Architecture both as a field of knowledge and profession had always been an outcome of multidisciplinary collaboration. The limits of this collaboration are directly effective on both the method of design and the end product itself. In contemporary modern architecture, this interaction between architecture and other disciplines reached to an altered mode where design strategies became open to transformations and the traditional understanding of design replaced with alternative approaches. This thesis aims to understand the limits of multidisciplinary collaboration and altered mode of design under the contemporary context. Architectural design competitions will be a major case study area towards understanding disciplinary transparencies and their impact on design process. Under this framework the study questions the limits of continuity between architecture and other disciplines as transformative power of each other.

The mode of carrying out literary spatial studies—or literary geography—has largely shifted to embrace digital methods and tools, culminating in the field of geospatial humanities. This shift has affected the scope of research questions that scholars can ask and answer using digital methods. Although there many continuities between non-digital and digital spatial studies, there are some fundamental points of departure in the critical processes that are involved in carrying out geospatial humanities research, including data modelling, prototyping, and multidisciplinary collaboration, that demand a revisit of the ways that knowledge production and analysis are carried out in the humanities. First there is thinking about how data models, prototypes, and digital projects embed within themselves spatial methodologies and spatial theory that form the foundation of humanities-oriented spatial inquiry. In addition, collaborating across multidisciplinary groups involves working toward shared project goals, while ideally ensuring that individual team members are drawing benefit from the collaborative research experience. Another factor has to do with creating rich and accurate data models that can capture the complexity of their subject of inquiry for meaningful humanities research. This dissertation addresses each of the aforementioned challenges through practical applications, by focusing not only on the literary contributions of geospatial humanities, but also engaging the critical processes involved in this form of digital research. By designing and co-creating three geospatial prototypes, TopoText, TopoText 2.0, and A Map of Paradise Lost, my goal is to demonstrate how digital objects can embody spatial theory and methodologies, and to portray how traditional literary studies approaches such as close reading and literary interpretation can be combined with digital methods that enable interactivity and mixed-media visualizations for an immersed literary geography analysis. The first two chapters translate a literary theory and method of analysis, geocriticism, into a digital prototype and iteratively improve on it to demonstrate the type of research made possible through a digital geocritical interpretation. In that part of the dissertation, I also address the challenges involved in translating a literary framework into a digital environment, such as designing under constraint, and discuss what is lost in translation alongside what is gained (McCarty 2008). Chapter three demonstrates how technological advances enable scholars to build community-university partnerships that can contribute to humanities scholarship while also making research findings publicly available. In particular, the chapter argues that scholars can draw on Volunteered Geographical Information to create rich cultural gazetteers that can inform spatial humanities research. The final two chapters demonstrate how a geospatial prototype that is fueled by rich data and embeds other types of media can inform literary interpretation and help make arguments. By focusing on the process of building A Map of Paradise Lost—a geospatial humanities text-to-map project that visualizes the locatable places in John Milton’s Paradise Lost—the closing chapter addresses the question “why map literature?” and demonstrates how the process of research prototyping is in itself a form of knowledge production. Since the methods and technologies that inform geospatial humanities research are rapidly evolving, this dissertation adopts a portfolio model and consists of five released and one forthcoming publications, as well as three published prototypes. Together, they form a digital dissertation, meaning that the digital component comprises a significant part of the intellectual work of the dissertation. Reflecting the collaborative nature of digital humanities research, some articles were co-authored and all three prototypes were co-developed. In all components of this dissertation, I took on the leading role in the publication and prototype development, which is detailed at the beginning of every chapter. / Graduate

L’art et la science sont des voies parallèles de connaissance du monde, même si chacun utilise ses propres moyens. Ayant des approches différentes, les deux sont en quête de l’invisible, de ce qui se trouve au-delà de la première perception de la réalité, pour aboutir à la découverte de nouveaux phénomènes dans le réel. Les collaborations actuelles entre les artistes et les scientifiques m’ont conduite à la recherche de nouvelles approches de la réalité que ces projets communs puissent apporter à l’Humanité. En découvrant le domaine Art & Science, je me suis interrogée sur des démarches et des méthodes considérées depuis longtemps comme incompatibles, qui sont en train de converger en un langage commun se créant à la frontière de l’art et la science. Notre recherche se fonde sur plusieurs témoignages, comme des artistes, ainsi des scientifiques qui ont participé à des projets communs. A travers les différentes collaborations nous avons analysées, d’une part, les points de vue communs des artistes et des scientifiques, et d’autre part, les difficultés qu’ils ont dû surmonter pour aboutir au résultat voulu. Étant un domaine assez récent, Art & Science suscite beaucoup d’interrogations. Cette thèse se focalise sur l’essence et les buts des collaborations entre les artistes et les scientifiques afin de comprendre la spécificité des projets Art & Science et voir quel impact ces projets peuvent avoir sur la société. / Art and science are parallel ways to know the world, even if each one uses its own means. Having different approaches, these two ways are in search of the invisible, of what is beyond the first perception of reality, in order to discover new real phenomena. The current collaborations between artists and scientists have led me to investigate new approaches to reality, which these collaborative projects can bring to Humanity. Discovering the Art & Science field, I asked myself if the approaches and the methods that have been considered as incompatible for a long time are now converging into a common language being created at the frontier of art and science. Our research is based on several testimonials from artists and from scientists who participated in collaborative projects. Through the various collaborations, we analysed, on one hand, the shared viewpoints of artists and scientists, and, on the other hand, the difficulties they had to overcome to achieve the desired result. Art & Science being a recent field, many questions are raised. This thesis focuses on the essence and the aims of collaborations between artists and scientists in order to understand the specificity of Art & Science projects and to see how these projects may impact society.

