Access to homeownership is a major social and economic issue in many countries. Failure to maintain affordability has been discussed as the ultimate agglomeration diseconomy. This report sheds light on the thresholds for first-time buyers in Sweden and possible solutions through financial innovation. More specifically, an increased understanding of how alternative mortgage products and attributes of financial structure could fit into the Swedish market to make homeownership more accessible for first-time buyers. We can conclude that redistribution of risk in combination with a culture of bank financing might have explanatory power in why alternative mortgage products are not more common in Sweden. Due to relatively new changes, there was no demand until recently. In combination with the bank's low incentives, there has been no supply either. Furthermore, the rules and legalization have a role in the question where the main finding is a lack of exact definition of the concept of interest. This cause problem for some of these alternative mortgage products. The different attributes investigated through the viewpoint of the Swedish market and first-time buyers found no clear winner. The different attributes have positive and negative sides concerning first-time buyers. Some models probably need a correction of a few regulations and better structures for collateral change and debtor change. However, most of the products lower at least one of the thresholds for first-time buyers, which means that a lot comes down to the product's pricing. We welcome these innovations where we believe the products need to go from one-size-fits-all solutions to offering adapted solutions for individuals in different parts of their lives. As far as we know, this paper is the first of its kind in Sweden and contributes to the affordability discussion and alternative mortgage products. / Tillgång till bostadsägande är en stor social och ekonomisk fråga i många länder. Misslyckande med att upprätthålla överkomliga priser kans ses som en stor negativ effekt med agglomerations ekonomin. Denna rapport belyser trösklarna för förstagångsköpare i Sverige och möjliga lösningar genom finansiell innovation. Mer specifikt vill vi ge en ökad förståelse för hur alternativa bolåneprodukter och attribut för finansiella strukturer skulle kunna passa på den svenska marknaden för att göra bostadsägande mer tillgängligt för förstagångsköpare. Vi kan dra slutsatsen att en omfördelning av risk i kombination med en kultur av bankfinansiering kan ha en förklaringskraft till varför alternativa bolåneprodukter inte är vanligare i Sverige. På grund av relativt nya förändringar har det inte funnits någon efterfrågan förrän nyligen, i kombination med de låga incitamenten från banken har det inte heller funnits något utbud. Vidare spelar lagstiftning en roll i frågan där huvudfyndet är brist på exakt definition av begreppet ränta. Detta orsakar problem för vissa av dessa alternativa bolåneprodukter. De olika attributen har positiva och negativa sidor när det gäller förstagångsköpare. Sannolikt behövs korrigering av ett fåtal regelverk och bättre strukturer för säkerhetsbyte och gäldenärsbyte till för några av modellerna ska vara optimala. De flesta av produkterna sänker dock minst en av trösklarna för förstagångsköpare vilket gör att mycket handlar om prissättningen av produkten. Vi tror att produkterna behöver gå från en lösning som passar alla till att erbjuda olika anpassade lösningar för individer i olika delar av livet. Den här uppsatsen är så vitt vi vet den första i sitt slag i Sverige och bidrar till diskussion om bostadsmarknaden och den svenska strukturen samt alternativa bolåneprodukter.

