This thesis will investigate the impact of the use of the Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) on the state estimation problem. First, incorporation of the PMU measurements in a conventional state estimation program will be discussed. Then, the effect of adding PMU measurements on the state estimation solution accuracy will be studied. Bad data processing in the presence of PMU measurements will also be presented. Finally, a multiarea state estimation method will be developed. This method involves a two level estimation scheme, where the first level estimation is carried out by each area independently. The second level estimation is required in order to coordinate the solutions obtained by each area and also to detect and identify errors in the boundary measurements. The first objective of this thesis is to formulate the full weighted least square state estimation method using PMUs. The second objective is to derive the linear formulation of the state estimation problem when using only PMUs. The final objective is to formulate a two level multi-area state estimation scheme and illlustrate its performance via simulation examples.

After the deregulation of the power systems, the large-scale power systems may contain several areas. Each area has its own control center and each control center may have its own state estimator which processes the measurements received from its local substations. When scheduling power transactions, which involve several control areas a system-wide state estimation solution is needed. In this dissertation, an estimation approach which coordinates locally obtained decentralized estimates while improving bad data processing capability at the area boundaries is presented. It is assumed that synchronized phasor measurements from different area buses are available in addition to the conventional measurements provided by the substation remote terminal units. The estimator with hierarchical structure is implemented and tested using different measurement configurations for two systems having 118 and 4520 buses. Furthermore, we apply this multi-area solution scheme to the problem of Total Transfer Capability (TTC) calculation. In a restructured power system, the sellers and buyers of power transactions may be located in different areas. Computation of TTC will then require system-wide studies. We investigate a multi-area solution scheme, which takes advantage of the system-wide calculated Power Transfer Distribution Factors (PTDF) in order for each area to calculate its own TTC while a central entity coordinates these results to determine the final value. The proposed problem formulation and its solution algorithm are presented. 30 and 4520 bus test systems are used to demonstrate the approach and numerically verify the proposed TTC calculation method.

The objective of this thesis is to prove the validity of a multi-area state estimator and investigate the advantages it provides over a serial state estimator. This is done utilizing the IEEE 118 Bus Test System as a sample system. This thesis investigates the benefits that stem from utilizing a multi-area state estimator instead of a serial state estimator. These benefits are largely in the form of increased accuracy and decreased processing time. First, the theory behind power system state estimation is explained for a simple serial estimator. Then the thesis shows how conventional measurements and newer, more accurate PMU measurements work within the framework of weighted least squares estimation. Next, the multi-area state estimator is examined closely and the additional measurements provided by PMUs are used to increase accuracy and computational efficiency. Finally, the multi-area state estimator is tested for accuracy, its ability to detect bad data, and computation time.

The objective of this thesis is to prove the validity of a multi-area state estimator and investigate the advantages it provides over a serial state estimator. This is done utilizing the IEEE 118 Bus Test System as a sample system. This thesis investigates the benefits that stem from utilizing a multi-area state estimator instead of a serial state estimator. These benefits are largely in the form of increased accuracy and decreased processing time. First, the theory behind power system state estimation is explained for a simple serial estimator. Then the thesis shows how conventional measurements and newer, more accurate PMU measurements work within the framework of weighted least squares estimation. Next, the multi-area state estimator is examined closely and the additional measurements provided by PMUs are used to increase accuracy and computational efficiency. Finally, the multi-area state estimator is tested for accuracy, its ability to detect bad data, and computation time.

Currently, major power systems almost invariably operate under interconnected conditions to transfer power in a stable and reliable manner. Multi-area reliability evaluation has thus become an invaluable tool in the planning and operation of such systems. Multi - area reliability evaluation is typically done by considering equivalent tie lines between different areas in an integrated power system. It gives approximate results for the reliability indices of a power system as it models each of the areas as a single node to which are connected the entire area generation and loads. The intratransmission lines are only indirectly modeled during the calculation of equivalent tie lines' capacities. This method is very widely used in the power industry, but the influence of the various approximations and assumptions, which are incorporated in this method, on reliability calculations has not been explored. The objective of the research work presented in this thesis is the development of a new method called Composite system based multi - area reliability model, which does multi - area reliability evaluation considering the whole composite system. It models the transmission system in detail and also takes into account the loss sharing policy within an area and no - load loss sharing policy among the areas. The proposed method is applied to standard IEEE 24 bus Reliability Test System (RTS) and the traditional equivalent tie-line method is applied to the multi-area configuration of the same test system. The results obtained by both the methods are analyzed and compared. It is found that the traditional model, although having some advantages, may not give accurate results.