The present thesis is concerned with the Importance of Children's Centres influencing an active involvement of the family in the remediation process, a theme so far unexplored in this respect. The objective of the thesis is to design suitable starting points of an individual care plan of families at risk which contribute to returning the child to his or her biological family in the remediation process by way of social rehabilitation. This is fulfilled with respect to partial objectives that reveal the influence of social and pathological effects, partial characteristics of remediation of the family and services rendered, and on the basis of these findings, the author identifies the ways, methods and techniques of health and social work that are applied by Children's Centres in relation to an active involvement of parents in a social rehabilitation process. In addition, the present thesis determines aspects of the multidisciplinary help that assist in participation in the support provided, or, as the case may be, aspects that prevent such participation. The thesis is divided into two parts - theoretical and methodological. The theoretical part is engaged in the family as such, its functions, risk factors, the most common types of parental disorders in relation to a family at risk, families at risk, the contemporary status of care of children at risk. The thesis delineates in detail the forms of threats to children and the key risk factors influencing parents with respect to participation in solving the problem per se. The last chapter scrutinizes the problem of family remediation, its characteristics and stages. Further, the last chapter focuses on activities of "Dětské centrum Jihočeského kraje, o.p.s." [Children's Centre of the South Bohemian Region, public service company] in Strakonice and the social rehabilitation service the Centre provides - ways, methods and techniques of health and social work with families at risk. The content of the methodological part gives an explanation of the importance of the Children's Centre influencing an active involvement of parents in the remediation process using social rehabilitation, by applying the method of a semi-conducted interview as a primary technique of data collection. The data acquired are analysed and interpreted in Chapter eight. Chapter nine presents starting points for an individual care plan that serve, in compliance with the rules enumerated, as a functional tool for achieving an active involvement of parents in the social rehabilitation process. The final chapter concludes and further clarifies the problems at issue.

Aujourd’hui et à l’avenir, nous devrons interagir de plus en plus avec des représentations visuelles nous invitant à poser des gestes d’achat qui contribuent, par exemple, à la lutte contre les changements climatiques. Ainsi une autodéclaration, un écolabel ou une étiquette environnementale multicritères pourront nous inciter (ou non) à recycler un produit, à le choisir ou encore à le comparer avec d’autres produits en fonction de l’information que cette représentation et les signes qui la composent lui feront dire. Ce scénario repose sur l’idée selon laquelle la typographie, les formes, les couleurs et la configuration de cet affichage environnemental possèdent de multiples formes d’agentivité, soit la capacité d'agir, autrement dit, de faire une différence (Castor & Cooren, 2006), une capacité qu’il s’agit donc d’anticiper. La conception de ces représentations visuelles, en apparence inanimées, mais qui néanmoins sont censées faire agir le public auquel elles s’adressent, s’inscrit dans ma pratique professionnelle : le design graphique. En raison de l’information plus ou moins complexe qui doit être véhiculée, ces signes — des icônes, indices et symboles (selon la classification de Peirce) — devront être choisis et conçus par une équipe multidisciplinaire d’experts en anticipant les multiples formes d’agentivité qu’ils pourraient posséder une fois configurés. Or, bien que le processus de conception des représentations visuelles ait été abondamment étudié (Self & Goldschmidt, 2018), nous en savons encore peu sur la manière dont sont anticipées les différentes formes d’agentivité que ces représentations pourront/devront posséder en aval, au terme de la trajectoire. Les études en design suggèrent qu’une « vision professionnelle partagée » du projet à concevoir émerge à travers les représentations visuelles — des objets-frontière et intermédiaires (Vinck, 2009) — rencontrées en amont de la trajectoire (Comi, Jaradat, & Whyte, 2019). Dans ce contexte, je propose de répondre à la question suivante : Quelle est la trajectoire de conception collaborative et multidisciplinaire des multiples formes d’« agentivité anticipée » d’une représentation visuelle ?Pour répondre à cette question, je me suis inspirée de l’ethnométhodologie, (Garfinkel, 1984), de la sociologie des associations (Latour, 2006 ; Callon, 1986) et de l’approche constitutive de la communication organisationnelle (CCO, Schoeneborn et al., 2014), pour étudier les interactions entre les principaux actants — des éléments humains et autres qu’humains — qui agissent lors de la trajectoire de conception d’un affichage environnemental de la durée de vie d’un appareil électronique. La trajectoire en six temps et quatre mouvements (zooming-out et passé/ futur), que j’analyse à travers la plateforme de présentation Prezi®, oscille entre les moments clés de collaboration mobilisant les membres de notre équipe multidisciplinaire de conception et les séances