The first two chapters are dedicated to the modeling and implementation of a stock-flow consistent framework that incorporates real estate as an asset in the portfolio of the household. The third chapter investigates the main determinants of mortgage repayment of Canadian households. This first chapter presents a five-sector stock-flow consistency growth model where the portfolio decision of the households includes their choice of how much real estate they are interested in holding. The primary aim of the chapter is to model the housing market using the stock-flow consistent approach to explain the current global financial problem triggered by the housing market. The model is then simulated to predict the behaviour of various variables and propose appropriate solutions to the financial problem in the hope of returning the economy to a suitable equilibrium. Households' portfolio consists of money deposits, bills, bank equities and real estate. The other sectors that interact with the household sector are the production firms, the banks, the central bank and the government. Aside from the household sector, the banking sector ends up holding some real estate equivalent to the amount of mortgages defaulted by the households. The supply of real estate from the production sector is therefore augmented by the additional ones held by the banks. The second chapter presents the implementation of the stock-flow consistency model of first chapter. The purpose of the chapter is to run a simulation of the model and experiment with shocks to determine the path of the economic variables of the model. Another objective in performing the experiments is to find policies for mitigating the housing crisis. The model is implemented using the Eviews computer modeling software and runs until a stationary steady state is achieved. Various shocks are applied to the baseline stationary state. The results of the monetary policy show that the mortgage rate shock is more effective in influencing the growth rate of the economy as well as controlling the real estate market. Government fiscal policy is also effective in regulating the housing market. A one-period temporary fiscal policy shock is even capable of generating permanent long run growth effects. Household expectations in future housing price increases or future high rates of housing returns have the effect of heating the real estate market without comparable increases in economic growth. Policy makers must keep these expectations in check. The third chapter analyzes the determinants of mortgage repayment options in Canada. With the freedom that comes with being debt-free and owning a home one will assume that households pay off their mortgages as soon as possible. However, there are factors that inhibit households from carrying out these payoffs. The study uses Canadian micro-level data to examine factors that drive households to default, prepay or continue to make regular mortgage payments. The research methodology uses multinomial (polytomous) logistic regression analyzes. The empirical results establish that the traditional mortgage related predictor variables for repayment are statistically significant with the expected signs. The results relating to the provinces are not significantly different from each other. The results did not however provide any significance in relation to mortgage rates and the number of children in the household.

The first two chapters are dedicated to the modeling and implementation of a stock-flow consistent framework that incorporates real estate as an asset in the portfolio of the household. The third chapter investigates the main determinants of mortgage repayment of Canadian households. This first chapter presents a five-sector stock-flow consistency growth model where the portfolio decision of the households includes their choice of how much real estate they are interested in holding. The primary aim of the chapter is to model the housing market using the stock-flow consistent approach to explain the current global financial problem triggered by the housing market. The model is then simulated to predict the behaviour of various variables and propose appropriate solutions to the financial problem in the hope of returning the economy to a suitable equilibrium. Households' portfolio consists of money deposits, bills, bank equities and real estate. The other sectors that interact with the household sector are the production firms, the banks, the central bank and the government. Aside from the household sector, the banking sector ends up holding some real estate equivalent to the amount of mortgages defaulted by the households. The supply of real estate from the production sector is therefore augmented by the additional ones held by the banks. The second chapter presents the implementation of the stock-flow consistency model of first chapter. The purpose of the chapter is to run a simulation of the model and experiment with shocks to determine the path of the economic variables of the model. Another objective in performing the experiments is to find policies for mitigating the housing crisis. The model is implemented using the Eviews computer modeling software and runs until a stationary steady state is achieved. Various shocks are applied to the baseline stationary state. The results of the monetary policy show that the mortgage rate shock is more effective in influencing the growth rate of the economy as well as controlling the real estate market. Government fiscal policy is also effective in regulating the housing market. A one-period temporary fiscal policy shock is even capable of generating permanent long run growth effects. Household expectations in future housing price increases or future high rates of housing returns have the effect of heating the real estate market without comparable increases in economic growth. Policy makers must keep these expectations in check. The third chapter analyzes the determinants of mortgage repayment options in Canada. With the freedom that comes with being debt-free and owning a home one will assume that households pay off their mortgages as soon as possible. However, there are factors that inhibit households from carrying out these payoffs. The study uses Canadian micro-level data to examine factors that drive households to default, prepay or continue to make regular mortgage payments. The research methodology uses multinomial (polytomous) logistic regression analyzes. The empirical results establish that the traditional mortgage related predictor variables for repayment are statistically significant with the expected signs. The results relating to the provinces are not significantly different from each other. The results did not however provide any significance in relation to mortgage rates and the number of children in the household.

