This work investigates the applicability of identification methods to the suspension parameters of a TGV multi-body model. The aim is to adjust the model to the real system by estimating the suspension parameters from measured vehicle response data. Due to the nonlinear behavior of the system the time-domain based model updating has been chosen. It requires the definition and minimization of a misfit function in the time domain describing the distance between model and measurement. The fastest convergence is obtained by the use of gradient methods requiring the calculation of the derivatives of the misfit function relative to every parameter. Since the calculation from finite differences is time consuming and less accurate the gradients are calculated from the adjoint method. The application to a simplified bogie model with known mathematical description allows the identification of its suspension parameters. The presence of local minima in the misfit function of the TGV model requires the use of global optimization methods. The simulated annealing and the genetic algorithm method give important reductions of the misfit function and improved parameter estimations. In following work this information could be used for further applications like the condition monitoring.

The thesis investigates control system integration in ADAMS and the thesis presents appropriate knowledge related to the topic as multi body system, acting forces between road and wheels, equation of motion regarding to the haulers, traction control system and differential locks. The emphasis of the thesis is to implement and test the automatic traction control (ATC) for the hauler into ADAMS and Simulink models. The ATC models are based on certain requirements provided by Volvo Construction Equipment. As expected, results indicate that the ATC model operates during simulation for various road conditions. Nevertheless, the ATC model includes a few defects which are observed in results. The significant achievement of the thesis is a great collaboration between ADAMS and Simulink model.

In the research area of virtual reality, the term haptic rendering is defined as the process of computing and generating the interaction force between the virtual object and the operator. One of the major challenges of haptic rendering is the stably rendering contact with a stiff object. Traditional haptic rendering algorithms performs well when rendering contact with soft objects. But when it is used to simulate contact with objects with high stiffness, the algorithm may cause unstable response of haptic devices. Such unstable behavior (e.g., oscillation of the device) can destroy the fidelity of the virtual environment and even hurt the user.  To address the above stability issues, a new design approach has been proposed in this paper. The proposed approach consists of three main process steps: modeling and linearization in ADAMS, LQR position controller design, verification with co-simulation. In the first step, a simulation model of the system is firstly created in ADAMS/View. Then this nonlinear ADAMS multi-body dynamics model is linearized and exported as a set of linear state space matrices with the help of ADAMS/Linear. In the second step, different from the traditional force-control algorithms, LQR position controller is developed in Matlab Simulink based on the exported matrices to emulate interactions with stiff objects. At last, the verification of control performance is carried out by setting up co-simulation between ADAMS and Simulink.  A case study implementation of this proposed method was performed on the TAU device which was previously developed by Machine Design department at KTH. TAU is an asymmetrical parallel robot with six degrees of freedom for the simulation of surgical procedures like drilling and milling of hard tissues of bones and teeth. The results show that the linear model exported from ADAMS is sufficiently accurate and the proposed controller can render a virtual wall with stiffness at the level of 105 N/m. / Inom forskningsområdet virtuell verklighet definieras termen hatisk återgivning (haptic rendering) som processen för beräkning och generering av interaktiva krafter mellan det virtuella objektet och användaren. En av de största utmaningarna med haptisk återgivning är att stabilt simulera känslan av beröring av styv material för användare. Traditionella algoritmer fungerar när det gäller att simulera känslan av beröring av mjuk material, men när algoritmerna används för att simulera kontakt med materialer med stor styvhet kan det orsaka instabilitet hos haptiska enheter. Sådana instabilitet, bland annat svängning hos enheten, kan förstöra den virtuella miljöns exakthet och till och med skada användare.  Denna uppsats försöker ta itu med det ovanstående problemet genom att föreslå en ny designmetod. Metoden består av tre huvudsteg: modellering och linearisering med hjälp av ADAMS, design av LQR-positionskontroll, och verifiering med samsimulering (co-simulation). I det första steget skapas systemets simuleringsmodell med hjälp av ADAMS/View. Sedan linjäriseras denna icke-linjära ADAMS-multikroppsdynamikmodell. Modellen exporteras som linjära tillståndsmatriser med hjälp av ADAMS/Linear. I det andra steget designas en LQR-positionskontroll med hjälp av Matlab Simulink baserat på de exporterade matriserna tidigare för att simulera interaktioner med styv material, vilket skiljer sig från de traditionella kraftkontrollalgoritmer (force-control algorithms). I det sista steget utförs verifieringen av positionskontrollens prestanda genom att ställa in samsimulering (co-simulation) mellan ADAMS och Simulink.  En testkörning av denna föreslagna metod har utförs på TAU-enheten som tidigare utvecklades av KTH institutionen för maskinkonstruktion. TAU är en asymmetrisk parallellsrobot med sex frihetsgrader för att simulera kirurgiska ingrepp som borrning av hårda vävnader i ben och tänder. Resultaten visar att den linjära modellen som exporteras från ADAMS är tillräckligt korrekt, för den föreslagna positionskontrollen kan framställa en virtuell vägg med styvhet vid 105 N/m.

