MUC5B, une des 5 mucines gélifiantes chez les mammifères, constitue la matrice de gels de mucus et est responsable des propriétés visco-élastiques de ces gels. Cette macromolécule est sécrétée par des cellules caliciformes dont la densité reflète l'homéostasie des épithéliums sécrétoires.L'objectif principal de ce travail de thèse était la création et la caractérisation d'une souris transgénique afin de suivre facilement la production in vivo de Muc5b. Le second objectif était de montrer, chez des souris mucoviscidosiques CftrΔF508, qu'une nutrition enrichie en acides gras polyinsaturés à longues chaînes (n-3) module la production de la mucine Muc5b, confirmant des résultats précédemment publiés sur la régulation transcriptionnelle du gène Muc5b chez des souris de type sauvage par ce régime alimentaire.Une souris transgénique Muc5b-GFP a été créée par insertion d'une séquence codant la GFP (pour « Green Fluorescent Protein ») à la place du codon Stop de Muc5b. Le profil d'expression de Muc5b a été déterminé ex vivo sur tissus et chez la souris anesthésiée. Muc5b est produit dans l'oreille moyenne, l’œil, la cavité nasale, la trachée, la vésicule biliaire, le cervix, ainsi que dans le poumon embryonnaire à E12,5. Nous apportons la preuve de concept que Muc5b-GFP est un biomarqueur de la densité des cellules à mucus dans un modèle de syndrome de l’œil sec où nous mesurons, chez la souris anesthésiée, une diminution de la densité en cellules caliciformes qui est restaurée par application topique d'interleukine 13. La souris Muc5b-GFP est donc un modèle pré-clinique pour suivre la production de la mucine et la densité de cellules caliciformes. Dans le modèle murin CftrΔF508, nous montrons qu'une supplémentation à long terme en acides gras polyinsaturés à longues chaînes (n-3) n'influence pas le taux d'expression de Muc5b suite à une inflammation pulmonaire aiguë, mais améliore l'histologie pulmonaire et module la réponse inflammatoire. / MUC5B, one of the 5 gel-forming mucins in mammals, is part of the mucus gels and responsible of the visco-elastic properties of these gels. The density of goblet cells, which secrete this macromolecule, reflects the homeostasis of secretory epitheliums.The main goal of this thesis was the creation and characterization of a transgenic mouse to easily follow in vivo the production of Muc5b. The second goal was to show that, as previously reported by the laboratory in wild-type mice, a (n-3) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid enriched diet modulates the production of Muc5b in the cystic fibrosis mouse model CftrΔF508.A Muc5b-GFP transgenic mouse was created by replacing the Stop codon of Muc5b with a GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) coding sequence. Muc5b expression pattern was studied ex vivo in tissues and in anaesthetized mouse. Muc5b is produced in middle ear, eye, nasal cavity, trachea, gallbladder, cervix, and in embryonic lung at E12.5. As a proof-of-concept, we show that Muc5b-GFP is a biomarker of goblet cell density in a dry eye model. In anaesthetized mice, we measured a decreased goblet cell density after dry eye induction, which was restored by interleukin 13 topical application. Muc5b-GFP mouse is a preclinical model to follow the mucin production and goblet cell density. In the cystic fibrosis mouse model CftrΔF508, we show that a long term (n-3) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation has no effect after an acute pulmonary inflammation on the Muc5b expression level, but induces an improvement of lung histology and a modulation of the inflammatory response.