de consultation menées avec un comité consultatif d’experts provenant également de différentes disciplines. Le regard réflexif que je pose sur la conception de « l’agentivité anticipée » des représentations visuelles par les représentations visuelles — première contribution de cette thèse — suggère que l’affichage environnemental s’est matérialisé principalement grâce aux interactions situées avec des actants hétérogènes (in)tangibles relevant du passé, du présent ou du futur. En effet, de multiples porte-parole parlant au nom, par exemple, du public (consommateur ou usager), du fabricant, du réparateur, des autorités politiques ou des (éco)concepteurs de produits se sont ainsi exprimés par l’entremise des représentations visuelles conçues tout au long de cette trajectoire. La configuration de ces signes — lettres, chiffres, formes, etc. — a provoqué de multiples (dés)accords générés par nos visions professionnelles et/ou personnelles respectives. Ces visions « (dé)partagées » de l’« agentivité anticipée » des représentations visuelles ont cependant grandement contribué au processus de conception en dévoilant des actants (in)visibles jusqu’alors ainsi que leurs relations de pouvoir. Cette « compréhension (dé)partagée » collaborative et multidisciplinaire lors du processus de conception — deuxième contribution de cette thèse — pourrait être une voie à suivre pour créer des dispositifs visuels mobilisant davantage les êtres humains et autres qu’humains vers une transition écologique réussie (Brullot et al., 2017). / Nowadays and in the future, we will interact more and more often with visual representations that will invite us to take actions that contribute, for example, to the fight against climate change. Thus, a self-declaration, an eco-label or a multi-criteria environmental label will encourage us (or not) to recycle a product, to choose it or to compare it with other products according to the information that this representation and the signs that constitutes it should convey. In this scenario, the typography, shapes, colors and configuration of this environmental label will possess multiple forms of agency, the capacity to act, that is, to make a difference (Castor & Cooren, 2006), a capacity that has to be anticipated. The design of these visual representations, apparently inanimate but which nevertheless communicate and make people do things, is part of my professional practice: graphic design. Because of the more or less complex information they convey, these signs — icons, index and symbols, according to Peirce’s classification — will often have to be designed by a multidisciplinary team of experts, anticipating the multiple forms of agency they might possess once configured. However, although the process of designing visual representations has been extensively studied, we still know little about the collaborative design of the different forms of agency these representations may (or should) possess at the end of the process. Design studies suggest that a “shared professional vision” of the project to be designed emerges through visual representations — boundary and intermediary objects (Vinck, 2009) — encountered early in the trajectory (Comi, Jaradat, & Whyte, 2019). In this context, I propose to address the following research question: What is the collaborative and multidisciplinary design trajectory of the multiple forms of “anticipated agency” of a visual representation? To answer this question, I drew on ethnomethodology, (Garfinkel, 1984), the sociology of associations (Latour, 2006; Callon, 1986) as well as the communicative constitution of organization approach (CCO, Schoeneborn et al., 2014) to document and analyze the interactions between key actants — humans and other-than-human — that are making a difference during the design trajectory of an environmental label conceived to inform about the life span of an electronic device. The six-beat and four-movement trajectory (zooming-out and past/ future), that I analyse through the Prezi® presentation online platform, oscillates between key moments of collaboration between members of our multidisciplinary design team and consultation sessions conducted with an advisory committee of experts also from different disciplines. My reflective vision through the design of the “anticipated agency” of visual representations with visual representations — the first contribution of this dissertation — suggests that the environmental label materialized primarily through situated interactions with heterogeneous (in)tangible actants belonging to the past, present, or future. Indeed, multiple spokespersons speaking on behalf of, for example, the public (the consumer or the user), the manufacturer, the repairer, the political authorities or the (eco)designers of products have thus expressed themselves through the visual representations designed. The configuration of these signs — letters, numbers, shapes, colors, etc. — has induced multiple (dis) agreements generated by our respective professional and/or personal visions. However, these (un)shared visions of the “anticipated agency” of those visual representations, however, greatly contributed to the design process by revealing previously unseen actants and their power relations. This collaborative and multidisciplinary “(un)shared understanding” of the design process — the second contribution of this dissertation — could be a way forward to create visual devices that further mobilize human and other-than-human toward a successful ecological transition (Brullot et al., 2017).