Loans originated to borrowers with lower incomes and/or lower credit scores are classified as subprime. The spatial distribution of subprime loans is alarmingly concentrated in minority-dominated and low-income areas. Beginning in mid 2006 the subprime mortgage market began to see elevated levels of delinquent and defaulted loans. The causes are many but generally traced to the beginning of the reset periods for adjustable rate mortgages and the evaporation of demand for securitized subprime mortgages. As delinquent and default rates in subprime mortgages rise, areas with a concentration of high-risk borrowers are at risk to decline. The decline can be measured across four different groups of factors that indicate the health of a community. The four groups are: physical, institutional, socioeconomic and the residential body. The residential body factor group refers to the citizens of a community and their civic involvement. The analysis uses binary logistic regression to identify communities that are commonly associated with subprime mortgage defaults. Subprime loans in the ten-county Atlanta Metropolitan Area are the focus of the study. The analysis treats each census tract in the ten counties as an individual community. The sample loans are geocoded to the census tract level allowing defaulted loans to be tied to communities and their characteristics. The data is collected from a variety of sources including the U.S. Census Bureau, the Atlanta Regional Commission and RR Donnelley s Credit Risk Management database. The results indicate that the probability of subprime mortgage defaults are associated with higher vacancy rates, population loss, declining property tax revenues, depreciating property values, and declining owner reinvestment in their properties. Potential spill over impacts to the community include higher crime rates, decreased school funding and degradation of public infrastructure.

The first two chapters are dedicated to the modeling and implementation of a stock-flow consistent framework that incorporates real estate as an asset in the portfolio of the household. The third chapter investigates the main determinants of mortgage repayment of Canadian households. This first chapter presents a five-sector stock-flow consistency growth model where the portfolio decision of the households includes their choice of how much real estate they are interested in holding. The primary aim of the chapter is to model the housing market using the stock-flow consistent approach to explain the current global financial problem triggered by the housing market. The model is then simulated to predict the behaviour of various variables and propose appropriate solutions to the financial problem in the hope of returning the economy to a suitable equilibrium. Households' portfolio consists of money deposits, bills, bank equities and real estate. The other sectors that interact with the household sector are the production firms, the banks, the central bank and the government. Aside from the household sector, the banking sector ends up holding some real estate equivalent to the amount of mortgages defaulted by the households. The supply of real estate from the production sector is therefore augmented by the additional ones held by the banks. The second chapter presents the implementation of the stock-flow consistency model of first chapter. The purpose of the chapter is to run a simulation of the model and experiment with shocks to determine the path of the economic variables of the model. Another objective in performing the experiments is to find policies for mitigating the housing crisis. The model is implemented using the Eviews computer modeling software and runs until a stationary steady state is achieved. Various shocks are applied to the baseline stationary state. The results of the monetary policy show that the mortgage rate shock is more effective in influencing the growth rate of the economy as well as controlling the real estate market. Government fiscal policy is also effective in regulating the housing market. A one-period temporary fiscal policy shock is even capable of generating permanent long run growth effects. Household expectations in future housing price increases or future high rates of housing returns have the effect of heating the real estate market without comparable increases in economic growth. Policy makers must keep these expectations in check. The third chapter analyzes the determinants of mortgage repayment options in Canada. With the freedom that comes with being debt-free and owning a home one will assume that households pay off their mortgages as soon as possible. However, there are factors that inhibit households from carrying out these payoffs. The study uses Canadian micro-level data to examine factors that drive households to default, prepay or continue to make regular mortgage payments. The research methodology uses multinomial (polytomous) logistic regression analyzes. The empirical results establish that the traditional mortgage related predictor variables for repayment are statistically significant with the expected signs. The results relating to the provinces are not significantly different from each other. The results did not however provide any significance in relation to mortgage rates and the number of children in the household.

This thesis is focused on evolution of mortgage market of Czech Republic and Russia and development of macroeconomic factors. The theoretical part of this thesis describes the status and importance of mortgage loans as a part of the bank loan products. Another part is dedicated to get acquaint readers with the types of mortgage loans, the credit process and the influence of macroeconomic factors on the mortgage market. The practical part is devoted to analyzing the evolution of the mortgage market in Czech Republic and Russia in terms of macroeconomic factors. In the end, there is a short characteristic of the current situation on the mortgage market in these countries.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Real Estate and Construction / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Geography / Master / Master of Arts in China Development Studies