Today highly complex components are manufactured on NC-controlled machine tools. The NC programs, controlling these machines, are usually automatically generated by CAM software. This automatic processing is often erroneous. The VR-based realistic machine simulation, presented in this paper, extends the usual content of a machine simulation, like material removal and collision detection, by various new aspects. The coupling of a real NC unit allows the recognition and elimination of all process- as well as controller-caused errors. The integration of the multi-body simulation enables the consideration of inertia, machine rigidity and milling cutter deflection.

The work presented in this thesis is dedicated to the study of vehicle rollover and the tyre and suspension characteristics influencing it. Recent data shows that 35.4% of recorded fatal crashes in Sports Utility Vehicles (SUVs) included vehicle rollover. The effect of rollover on an SUV tends to be more severe than for other types of passenger vehicle. Additionally, the number of SUVs on the roads is rising. Therefore, a thorough understanding of factors affecting the rollover resistance of SUVs is needed. The majority of previous research work on rollover dynamics has been based on low fidelity models. However, vehicle rollover is a highly non-linear event due to the large angles in vehicle body motion, extreme suspension travel, tyre non-linearities and large forces acting on the wheel, resulting in suspension spring-aids, rebound stops and bushings operating in the non-linear region. This work investigates vehicle rollover using a complex and highly non-linear multi-body validated model with 165 degrees of freedom. The vehicle model is complemented by a Magic Formula tyre model. Design of experiment methodology is used to identify tyre properties affecting vehicle rollover. A novel, statistical approach is used to systematically identify the sensitivity of rollover propensity to suspension kinematic and compliance characteristics. In this process, several rollover metrics are examined together with stability considerations and an appropriate rollover metric is devised. Research so far reveals that the tyre properties having the greatest influence on vehicle rollover are friction coefficient, friction variation with load, camber stiffness, and tyre vertical stiffness. Key kinematic and compliance characteristics affecting rollover propensity are front and rear suspension rate, front roll stiffness, front camber gain, front and rear camber compliance and rear jacking force. The study of suspension and tyre parameters affecting rollover is supplemented by an investigation of a novel anti-rollover control scheme based on a reaction wheel actuator. The simulations performed so far show promising results. Even with a very simple and conservative control scheme the reaction wheel, with actuator torque limited to 100Nm, power limited to 5kW and total energy consumption of less than 3kJ, increases the critical manoeuvre velocity by over 9%. The main advantage of the proposed control scheme, as opposed to other known anti-rollover control schemes, is that it prevents rollover whilst allowing the driver to maintain the desired vehicle path.

Ce travail étudie l’applicabilité des méthodes d’identification aux paramètres de la suspension d’un modèle multi-corps du TGV. L’objectif est de caler le modèle par rapport au système réel par une estimation des paramètres de la suspension en utilisant la réponse du véhicule mesuré. A cause du comportement nonlinéaire du système la méthode temporelle de recalage a été choisie. Elle nécessite la définition et minimisation d’une fonction coût qui décrit la distance entre le modèle et la mesure. La convergence la plus rapide est obtenue avec des méthodes gradient qui demandent le calcul des dérivés de la fonction coût par rapport á chaque paramètre de la suspension. Comme le calcul par des différences finis est coûteux et moins précis la méthode adjoint a été implémentée. L’application à un modèle simplifié d’un bogie avec une description mathématique connue permet d’identifier les paramètres de la suspension. La présence des minima locaux dans la fonction coût du modèle TGV nécessite l’utilisation des méthodes globales. Le recuit simulé et l’algorithme génétique donnent des réductions importantes de la fonction coût et des estimations pour les paramètres du modèle TGV. Dans des travaux ultérieurs, ces informations pourraient être utilisées pour d’autre application comme le « condition monitoring ». / This work investigates the applicability of identification methods to the suspension parameters of a TGV multi-body model. The aim is to adjust the model to the real system by estimating the suspension parameters from measured vehicle response data. Due to the nonlinear behavior of the system the time-domain based model updating has been chosen. It requires the definition and minimization of a misfit function in the time domain describing the distance between model and measurement. The fastest convergence is obtained by the use of gradient methods requiring the calculation of the derivatives of the misfit function relative to every parameter. Since the calculation from finite differences is time consuming and less accurate the gradients are calculated from the adjoint method. The application to a simplified bogie model with known mathematical description allows the identification of its suspension parameters. The presence of local minima in the misfit function of the TGV model requires the use of global optimization methods. The simulated annealing and the genetic algorithm method give important reductions of the misfit function and improved parameter estimations. In following work this information could be used for further applications like the condition monitoring.

