Evidence that recoilless emission and absorption exist may be shown by an experiment in which the source gamma rays are allowed to pass through a suitable absorber to a detector.

No description available.

Vidros fosfatos são investigados desde a década de 50, sendo obtidos a partir da fusão de compostos inorgânicos em temperaturas relativamente baixas (1000- 1200oC), apresentando baixas temperaturas de transição vítrea. No entanto, estes vidros são sensíveis a ambientes com altas umidades relativas, mostrando certa fragilidade em relação à durabilidade química. Vidros fosfatos de ferro foram obtidos previamente a partir da fusão de precursores inorgânicos apropriados, tanto em fornos de indução, como em fornos elétricos convencionais. A presença de ferro promove o aumento da durabilidade química, suficiente para possibilitar o uso destes materiais como meio imobilizador de rejeitos radioativos ou como fibras de resistência mecânica, adequadas para aplicações específicas. O uso de microondas tem sido investigado exaustivamente, pois possibilita um aquecimento rápido e homogêneo dos materiais. A radiação de microondas interage diretamente com dipolos e íons presentes na estrutura do material promovendo o seu aquecimento. Vidros fosfatos contendo nióbio também já foram produzidos por meio do aquecimento de precursores em fornos de microondas. Outros vidros contendo ferro em sua estrutura foram produzidos por fornos convencionais e tiveram suas estruturas analisadas. Mas mesmo assim, ainda não foi reportada síntese de vidros fosfatos com ferro a partir da fusão de precursores em fornos de microondas. Neste trabalho, misturas de fosfato de amônia dibásico (NH4)2HPO4 e magnetita (Fe3O4) ou (NH4)2HPO4 e ferrita (Fe2O3) foram expostas às microondas, com radiação eletromagnética de 2,45 GHz. Propõe-se que a absorção desta radiação pelo material à temperatura ambiente cause o aquecimento até a completa fusão e homogeneização do material. Os vidros fosfatos de ferro obtidos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia Mössbauer, Difratometria de raios X e Análise térmica diferencial. Uma comparação é realizada com vidros obtidos por meio da fusão em fornos elétricos. / Phosphate glasses have been investigated since the fifties, because they are relatively easy to prepare, have low melting temperatures (1000°C – 1200°C), and low glass transition. However, these glasses were very sensitive to humidity, showing a very low chemical durability. Iron phosphate glasses have been prepared by melting inorganic precursors in conventional electric furnaces and induction furnaces. By adding iron, phosphate glasses became chemical resistant and were thought to be used as nuclear waste forms or mechanical resistance fibers. The use of microwaves has been investigated because it makes possible a fast and homogeneous heating of the materials. Microwave promotes the self-heating of the material by the interaction of the external electromagnetic field with the molecules and ions of the material. Niobium phosphate glasses was also produced already through the heating of precursors in microwave ovens. Other glasses containing iron in theirs structure was produced by conventional furnaces and they had your structures analyzed. But even so, it was not still published synthesis of iron phosphate glasses starting from the melting of precursors materials in microwave ovens. In the present work mixtures of (NH4)2HPO4 and Fe3O4 or (NH4)2HPO4 and Fe2O3 were exposed to microwave energy with electromagnetic waves of 2,45 GHz. It was proposed that the absorption of this radiation for the material causes the heating from room temperature to melting temperature. The obtained iron phosphate glasses was analyzed by X-ray diffraction, Mossbauer spectroscopy, and Differential Thermal Analysis. Iron phosphate glasses were also produced in electrical furnaces for comparison.

