction between a Garner¿s aldehyde and ethyl acrylate that provided a functionalized intermediate in good diastereoselectivity. The major diastereoisomer was employed as substrate in an ozonolysis reaction, followed by a stereoselective reduction that afforded 1,2-diol as a single isomer. The acetonide derived from this 1,2-diol allowed us to determine through X-Ray diffraction analysis the relative stereochemistry of this compound as being 1,2- anti. To finish the synthesis of the polar fragment, the ester group present in the acetonide was reduced to the corresponding aldehyde. The diol also was applied in a high diastereoselective preparation of an azasugar in 4 steps and 32% yield overall. In this work we also describe the synthesis of a carbon chain of the ceramide, our route includes an approach to the apolar fragment obtained by a Grignard reaction; then a Wittig reaction can couple both fragments toward the finalization of the sphingosine¿s synthesis. Our synthetic route can also be used in the preparation of several analogues of the antiepiletic ceramides / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestre em Química

In 1919, Morita Shōma first published his theories on the nature of a disorder he called shinkeishitsu. While it was often translated as “neurasthenia” after the definition of George Miller Beard (1869), Morita himself maintained that it was a nervous disorder with symptoms that included a range of ailments. Anything from physical and mental fatigue, headaches, heart palpitations, insomnia, nausea, or even dizziness could be a symptom of shinkeishitsu. The treatment that Morita recommended for this disorder was a combination of what is now considered behavior modification therapy, self-assessment, and meditation. After his death, this treatment came to be known as Morita Therapy, and it has persisted as a form of therapy for a variety of nervous disorders to the present day. In this thesis, I will demonstrate how Morita, through his education and connection with western psychiatrics, adapted Western mental health concepts to the Japanese context. At the same time, however, Morita attempted to extend concepts of mental illness that he considered to be Japanese culture-bound syndromes--specifically shinkeishitsu, which in addition to symptoms of neurasthenia caused patients to exhibit signs of obsessive-compulsive or perfectionist tendencies and a social phobia known as taijin kyōfushō. Morita Therapy exemplifies the general trends of psychiatric healthcare in the prewar period; the medicalization of nervous disorders and his interaction with the larger psychiatric community demonstrates how Japanese psychiatrists attempted to take part in the international discourse on mental health and wellness. / text

Historically, research projects have originated from the literature group meetings and it was at one of those late night Wednesday meetings, nascent in my graduate career, that I presented a theoretical paper over the mechanism of the Morita Baylis-Hillman reaction. Something about it caught my attention and a project was born. The Morita Baylis-Hillman reaction had been heavily studied in the literature in recent years by both experimental and computational means. Some of these computational studies had even defined a complete theoretical mechanistic energy profile for these reactions. This dissertation describes a combination of experimental and theoretical mechanistic probes, including the observation of intermediates, the independent generation and partitioning of intermediates, thermodynamic and kinetic measurements for both the main reaction and interrelated side reactions, isotopic incorporation from solvent, and kinetic isotope effects, to fully define a more realistic picture of the free-energy profile for a Morita Baylis-Hillman reaction in methanol. Although the majority of this dissertation will be about the Morita Baylis-Hillman reaction in methanol, it could not have been fully accomplished without having to study the Morita Baylis-Hillman in DMSO and the Morita Baylis-Hillman utilizing acrylonitrile as well. All of these observations will be discussed.