Les articulations en caoutchouc naturel sont des éléments indispensables et nombreux dans une liaison au sol automobile afin d'assurer le filtrage des vibrations. Leur comportement non-linéaire, notamment visco-élastique et hystérétique engendrent cependant des phénomènes parfois indésirables ou imprévus qui peuvent impacter la dynamique du véhicule. Ce travail a permis de modéliser l'ensemble des comportements d'une articulation en caoutchouc grâce à un nouveau modèle, le modèle STVS ( Standard Triboelastic Visco Solid) inspiré des travaux sur le génie parasismique et notamment du modèle STS (Standard Triboelastic Solid) de V. Coveney. L'identification d'un tel modèle non-linéaire a été envisagée de différentes façons : empirique, d'après des données fréquentielles. Les bases d'une identification d'après des données temporelles sont également posées. L'introduction d'un modèle d'articulation identifié sur des mesures dans une simulation transitoire multi-corps de liaison au sol d'un véhicule permet de mettre en évidence des phénomènes qui jusqu'à présent n'étaient pas représentés par une simple élasticité, comme des effets de relaxation des articulations lors d'un échelon d'angle au volant, ou l'impact des différentes amplitudes de sollicitations. / Rubber bushings are necessary elements to filtrate undesirable vibrations in vehicle chassis. They are numerous and their non linear behaviour like viscoelasticity or hysteresis generate phenomenon which can influence the vehicle dynamics. This study describes a new model for rubber bushings, representative for all their temporal mechanical behaviours. This model Is called STVS ( Standard Triboelastic Visco Solid). The identification of such a non-linear temporal model has been studied through different viewpoints : empirical identification, identification based on frequency data and the grounds for a temporal dat based identification have been described. The introduction of such an identified rubber bushing model in a multi-body simulation of a vehicle chassis, unables us to point out phenomenon which could not be evidenced through a simple elasticity modelling : for instance, relaxation in bushings during a wheele angle sollicitation or the impact of different sollicitation amplitudes on the response of the bushing.

In slide chain conveyors vibrations often appear. These cause detrimental effects in conveying process and decrease the durability of chains. To study the vibrations, a multi-body simulation model has been developed, in which rheological elements are used to represent the dynamic effects. A focus was determining material values required for the model. These were identified by hysteresis experiments. Finally, the model was verified by comparing simulation results with measurements in the conveyor system. / In Gleitkettenfördersystemen werden häufig Schwingungen der Kette beobachtet, die einen zuverlässigen Förderprozess auf diesen Anlagen beeinträchtigen können. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Erforschung dieser Schwingungen mit Hilfe von einem Mehrkörpersimulationsmodell. Zur Abbildung der dynamischen Effekte wurden rheologische Elemente verwendet. Ein Schwerpunkt lag bei der Ermittlung der für das Modell notwendigen Materialkennwerte. Diese wurden mit Hilfe von Hystereseversuchen herausgefunden. Zum Schluss wurde das Modell über einen Abgleich zwischen Simulation und Messung im Fördersystem verifiziert.

Today highly complex components are manufactured on NC-controlled machine tools. The NC programs, controlling these machines, are usually automatically generated by CAM software. This automatic processing is often erroneous. The VR-based realistic machine simulation, presented in this paper, extends the usual content of a machine simulation, like material removal and collision detection, by various new aspects. The coupling of a real NC unit allows the recognition and elimination of all process- as well as controller-caused errors. The integration of the multi-body simulation enables the consideration of inertia, machine rigidity and milling cutter deflection.

Im Vortrag wird die Vorgehensweise zur Modellierung des Ventiltriebs eines Einzylinder-Motorradmotors beschrieben. Dieser setzt sich aus zwei gebauten, wälzgelagerten Nockenwellen zusammen. Die Ventile werden über Schlepphebel betätigt. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt dabei auf den Pressverbindungen zwischen Nocken und Welle sowie auf den Wälzlagerungen. Um die Belastungszustände zu ermitteln ist eine detaillierte Simulation nötig. Diese Mehrkörpersimulation wird in Mathcad mit Hilfe eines eigenen Lösers durchgeführt.