Orientador: Jose Roberto Sanches Mantovani / Banca: Rubén Augusto Romero Lázaro / Banca: Marcos Julio Rider Flores / Banca: Roberto de Souza Salgado / Banca: Ivan Nunes da Silva / Resumo: Nesta pesquisa tem-se por objetivo resolver de forma descentralizada os problemas de despacho e planejamento ótimo de fontes de potência reativa (POVAr) no contexto de sistemas com múltiplas áreas ou regiões interligadas. Na solução descentralizada o problema de otimização é dividido em subproblemas associados a cada área. Os operadores regionais resolvem, coordenadamente, subproblemas de menor dimensão utilizando os dados de rede de suas áreas e informações de fronteira associadas às linhas de interligação. Para conseguir este objetivo, esta pesquisa está dividida em 4 etapas principais: i) formalizar os problemas de planejamento e de despacho ótimo de potência reativa, ii) determinar a viabilidade da aplicação de duas diferentes técnicas de decomposição para resolver o problema de despacho ótimo de potência reativa multi-área, iii) propor várias metodologias para lidar com variáveis discretas no problema de despacho e planejamento ótimo de potência reativa em SEP multi-área, e iv) propor um método de análise multi-área para o problema de planejamento ótimo de reativos sob contingências. Para mostrar o funcionamento e a eficiência das metodologias propostas, vários sistemas multi-áreas são utilizados: o sistema IEEE RTS-96 com 3 e 5 áreas e um sistema interligado conformado por 3 áreas do sistema IEES RTS-96 e duas áreas do sistema IEEE de 118 barras / Abstract: This research has been aimed at solving the decentralized problem of reactive power sources optimal planning (VAr planning) in the context of systems with multiple interconnected areas. In the decentralized solution, the optimization problem is divided into subproblems associated with each area. The regional operators solve, coordinately, smaller subproblems using the network data from their areas and border information associated with the tie-lines. To propose a method to the decentralized VAr planning problem, four basic aspects are covered. First, formalize the problems of planning and optimal dispatch of reactive power. Second, the viability of applying two different decomposition techniques to solve the problem of optimal reactive power dispatch, as well as its convergence properties, are analyzed. Third, several techniques for handling discrete variables in the decentralized VAr planning problem are proposed and tested. Fourth, a decentralized approach to the VAr planning under contingency in multi-area systems is provided. To show the operation and efficiency of the proposed methodologies, several multi-area systems are used: the IEEE RTS-96 system with 3 and 5 areas and an interconnected system formed by three areas of the IEEE RTS-96 and two areas of the IEEE 118 bus system / Doutor