Vidros fosfatos são investigados desde a década de 50, sendo obtidos a partir da fusão de compostos inorgânicos em temperaturas relativamente baixas (1000- 1200oC), apresentando baixas temperaturas de transição vítrea. No entanto, estes vidros são sensíveis a ambientes com altas umidades relativas, mostrando certa fragilidade em relação à durabilidade química. Vidros fosfatos de ferro foram obtidos previamente a partir da fusão de precursores inorgânicos apropriados, tanto em fornos de indução, como em fornos elétricos convencionais. A presença de ferro promove o aumento da durabilidade química, suficiente para possibilitar o uso destes materiais como meio imobilizador de rejeitos radioativos ou como fibras de resistência mecânica, adequadas para aplicações específicas. O uso de microondas tem sido investigado exaustivamente, pois possibilita um aquecimento rápido e homogêneo dos materiais. A radiação de microondas interage diretamente com dipolos e íons presentes na estrutura do material promovendo o seu aquecimento. Vidros fosfatos contendo nióbio também já foram produzidos por meio do aquecimento de precursores em fornos de microondas. Outros vidros contendo ferro em sua estrutura foram produzidos por fornos convencionais e tiveram suas estruturas analisadas. Mas mesmo assim, ainda não foi reportada síntese de vidros fosfatos com ferro a partir da fusão de precursores em fornos de microondas. Neste trabalho, misturas de fosfato de amônia dibásico (NH4)2HPO4 e magnetita (Fe3O4) ou (NH4)2HPO4 e ferrita (Fe2O3) foram expostas às microondas, com radiação eletromagnética de 2,45 GHz. Propõe-se que a absorção desta radiação pelo material à temperatura ambiente cause o aquecimento até a completa fusão e homogeneização do material. Os vidros fosfatos de ferro obtidos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia Mössbauer, Difratometria de raios X e Análise térmica diferencial. Uma comparação é realizada com vidros obtidos por meio da fusão em fornos elétricos. / Phosphate glasses have been investigated since the fifties, because they are relatively easy to prepare, have low melting temperatures (1000°C – 1200°C), and low glass transition. However, these glasses were very sensitive to humidity, showing a very low chemical durability. Iron phosphate glasses have been prepared by melting inorganic precursors in conventional electric furnaces and induction furnaces. By adding iron, phosphate glasses became chemical resistant and were thought to be used as nuclear waste forms or mechanical resistance fibers. The use of microwaves has been investigated because it makes possible a fast and homogeneous heating of the materials. Microwave promotes the self-heating of the material by the interaction of the external electromagnetic field with the molecules and ions of the material. Niobium phosphate glasses was also produced already through the heating of precursors in microwave ovens. Other glasses containing iron in theirs structure was produced by conventional furnaces and they had your structures analyzed. But even so, it was not still published synthesis of iron phosphate glasses starting from the melting of precursors materials in microwave ovens. In the present work mixtures of (NH4)2HPO4 and Fe3O4 or (NH4)2HPO4 and Fe2O3 were exposed to microwave energy with electromagnetic waves of 2,45 GHz. It was proposed that the absorption of this radiation for the material causes the heating from room temperature to melting temperature. The obtained iron phosphate glasses was analyzed by X-ray diffraction, Mossbauer spectroscopy, and Differential Thermal Analysis. Iron phosphate glasses were also produced in electrical furnaces for comparison.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and Mössbauer spectroscopy were used to examine the distribution of iron in mitochondria from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These organelles were packed into EPR and Mössbauer cuvettes, affording spectra with unprecedented signal/noise ratios. EPR spectra of as-isolated intact mitochondria exhibited fourteen distinct signals, some of which were assigned according to previously reported g-values obtained using isolated proteins. Signals from adventitious manganese (II) and iron (III) were largely removed when mitochondria were isolated in buffers supplemented with the metal chelators EDTA or EGTA. Signals were simulated and intensities were quantified to afford spin concentrations and estimates of the concentration of EPR-active species in mitochondria. The effects of treating samples with chemical modifiers were examined. Packed samples were analyzed for protein and metal content, affording averaged values of 50 mg/mL [protein], 590 µM [Fe], 340 µM [Cu], and 17 µM [Mn]. 57Fe-enriched intact mitochondria isolated in the presence of metal chelators exhibited Mössbauer spectra dominated by three components. Approximately 60% of the 57Fe in the sample gave rise to a quadrupole doublet, most of which was diamagnetic. The parameters of this doublet are typical of S = 0 [4Fe-4S]2+ clusters and S = 0 ferrous heme groups. Spectra of samples reduced with dithionite, pH 8.5, suggested that at least half of this doublet arose from [4Fe-4S]2+ clusters. The second major component exhibited in the Mössbauer spectra arose from high-spin ferrous ions (10%-30%). The third major component (15%) came from iron exhibiting magnetic hyperfine interactions and is likely reflected in the Fe-containing species observed by EPR. The results presented here suggest that mitochondria contain ~ 600 µM of Fe overall, ~ 200 – 400 µM organized as [4Fe-4S]2+ clusters, with about 25 µM due to the [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster of aconitase. Approximately 60 µM – 200 µM of the Fe in mitochondria is high-spin ferrous ions, ~ 40 µM as the Rieske S = 1/2 [2Fe-2S]+ cluster of cytochrome bc1, and ~20 µM as the S = 1/2 [2Fe-2S]+ cluster of succinate dehydrogenase. The high-spin ferric hemes of the a3:CuB site of cytochrome oxidase and cytochrome c peroxidase each account for ~ 4 µM of Fe.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and Mössbauer spectroscopy were used to examine the distribution of iron in mitochondria from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These organelles were packed into EPR and Mössbauer cuvettes, affording spectra with unprecedented signal/noise ratios. EPR spectra of as-isolated intact mitochondria exhibited fourteen distinct signals, some of which were assigned according to previously reported g-values obtained using isolated proteins. Signals from adventitious manganese (II) and iron (III) were largely removed when mitochondria were isolated in buffers supplemented with the metal chelators EDTA or EGTA. Signals were simulated and intensities were quantified to afford spin concentrations and estimates of the concentration of EPR-active species in mitochondria. The effects of treating samples with chemical modifiers were examined. Packed samples were analyzed for protein and metal content, affording averaged values of 50 mg/mL [protein], 590 µM [Fe], 340 µM [Cu], and 17 µM [Mn]. 57Fe-enriched intact mitochondria isolated in the presence of metal chelators exhibited Mössbauer spectra dominated by three components. Approximately 60% of the 57Fe in the sample gave rise to a quadrupole doublet, most of which was diamagnetic. The parameters of this doublet are typical of S = 0 [4Fe-4S]2+ clusters and S = 0 ferrous heme groups. Spectra of samples reduced with dithionite, pH 8.5, suggested that at least half of this doublet arose from [4Fe-4S]2+ clusters. The second major component exhibited in the Mössbauer spectra arose from high-spin ferrous ions (10%-30%). The third major component (15%) came from iron exhibiting magnetic hyperfine interactions and is likely reflected in the Fe-containing species observed by EPR. The results presented here suggest that mitochondria contain ~ 600 µM of Fe overall, ~ 200 – 400 µM organized as [4Fe-4S]2+ clusters, with about 25 µM due to the [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster of aconitase. Approximately 60 µM – 200 µM of the Fe in mitochondria is high-spin ferrous ions, ~ 40 µM as the Rieske S = 1/2 [2Fe-2S]+ cluster of cytochrome bc1, and ~20 µM as the S = 1/2 [2Fe-2S]+ cluster of succinate dehydrogenase. The high-spin ferric hemes of the a3:CuB site of cytochrome oxidase and cytochrome c peroxidase each account for ~ 4 µM of Fe.