In healthy airways, mucus forms part of the innate immune response protecting the respiratory epithelium from damage by pathogens and environmental debris (Rose and Voynow, 2006). Conversely, in many respiratory diseases, mucus becomes part of the airway disease pathology. Mucus hypersecretion along with reduced clearance can cause blockage of the small airways, impairing gas exchange, promoting inflammation and becoming a culture medium for bacterial colonisation (Thornton et al., 2008). Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is a common yet poorly understood equine chronic respiratory disease where such altered mucus properties and clearance have been identified as major factors in the disease pathology (Davis and Rush, 2002; Gerber et al., 2000; Kaup et al., 1990; Robinson, 2001). The gel-forming mucins are largely responsible for the transport properties of mucus. The major equine airway gel-forming mucin in health is Muc5b and to a lesser extent Muc5ac; produced in specialised respiratory epithelial goblet cells and sub-mucosal glands (Rousseau et al., 2011b). Changes in mucin relative and net amounts and their macromolecular properties and interactions have been attributed to the altered physical properties of airway mucus in airways disease (Groneberg et al., 2002a; Jefcoat et al., 2001; Kirkham et al., 2002; Robinson et al., 2003; Sheehan et al., 1995).The project investigates the biochemical properties of mucins present in mucus from healthy horses and horses with RAO. This project identifies the anatomical presence of mucin-producing goblet cells and glands in fixed tissues from the respiratory tracts of healthy horses and subsequently examines mucin-production sites in respiratory tracts from horses with RAO. Finally the project investigates a methodology for the study of mucin production in airway cells harvested from live horses suffering from RAO.Our investigations confirmed that horses with RAO have more endotracheal mucus than healthy controls, and that Muc5b is the predominant mucin with Muc5ac also present in RAO horse mucus, both during symptomatic disease and when horses are asymptomatic. Mucins are produced in epithelial goblet cells and sub-mucosal glands dispersed throughout the length and circumference of the equine trachea and bronchi. Goblet cell hyperplasia occurs in symptomatic exposed RAO horse airways, although goblet cells are smaller than in asymptomatic RAO horse airways. Exposure to a dusty stable environment is associated with more goblet cells per length of bronchial compared to tracheal epithelium in all horses. RAO horses have larger sub-mucosal glands containing more mucin than control horses. Primary epithelial cell cultures grown at an air liquid interface are an alternative approach to study equine airway mucus, although the use of this culture system is in its early stages. We have developed novel ways to harvest equine airway epithelial cells (tracheal brushing) and shown it is possible to freeze cells collected via tracheal epithelial brushing in 20 % FBS and then culture to ALI at a later date.

Le mucus recouvre et protège les épithéliums des tractus respiratoire, gastro-intestinal et reproducteur. Les mucines sécrétées sont des molécules mosaïques de très grande taille moléculaire, fortement O-glycosylées et responsables des propriétés rhéologiques du gel de mucus. MUC5B est l’une des cinq mucines gélifiantes et est principalement sécrétée dans le tractus respiratoire. Chez l’Homme, MUC5B est impliquée dans le cancer mammaire et la mucoviscidose. MUC5B est exprimée dans plus de 80% des cancers mammaires alors que MUC5B n’est pas exprimée dans le tissu mammaire sain. Par ailleurs, MUC5B pourrait jouer un rôle majeur dans le poumon de patients atteints de mucoviscidose. Pour étudier la fonction de MUC5B, nous avons utilisé des protéines recombinantes composées de différents domaines de MUC5B et des modèles animaux. Nous avons montré que MUC5B favorise la prolifération cellulaire et l’invasion in vitro et favorise la croissance tumorale et la dissémination métastatique chez des souris immunodéprimées. MUC5B apparait donc comme une cible thérapeutique intéressante pour ralentir la prolifération cellulaire et la dissémination métastatique dans le cancer du sein. Nous avons également montré que l’expression de Muc5b et le nombre de cellules Muc5b positives sont plus élevés dans un modèle murin de mucoviscidose (Cftr–/–) que chez les souris frères-sœurs contrôles, ce qui suggère que les souris Cftr–/– sont prédisposées à former des bouchons bronchiques. Les souris Cftr–/– infectées expérimentalement par Pseudomonas aeruginosa développent des bouchons bronchiques AB-PAS positifs principalement composés de la mucine Muc5b et d’ADN. MUC5B semble être une cible thérapeutique intéressante pour diminuer la viscosité du mucus dans la mucoviscidose. Enfin, nous avons montré que la protéine Muc5b est exprimée très précocement (dès E8.5) au cours du développement embryonnaire murin. A E11.5, Muc5b est exprimée dans le bourgeon pulmonaire, dans le bourgeon formant la trachée et l’œsophage et dans l’estomac. De manière inattendue, Muc5b est exprimée au niveau baso-latéral des cellules épithéliales suggérant un rôle clé de MUC5B dans la morphogenèse. / Respiratory, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts are protected