This dissertation continues the tradition of identifying the effects of economic shocks to financial intermediaries. Its main contribution is to estimate the size of credit market disruptions in the form of government intervention, asset market crises, and competitive pressures, while using methods that are more novel and appropriate than those of previous work. Chapter 1 examines the effect of the elimination of U.S. banking regulations, which are intended to expand the access of financial services within states and across state-lines, on entrepreneurship activity. It finds that there was increase in small business formation following the deregulation of interstate banking, but not intrastate banking. Results indicate allowing banks to lend and take deposits across state lines increases small business formation by up to 8%. There is a delayed impact following the passage of legislation indicating credit markets require time to adjust to the new regulatory environment. Heterogeneous effects exist across firm sizes in terms of economic impact magnitude and timing. The main contribution of the chapter is that examines the impact on entrepreneurship in separate periods after the initial passing and on subsets of small businesses. Whereas Chapter 1 estimates the effect of a foreseen event, Chapter 2 focuses on the impact of unexpected housing crisis on financial intermediaries loan servicing decisions. As the housing market worsened mortgage lenders could not rely solely on foreclosure processes to reduce losses on homes in default, rather many found the need to engage in modifying loan terms to allow borrowers to continue making mortgage payments. Modifications that increased the affordability of monthly payments were effective at halving the cumulative 36-month redefault rate for mortgages between 2008 and 2011. Findings indicate the improving economy and mortgage risk characteristics are not enough to explain the reduction in redefault. Instead, results find evidence of “learning –by-doing” i.e., servicers become better at targeting borrowers for modification and providing the appropriate payment relief over time. Voluntary government modification programs serve as guidelines for servicers to design and invest in their own modification processes. The impact of this learning by doing is evident before and after controlling for macroeconomic conditions, borrower characteristics, and loan terms. Previous studies do not effectively isolate the improvement in post-modification with an econometric model using a control group similar to this one. Furthermore, other studies consider only particular servicer subsets of mortgage modifications, such as private securitized, whereas the sample here considers all servicer types and payment reducing modifications. Ultimately, the results indicate mortgage modifications were an effective non-foreclosure alternative to keep homeowners in their homes and monthly payments flowing to mortgage servicers. Chapter 3 examines the impact of changes in bank competition on bank capital in the United States. Allen et al. (2011) proposes excessive capital holdings, i.e., capital holdings above regulatory requirements, are attributable to market discipline arising from banks’ asset side. Theory predicts competition incentivizes banks to hold higher levels of capital because this indicates a commitment to monitoring to encourage bank stability. I examine heterogeneous impacts of competition on capital over the business cycle and across bank size. Economic downturns usually bring significant changes to bank concentration, which can cause a different impact than during economic booms. Smaller banks can feel different competitive pressures than larger banks due to a focus on local lending activities. I have two main results. More intense competition is associated with higher bank capital ratios at all times (before, during, and after the financial crisis) for small, medium, and large banks. All banks see a larger impact during the crisis period compared to the pre- and post-crisis periods. The findings of this paper can have significant policy implications for the application of anti-trust regulation, since capital ratios are commonly used to restrain individual and systemic bank risk. / Economics

published_or_final_version / Business Administration / Master / Master of Business Administration

by Bok Kwok-cheung, Fok Kai-man, Ling Wai-hong. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1988. / Bibliography: leaves [121-122]

Variable rate mortgages (VRMs) have been introduced into the mortgage market as a means of addressing the housing finance problems encountered over the past two decades. To learn more about the demand for VRMs, this study analyzes borrower choice behavior and its economic determinants. In order to estimate the probability of borrowers choosing VRMs rather than conventional fixed rate mortgages, discrete choice (logit) models are specified and validated for both cross-section and pooled time-series cross-section data samples. These samples contain mortgage application information for the years 1978 through 1981. They were drawn from the Loan Register Report of the California Department of Savings and Loan. The probability of choosing a VRM is estimated as a function of selected price components of the mortgage instrument, borrower characteristics, and economic expectations.

No description available.

O déficit habitacional e a falta de acesso ao crédito habitacional, notadamente para a população de baixa renda, são problemas marcantes nos países emergentes, em especial no Brasil. A dificuldade em aliar as condições de pagamento das famílias e o preço da habitação demanda a necessidade de intervenção do Estado por meio de políticas de subsídios. Experiências em outras nações emergentes, que poderiam ser adaptadas à realidade brasileira, indicam que muitos avanços podem ser alcançados nessa área. Diante desse panorama, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a evolução do sistema de financiamento habitacional brasileiro, com foco nas políticas públicas implantadas a partir da década de 1990, além de efetuar uma comparação com as soluções encontradas pelo México a partir da década de 2000. A conclusão do trabalho indica que, para a faixa de renda analisada, de até cinco salários mínimos, o crescimento do crédito habitacional, a recente estabilidade macroeconômica e alterações no quadro institucional brasileiro não foram suficientes para solucionar o acesso da população à moradia. Propõe-se, portanto, destacar quais os principais aspectos que dificultam este acesso e como seria possível alcançar um resultado positivo nesse âmbito. / The housing deficit and the lack of access to credit, notably for the low-income population, are striking problems in emerging economies, especially in Brazil. The difficulty in combining the families\' capacity to pay and the price of housing requires the need for intervention by the State through subsidy policies. Experiences in other emerging economies - that could be adapted to the Brazilian reality - indicate that many advances can be achieved in that area. In face of this, the present study aims at analyzing the evolution of the Brazilian housing finance system, focusing on public policies held since the 1990s, as well as making a comparison to the solutions found by Mexico since the 2000s. In its conclusion, this study indicates that for the income range we chose to analyze - up to five minimum wages - housing credit growth, the recent macroeconomic stability, and changes in the Brazilian institutional framework were not enough to solve this population\'s access to housing. It is proposed therefore to highlight what the main issues that hinder this access and how it would be possible to achieve a positive outcome in that respect.