Software for Moessbauer spectroscopy has been developed for use on the Apple computer. This software is capable of collecting and fitting Moessbauer data when the Apple computer is interfaced with the ND2200 series multichannel analyzer. The software was tested in a study of the feasibility of using Moessbauer spectroscopy to study glass. Results indicate that iron in brown commercial glass and the volcanic glasses behaves similarly. This study concludes that Moessbauer spectroscopy is a promising method for the study of natural and archeological glasses and quality control in the manufacture of commercial glass. / Department of Physics and Astronomy

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro de Ciencias Fisicas e Matematicas / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-16T02:48:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2016-01-08T16:37:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 78865.pdf: 2090323 bytes, checksum: ada7ad5a8846c0bc7fbc55285b3028f1 (MD5) / Uma investigação sistemática da família de complexos FeII(TIM)(L)2, onde L são ligantes como (l - hist), py, NH3, CH3CN, im, (nim), NO2 e CN, é realizada pela primeira vez por Espectroscopia Mössbauer, permitindo caracterizá-los e pela comparação com dados de espectroscopia ultra-violeta e visível e calorimetria de varredura diferencial, elucidar algumas propriedades de suas ligações químicas. Estuda-se também o processo de dimerização do complexo FeIII(TIM) em função do pH, que de acordo com Kimura et al, obdece o seguinte equilíbrio: 2[FeIII(TIM)(H2O)2] + H2O2 Û [Fe2III(TIM)2(H2O)2(O)2]. A análise Mössbauer veio colaborar com as evidências coletadas por UV - Vis, IR, voltametria cíclica e microanálise, mostrando ser este processo é mais complicado do que aparenta a princípio, ocorrendo a formação inicial de um aglomerado de espécies que por envelhecimento evoluem para apenas duas espécies. A dependência do processo de dimerização com o tempo e a temperatura é estudado.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciencias Fisicas e Matematicas / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-16T07:23:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2016-01-08T18:45:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 97926.pdf: 9783442 bytes, checksum: 5f026ae683a1de8f69bf07b1bc174daf (MD5)

A partir dos estudos de interações quadripolares, um modelo foi desenvolvido para calcular espectros Mössbauer. Fez-se uma simulação deste modelo para computador digital de pequeno porte com apresentação visual das curvas calculadas e facilidade de interação entre experimental e computador. Fez-se uma análise detalhada da estrutura hiperfina quadripolar e mostrou-se que através do cálculo exato dos valores das energias e amplitudes de transição, a interpretação de espectros Mössbauer experimentais torna-se mais fácil. Evidenciou-se a variação das amplitudes de transição em função do parâmetro de assimetria e a existência de transições “proibidas” quando o gradiente de campo elétrico não apresenta simetria axial. / Starting from studies of Nuclear Quadrupole Interractions a model was developed to calculate Mössbauer spectra. A program for simulation of this model on small digital computers was written which includes visual display of the calculated spectra and facilitates interaction between the computer and the user. A detailed analysis of nuclear hyperfine structure was and transition probabilities allows easier interpretation of Mössbauer spectra. Significant variations werw found in the calculated transition probabilities as a function of the asymmetry parameter, as well as the presence of “forbidden” transition when the field gradient is not axially symmetric.