by a mucus layer. Secreted mucins are large, high molecular weight and heavily O-glycosylated mosaic proteins that are responsible for the rheological properties of mucus gel. MUC5B is one of the five secreted gel-forming mucins and is mainly secreted in the respiratory tract. In human pathology, MUC5B has been implicated in breast cancer and cystic fibrosis (CF). This ‘non mammary’ mucin is expressed in more than 80% of breast cancer and it has been suggested that MUC5B may represent the main mucin to be implicated in the lung disease of CF.To investigate the function of MUC5B, we used recombinant proteins of several MUC5B domains and animal models. We show that MUC5B promotes cell proliferation and invasion in vitro and tumor growth and metastasis using SCID mice suggesting that MUC5B may represent a therapeutic target to slow down the tumor growth and dissemination in breast cancer. We show also that Cftr–/– mice harbor more Muc5b positive Clara cells than do control littermates suggesting that CF mice are predisposed to develop mucus plugs. Experimental infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa increased the number of Muc5b-positive cells and the formation of mucus plugs in bronchi or bronchioles of Cftr–/– mice. These plugs are mainly composed of Muc5b and DNA suggesting that MUC5B may be a valuable target for decreasing mucus viscosity in CF. Finally, Muc5b protein was detected very early in mouse embryogenesis (at day 8.5). At E11.5, Muc5b is expressed in pulmonary bud, in tracheo-esophagal groove and in stomach. Unexpectedly, Muc5b is expressed at the basal and lateral membrane of epithelial cells of the buds suggesting a key role in epithelial morphogenesis.

Le rôle de la salive dans la perception sensorielle est de plus en plus reconnu, notamment par le biais des interactions physico-chimiques pouvant s’établir entre protéines salivaires et constituants alimentaires. Ce travail s’intéresse à la pellicule salivaire, la couche de protéines salivaires ancrées aux cellules épithéliales, et vise à caractériser les interactions pouvant s’établir d’une part entre ces protéines et épithélium oral, et d‘autre part entre ces protéines et les molécules de la flaveur. Pour cela, un modèle in vitro de muqueuse orale a été développé. Une lignée cellulaire stable (TR146/MUC1) a été obtenue par transfection de la lignée cellulaire TR146 de manière à exprimer la mucine membranaire MUC1. Afin de former une pellicule salivaire, les cellules confluentes ont été incubées avec de la salive humaine. La rétention des mucines salivaires MUC5B par les cellules TR146/MUC1 est augmentée par rapport aux TR146, apportant ainsi un argument en faveur de l’implication de MUC1 dans l’ancrage des MUC5B aux cellules épithéliales. Le modèle développé a été appliqué à l’étude des interactions entre la muqueuse orale et les molécules d’arôme et les tanins. L’analyse des coefficients de partage par GC-FID a mis en évidence 1- l’importance de l’hydratation de la muqueuse sur la libération des composés les plus hydrophiles, 2- la capacité des cellules à métaboliser certaines molécules d’arôme, 3- l’absence d’effet de la pellicule sur la libération des molécules d’arôme à l’équilibre. En revanche, l’analyse par PTR-MS a révélé un effet de la muqueuse et de la pellicule sur la cinétique de libération des molécules d’arôme. Les interactions entre les protéines de la pellicule salivaire et les tanins modifient les caractéristiques structurales de la pellicule, en particulier le tapissage des cellules par les MUC5B. Les possibles implications sensorielles, respectivement dans les phénomènes de persistance aromatique et d’astringence, sont discutées. / The role of saliva in food sensory perception is increasingly recognized, especially through physicochemical interactions occurring between salivary proteins and food components. This work focuses on the mucosal pellicle, a layer of salivary proteins anchored onto epithelial cells, and aims at characterizing interactions that may occur between the proteins of the mucosal pellicle and flavour compounds. For that purpose, an in vitro model of oral mucosa was developed. A stable cell line (TR146/MUC1) was obtaining by transfecting the TR146 cell line in order to express the membrane bound mucin MUC1. In order to form a salivary pellicle, confluent cells were incubated with human saliva. A higher retention of salivary MUC5B by TR146/MUC1 cells was observed compared to TR146 cells, emphasising the involvement of MUC1 in MUC5B anchoring to epithelial cells. The model was applied to the investigation of interactions between the oral mucosa and aroma molecules and tannins. Measurements of partition coefficients by GC-FID revealed 1- the role of hydration of the mucosa on the release of the most hydrophilic compounds, 2- the ability of cells to metabolize some aroma compounds, 3- the absence of effect of the mucosal pellicle itself on aroma release at the thermodynamic equilibrium. Oppositely, analyses by PTR-MS evidenced an effect of the mucosa and of the pellicle on aroma release kinetic. Interactions between proteins of the mucosal pellicle and tannins modified structural characteristics of the pellicle, especially the coating of cells by salivary MUC5B. Sensory relevance for the phenomena of aroma persistence and astringency, respectively, are discussed.