In the past decades, the renewable penetration in power systems has steadily increased, and is also expected to grow exponentially in the following years. Encountering this fast growing trend, the underfrequency load-shedding schemes, as the last resort of power systems in terms of frequency stability, have been implemented in a decentralized way where the settings are predefined and fixed. The purpose of the underfrequency load-shedding scheme is to disconnect a certain amount of loads to reduce load-generation imbalance following generator outages, while the renewable energy sources, implemented as distributed generation units can result in the situations where substantial amount of distributed generation can be disconnected together with loads at the same time. This can to some extent cancel out the effect of shedding loads, and in some extreme cases, aggravate frequency response. Apart from the impact of distributed generation, in some power systems there can be several areas where large amount of power is always exchanged in between. Inappropriate load-shedding amount and location can increase the risks of tie-line overloading, further resulting in tripping of tie-lines. In order to tackle these problems, an adaptive underfrequency load-shedding scheme was proposed which utilizes distributed feeder power measurements, measurements from distributed generation, as well as the SCADA system that serves as the main role of monitoring and control. The implementation of the proposed architecture is also explained in the thesis. The results exhibit that the proposed scheme is able to alleviate the stress of tie-line power flow to some extent following power outages, while also be affected by generation loss size and location. Besides, the proposed scheme also provides contribution to frequency stabilization by shedding less distributed generation. / Under de senaste decennierna har andelen förnybar produktion i elkraftsystem globalt ökat markant ökat och förväntas också fortsätta växa avsevärt under de kommande åren. Samtidigt med denna utveckling är det viktigt att beakta de systemvärn som består av belastningsfrånkoppling för frekvensåterställning som implementerats med fördefinierade inställningar på ett decentraliserat vis. Avsikten med ett sådant system värn är att koppla bort en viss mängd last för att undvika att frekvensen sjunker under tillåtna gränsvärden i samband med ett större fel, t.ex. att en större generator kopplas bort. Eftersom den förnybara produktionen ofta är distribuerad i nätet, kan en sådan från koppling av last dock medföra att stora mängder förnybar produktion kopplas bort samtidigt. Detta kan i vissa fall tänkas innebära att lastfrånkopplingen innebär en försämrings av frekvensen. Utöver effekterna på distribuerad produktion som ett systemvärn för lastbortkoppling kan ha, så kan det även innebära försämringar i kraftsystem bestående av flera områden, s.k. multiarea kraftsystem där enstaka förbindelser utgör flaskhalsar för överföringen. En olämpligt vald bortkoppling av last kan leda till överbelastning av de ledningar som går mellan områdena i kraftsystemet. I syfte att hantera bägge dessa problem föreslås i detta arbete en adaptiv lastfrånkopplingsmekanism som använder mätningar i distributionsnätet via SCADA systemet, vilket utgör basen i lösningen. Föreliggande rapport presenterar lösningen i detalj, resultaten visar att lösningen kan minska belastningen på förbindelserna mellan områden i ett kraftsystem för vissa fall. Dessutom bidrar den föreslagna lösningen till ett bättre bidrag till frekvensstabiliteten genom att en lägre mängd distribuerad förnybar kraft kopplas bort.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-06-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:06:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 granadaecheverri_m_dr_ilha.pdf: 1034987 bytes, checksum: 0830ef0e1369761b1aceecd4131f8f78 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / PROPG - Programa de Pós-Graduação / Nesta pesquisa tem-se por objetivo resolver de forma descentralizada os problemas de despacho e planejamento ótimo de fontes de potência reativa (POVAr) no contexto de sistemas com múltiplas áreas ou regiões interligadas. Na solução descentralizada o problema de otimização é dividido em subproblemas associados a cada área. Os operadores regionais resolvem, coordenadamente, subproblemas de menor dimensão utilizando os dados de rede de suas áreas e informações de fronteira associadas às linhas de interligação. Para conseguir este objetivo, esta pesquisa está dividida em 4 etapas principais: i) formalizar os problemas de planejamento e de despacho ótimo de potência reativa, ii) determinar a viabilidade da aplicação de duas diferentes técnicas de decomposição para resolver o problema de despacho ótimo de potência reativa multi-área, iii) propor várias metodologias para lidar com variáveis discretas no problema de despacho e planejamento ótimo de potência reativa em SEP multi-área, e iv) propor um método de análise multi-área para o problema de planejamento ótimo de reativos sob contingências. Para mostrar o funcionamento e a eficiência das metodologias propostas, vários sistemas multi-áreas são utilizados: o sistema IEEE RTS-96 com 3 e 5 áreas e um sistema interligado conformado por 3 áreas do sistema IEES RTS-96 e duas áreas do sistema IEEE de 118 barras / This research has been aimed at solving the decentralized problem of reactive power sources optimal planning (VAr planning) in the context of systems with multiple interconnected areas. In the decentralized solution, the optimization problem is divided into subproblems associated with each area. The regional operators solve, coordinately, smaller subproblems using the network data from their areas and border information associated with the tie-lines. To propose a method to the decentralized VAr planning problem, four basic aspects are covered. First, formalize the problems of planning and optimal dispatch of reactive power. Second, the viability of applying two different decomposition techniques to solve the problem of optimal reactive power dispatch, as well as its convergence properties, are analyzed. Third, several techniques for handling discrete variables in the decentralized VAr planning problem are proposed and tested. Fourth, a decentralized approach to the VAr planning under contingency in multi-area systems is provided. To show the operation and efficiency of the proposed methodologies, several multi-area systems are used: the IEEE RTS-96 system with 3 and 5 areas and an interconnected system formed by three areas of the IEEE RTS-96 and two areas of the IEEE 118 bus system