M. Comm. / The aim of the study is to estimate the demand function for housing in South Africa (for the period 1989 to 1998). It is important to study the housing demand as housing demand contributes positively towards economic growth and economic stability. The main findings in chapter five show that all the estimated parameters have a significant role on the demand for housing loans in South Africa, as approved by multiple regression results. However, real interest rates have a more significant impact on the demand for home loans. The study therefore asserts that the real interest rates must be as low as possible as a way of stimulating housing demand, thus providing investment and in turn there will be an increase in economic growth. The study further and finally asserts that taxation must be decreased, as a way of stimulating disposable income thus there will be an increase in investment spending.

by Lo Kwok Cheong, Tang Wai Hing. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-99). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENT --- p.iv / LIST OF CHARTS/TABLES --- p.vii / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Securitization and Secondary Mortgage Market --- p.1 / Securitization --- p.1 / Secondary Mortgage Market --- p.3 / Reasons for Mortgage Securitization --- p.4 / Types of Mortgage Backed Securities --- p.7 / Mortgage Pass-Through Securities --- p.7 / Mortgage-Backed Bonds --- p.8 / Mortgage Pay-Through Bonds --- p.8 / Collateralised Mortgage Obligations ( CMOs) --- p.9 / Stripped Mortgage-backed Securities ( SMBS ) --- p.11 / Chapter II. --- MBS MARKET EXPERIENCE IN OTHER COUNTRIES --- p.14 / United States --- p.14 / Rise of Securitization in US Market --- p.20 / MBS Market Development in United States --- p.22 / Key Success Factors for MBS Development in US --- p.27 / United Kingdom --- p.28 / MBS Market Development in UK --- p.29 / Credit Enhancement and Credit Rating --- p.32 / Legal and Regulatory Framework --- p.32 / Future Development --- p.34 / Australia --- p.37 / MBS Market Development in Australia --- p.37 / Credit Enhancement --- p.39 / Legal and Regulatory Framework --- p.40 / Future Development --- p.41 / Chapter III. --- MORTGAGE MARKET IN HONG KONG --- p.43 / Primary Mortgage Market condition in Hong Kong --- p.43 / Latest Residential Mortgage Conditions --- p.46 / Mortgage Securitization experience in Hong Kong --- p.50 / Chapter IV. --- HONG KONG MONETARY AUTHORITY'S MBS MARKET DEVELOPMENT PLAN --- p.51 / Survey on Primary Market by HKMA --- p.51 / Findings of the Survey --- p.52 / Implications of the Survey Findings --- p.53 / Reliability of the Survey Findings --- p.55 / The Mortgage Corporation Approach --- p.57 / Mortgage Corporation Proposal --- p.58 / Projection of the shortfall in mortgage funds --- p.60 / Impact on banks' mortgage business --- p.61 / Impact on the property sector --- p.62 / Impact on the Government --- p.62 / Corporate structure and the involvement of the HKMA --- p.63 / Issuance of debt securities by the mortgage corporation --- p.64 / Chapter V. --- IMPLICATIONS OF MBS DEVELOPMENT TO HONG KONG --- p.65 / Property Market --- p.65 / Banking Sector --- p.66 / Consumers --- p.69 / Debt Market --- p.69 / Chapter VI. --- FACTORS INFLUENCING ADOPTION OF MBS IN HONG KONG --- p.72 / Asset Quality --- p.72 / Quality of underlying mortgage pool --- p.73 / Credit enhancement --- p.74 / Prepayment Risk --- p.75 / Liquidity --- p.75 / Market Size --- p.76 / Standardisation --- p.77 / Credit Rating --- p.78 / Transparency --- p.78 / Chapter VII. --- RESEARCH DESIGN AND EMPIRICAL FINDINGS --- p.79 / Objective --- p.79 / Target Respondents Sampling --- p.80 / Survey Design --- p.80 / Empirical Findings --- p.82 / Chapter VIII. --- RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.89 / Simplicity --- p.89 / Credit Rating --- p.90 / Standardisation --- p.92 / Supporting Infrastructure --- p.93 / Secondary Market Liquidity --- p.94 / Marketing Effort --- p.94 / Chapter IX. --- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS --- p.95 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.97 / Books --- p.97 / Reports --- p.97 / Periodicals --- p.97 / Internet Homepages --- p.98 / APPENDIX --- p.100