The polymeric gel-forming mucins provide the structural framework of saliva and the mucus barriers that cover the mucosal surfaces of the alimentary canal. Dietary compounds may influence the barrier properties of these protective layers. The effects of green tea polyphenols, which have many health benefits but have low bioavailability and contribute to the astringency of green tea, on the structural properties of the mucins in the alimentary canal are investigated here. Using well characterised, highly purified salivary mucins MUC5B and MUC7, and porcine gastric mucins, the effects of the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on mucins were studied here. Using rate-zonal centrifugation coupled to agarose gel electrophoresis, atomic force microscopy and particle tracking microrheology, EGCG, at concentrations found in a cup of green tea, caused increased aggregation of MUC5B in human whole saliva, and increased aggregation and viscosity of purified MUC5B. It was revealed using recombinant proteins of the N- and C-terminal regions of MUC5B that EGCG had these effects by aggregating the terminal globular protein domains of MUC5B. In contrast, MUC5B trypsin-resistant high molecular weight glycopeptides were not aggregated by EGCG, demonstrating that the oligosaccharide-rich, highly-glycosylated regions of mucins are not involved in the EGCG-induced aggregation of mucins. EGCG also caused the majority of MUC7 in human whole saliva to aggregate, and purified MUC7 also showed substantial aggregation in the presence of EGCG.Porcine gastric mucins were also used in order to model human gastric mucins. First, the identity of the porcine gastric mucins was explored using tandem mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry. This revealed that Muc5ac was expressed by the surface epithelium and was the prominent mucin in porcine gastric mucus. Muc6 was expressed by gastric submucosal glands, but was not a major component of the secreted mucus barrier. Porcine Muc5ac and Muc6 were shown to be aggregated by EGCG. These data demonstrate that mucins from both saliva and the stomach are substantially altered by EGCG. This may contribute to the astringency and low bioavailability of EGCG. In contrast, the green tea polyphenol epicatechin (EC) did not cause aggregation of salivary mucins or porcine gastric mucins, suggesting that the galloyl ring of EGCG (which is absent in EC) is important for its aggregation of mucins, and that EC has different mechanisms of astringency. The structure of the mucins in the alimentary canal was studied using Raman spectroscopy, Raman optical activity (ROA) and Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). The secondary structure of the oligosaccharide-rich regions of mucins was shown to be largely disordered, with some contribution of poly-proline II helix. The N- and C-terminal regions of MUC5B were largely β-sheet in structure, with some disordered structure also present in the C-terminal region. Raman spectroscopy could reliably distinguish between MUC5B glycoforms, demonstrating the sensitivity of this technique to mucin glycosylation and secondary structure. The first TERS spectra along the length of a MUC5B chain are reported, and suggest that patterns may exist in the glycosylation of MUC5B. Therefore, Raman spectroscopies are novel tools that shed new light on mucin structure and in future may be useful for studying the changes to mucin structure during interactions, such as those with polyphenols.