Orientador: Jose Roberto Sanches Mantovani / Banca: Rubén Augusto Romero Lázaro / Banca: João Bosco Augusto London Junior / Resumo: Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma metodologia para resolver o problema de planejamento ótimo de reativos em sistemas de potência interconectados multi-áreas, utilizando a técnica de decomposição de Dantzig-Wolfe. O problema original multi-área é separado em subproblemas (um para cada área) e um problema mestre (coordenador). A solução do problema decomposto é baseada na aplicação de programação linear sucessiva para a resolução dos subproblemas de planejamento de reativos de cada área, e o esquema de coordenação é baseado nos custos marginais de potência reativa nas barras de fronteiras. Desta forma, o problema de planejamento do sistema é resolvido usando a estratégia descentralizada por regiões ou por áreas, onde os operadores dos sistemas podem planejar a opera- ção e a expansão de seus sistemas, independentemente das outras áreas, obtendo uma solução ótima coordenada, porém descentralizada de cada área. O objetivo do modelo é proporcionar mecanismos para realizar o planejamento preservando a autonomia e confidencialidade para cada área, garantindo a economia global do sistema multi-área completo. Utilizando-se o modelo matemático e a imple- mentação computacional da metodologia proposta, apresentam-se resultados, análises e discussões de testes efetuados em 3 sistemas de 3 áreas, onde cada uma das áreas é composta por 3 sistemas iguais formados pelos sistemas IEEE30, IEEE118 e IEEE300 / Abstract: In this thesis presents a methodology for solving the optimal reactive power planning problem in inter- conected multi-area electric power systems, using the Dantzig-Wolfe technique. The original multi- area problem is separated into subproblems (one for each area) and a master problem (coordinator). The solution of the decomposed problem is based on the application of sucessive linear programming for solving the reactive planning subproblems in each area, and the coordination scheme is based on the reactive power marginal costs in the border bus. Thus the planning problem system is solved using a descentralized approach by regions or areas, where de transmission system operator in each area can planning the operation and expansion of its system regardless of the other areas, obtaining a optimal solution coordinated by descentralized in each area. The purpose of the mathematical model is to provide mechanism for develope the planning preserving the autonomy and confidentiality for each area, ensuring the economy of the overal multi-area full system. Using the mathematical model and computational implementation of the methodology proposed results are presented analisys and discussion of testes performed on three systems in three areas where each area is composed of three equal systems formed by IEEE30, IEEE118, and IEEE300 bus system / Mestre

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Technology: Electrical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2013 / The objective of the economic dispatch problem of electrical power generation is to schedule the committed generating unit outputs to meet the required load demand while satisfying the system equality and inequality constraints. The thesis formulates single area and multi-area Combined Economic Emission Dispatch (CEED) problem as single criterion, bi-criterion and multi-criteria optimisation problems based on fuel cost and emission criterion functions, constraints over the operational limits of the generator and the tie-lines, and requirements for a balance between the produced power and the system demand and power loss. Various methods, algorithms and softwares are developed to find solution of the formulated problems in single area and multi-area power systems. The developed methods are based on the classical Lagrange's and on the meta-heuristic Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) techniques for a single criterion function. Transformation of the bi-criteria or multi-criteria dispatch problem to a single criterion one is done by some existing and two proposed in the thesis penalty factors. The solution of the CEED problems is obtained through implementation of the developed software in a sequential way using a single computer, or in a data-parallel way in a Matlab Cluster of Computers (CC). The capabilities of the developed Lagrange's and PSO algorithms are compared on the basis of the obtained results. The conclusion is that the Lagrange's method and algorithm allows to receive better solution for less computation time. Data-parallel implementation of the developed software allows a lot of results to be obtained for the same problem using different values of some of the problem parameters. According to the literature papers, there are many algorithms available to solve the CEED problem for the single area power systems using sequential methods of optimisation, but they consume more computation time to solve this problem. The thesis aim is to develop a decomposition-coordinating algorithm for solution of the Multi Area Economic Emission Dispatch (MAEED) problem of power systems. The MAEED problem deals with the optimal power dispatch inside and between the multiple areas and addresses the environmental issue during the economic dispatch. To ensure the system security, tie-line transfer limits between different areas are incorporated as a set of constraints in the optimisation problem. A decomposition coordinating method based on the Lagrange's algorithm is developed to derive a set of optimal solutions to minimize the fuel cost and emissions of the multi-area power systems. An augmented function of Lagrange is applied and its decomposition in interconnected sub problems is done using a new coordinating-vector. Task-parallel computing in a Matlab Cluster is used to solve the multi-area dispatch problem. The calculations and tasks allocation to the Cluster workers are based on a shared memory architecture. Implementation of the calculation algorithm using a Cluster of Computers allows quick and simpler solutions to the multi-area CEED problem. The thesis applied the developed algorithms for the various problem formulation scenarios, i.e. fuel cost and emission function with and without valve point loading effect, quadratic and cubic fuel cost and emission functions. The various IEEE benchmark models are used to test the developed Lagrange's and PSO algorithms in the sequential, data-parallel, and task-parallel implementations. Developed methods, algorithms and software programmes can be applied for solution of various energy management problems in the regional and national control centres, smart grid applications, and in education and research institutions.