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Mesoscopic superconductivity : quasiclassical approachOžana, Marek January 2001 (has links)
This Thesis is concerned with the quasiclassical theory of meso-scopic superconductivity. The aim of the Thesis is to introduce the boundary conditions for a quasiclassical Green’s function on partially transparent interfaces in mesoscopic superconducting structures and to analyze the range of applicability of the quasiclassical theory. The linear boundary conditions for Andreev amplitudes, factoring the quasiclassical Green’s function, are presented. The quasiclassical theory on classical trajectories is reviewed and then generalized to include knots with paths intersections. The main focus of the Thesis is on the range of validity of the quasiclassical theory. This goal is achieved by comparison of quasiclassical and exact Green’s functions. The exact Gor’kov Greens function cannot be directly used for the comparison because of its strong microscopic variations on the length-scale of λF. It is the coarse-grain averaged exact Green’s function which is appropriate for the comparison. In most of the typical cases the calculations show very good agreement between both theories. Only for certain special situations, where the classical trajectory contains loops, one encounters discrepancies. The numerical and analytical analysis of the role of the loop-like structures and their influence on discrepancies between both exact and quasiclassical approaches is one of the main results of the Thesis. It is shown that the terms missing in the quasiclassical theory can be attributed to the loops formed by the interfering paths. In typical real samples any imperfection on the scale larger than the Fermi wavelength disconnects the loops and the path is transformed into the tree-like graph. It is concluded that the quasiclassical theory is fully applicable in most of real mesoscopic samples. In the situations where the conventional quasiclassical theory is inapplicable due to contribution of the interfering path, one can use the modification of the quasiclassical technique suggested in the Thesis.
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Métamatériaux pour l’infrarouge et applications / Metamaterials for the infrared and applicationsGhasemi, Rasta 12 November 2012 (has links)
Les métamatériaux sont des composites artificiels présentant des propriétés électromagnétiques qu’on ne trouve pas dans la nature. Malgré des développements spectaculaires durant la dernière décennie, le potentiel de ces structures aux longueurs d’ondes optique n’est pas encore clairement défini en raison de problèmes technologiques et de contraintes physiques telles que les pertes dans les métaux entrant dans la composition des métamatériaux. Dans notre thèse, nous montrons que les métamatériaux ont des propriétés très favorables dans le contexte de l’optique intégrée dans le proche infrarouge. Nous avons développé une stratégie pour incorporer des métamatériaux dans des circuits photoniques qui n’absorbent que très peu d’énergie. Pour cela, nous ne faisons pas directement agir l’ensemble du mode guidé avec les métamatériaux, mais seulement une composante évanescente à l’extérieur du guide. Pour réaliser un tel adaptateur ou d’autres fonctionnalités, il importe de déterminer quelle géométrie de métamatériaux est la plus favorable aux applications infrarouges. Nous proposons d’utiliser des structures à base de fils d’or empilés couche sur couche. A l’aide de simulations numériques et d’expériences en espace libre, nous montrons qu’il est possible d’obtenir toute une gamme de réponses optiques en contrôlant le couplage entre les différents niveaux de fils, c'est-à-dire en ajustant la distance entre les fils ainsi que leur alignement. En particulier, nous avons réussi à contrôler séparément la réponse électrique et magnétique de nos structures, ce qui offre une flexibilité de conception qui ne se rencontre pas dans les métamatériaux proposés jusqu’à présent. / Metamaterials are artificial composites with electromagnetic properties not found in nature. Although the development of metamaterials has experienced a tremendous growth over the past few years, their potential at optical wavelengths is not clearly established due to technological and physical constraints such as high material losses in this spectral range. Here we show that metamaterials have a great potential in the context of integrated optics in the near infrared. We developed a strategy to incorporate metamaterials in photonic circuits with minimal absorption losses. Our approach relies on making the guided modes interact with the metamaterials only through the evanescent tail outside the waveguide. To achieve such an adaptor and other functionalities, it is important to know what is the best geometry for near-infrared applications. We propose to use metamaterials based on multi-layers of Au cut wires. With numerical simulations and experiments, we show that it is possible to create a wide range of optical properties by controlling the interaction between the wires, i.e. by adjusting the distance between the wires and their alignment. In particular we were able to demonstrate
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