Another achievement of this research is to elaborate the modified concept of Cash Rebate Mortgages. To examine the difference between Cash Rebate Mortgages and standard mortgages, we have built a simulation model to study the behavior of these two types of mortgages. The results indicate that the value of Cash Rebate Mortgages is higher than that of standard mortgages, but is more sensitive to embedded options. If the probability of exercising an option is higher, then the value of Cash Rebate Mortgages will drop at a faster rate than that of standard mortgages. / Several findings are elaborated in this dissertation. Our model has identified the major contributors to mortgage prepayment, and has developed a logistic regression model to describe prepayment behavior. We further illustrate that prepayment and default behavior are associated with financial reasons: the value of the refinancing incentive is usually greater than the prepayment penalty plus the transaction cost for refinancing mortgages, and the outstanding balance of the mortgage is higher than the current market value of the underlying property minus the transaction cost. / The final objective of this dissertation is to develop an option model for MBS issuers. Most previous studies that have developed MBS models have focused on investors, but the model that is presented here is specifically for MBS issuers. The current study develops a risk management tool for issuers and guarantors to monitor their MBS portfolios. The model projects the cash inflow of mortgages and the cash outflow to MBS, alters the traditional model by introducing decision trees, and uses a simulation program with multiple path generation to develop a model for issuers to manage their MBS portfolios. According to the results of the model, issuers can manage the risk level of their portfolios by determining the Collection Account Balance, the Overcollateralization Ratio, the Net Residual Value, and the Liquidity Advance. Finally this paper also provides suggestions on risk management for MBS issuers. / The objective of this dissertation is to develop an option model for residential mortgages and Mortgage-Backed Securities. Previous studies in the literature have identified several research opportunities that have not yet been explored. The current study attempts to fill the research gap, by altering the traditional model of mortgage valuation with a trinomial tree. We combine the prepayment, delinquency, default, and recovery of delinquency into a single model, to build a simulation program to generate different cash flow scenarios. The industrial data of the Korea Mortgage Corporation and a medium sized Hong Kong bank are used as empirical evidence for the model. / by Yat-ming Lam. / "February 2003." / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 64-09, Section: A, page: 3408. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [222-235]). / Available also through the Internet via Current research @ Chinese University of Hong Kong under title: Option theory for mortgages and mortgage-backed securities (Korea, China) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest dissertations and theses, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / School code: 1307.

This dissertation examines banks' resolution of distressed commercial mortgage loans. Following the introduction in the first chapter, the second chapter reviews the literature on banks' resolutions of distressed loans. In chapter 3, I present a model of banks' resolution decisions under information asymmetry. The model shows that banks prefer to renegotiate instead of foreclosing problem loans when there is a cost associated with revealing the quality of their mortgage portfolios. The fourth chapter presents empirical findings that are consistent with the model, i.e., that banks' resolution decisions are affected by their concerns of revealing negative information through large foreclosures. I find that larger loans are more likely to be renegotiated than smaller loans and that banks take a shorter amounts of time to renegotiate rather than to foreclose on problem loans. Secondly, the impact of loan size on the propensity to renegotiate is magnified for banks with superior past performance and for banks with lower local mortgage distress. In addition, I find that banks that raised new equity capital exhibit a stronger tendency to renegotiate larger problem loans in the previous year. In chapter 5, as a falsification test, I compare the bank-held sample with a Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities (CMBS) sample that does not share banks' mimicking motives, because special servicers of problem loans are not the originators of those loans. I find that the results are weaker or not present for CMBS, in contrast to the bank loan sample. In chapter 6, I study banks' resolution of problem loans while considering their problem loan portfolios. I consider two aspects of banks' problem loan portfolios -- their relationships with borrowers and the degree of regional diversification. Empirical results suggest that the sample banks choose to act "tougher", i.e., foreclose more, as they have more loans with a borrower. Finally, the degree of geographical diversification in problem loan portfolios may affect banks' resolution decisions. I find that as banks have geographically concentrated problem loan portfolios, they are more likely to renegotiate larger loans, measured either absolutely or relatively. Chapter 7 concludes. / text

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2006. / Title from title screen. Julian Diaz III, committee chair; Alan J. Ziobrowski, Paul Gallimore, J. Andrew Hansz (University of Texas at Arlington), committee members. Electronic text (172 p. : ill.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed July 23, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 166-171).

At head of title: Mortgage study reports; report [no.] 1. To appear in the Proceedings of the Conference on the New Inflation, a conference held in Milano, Italy, June 1974.