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Μελέτη τυπωμένων κεραιών γεωμετρίας Φράκταλ / A study on printed antennas of Fractal geometryΤσαχτσίρης, Γεώργιος 25 June 2007 (has links)
Στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή παρουσιάζεται µία µελέτη τυπωµένων κεραιών γεωµετρίας φράκταλ για ασύρµατες τερµατικές συσκευές, µε έµφαση στις εφαρµογές των κινητών επικοινωνιών και των ασύρµατων τοπικών δικτύων. Η ραγδαία εξέλιξη των ασύρµατων επικοινωνιών είχε ως αποτέλεσµα την σηµαντική µείωση των διαστάσεων των τερµατικών συσκευών, την ολοκλήρωση διαφορετικών υπηρεσιών διαφορετικών συχνοτήτων λειτουργίας στην ίδια συσκευή και την ανάγκη πολλαπλών κεραιών για την αντιµετώπιση του φαινοµένου της διάλειψης και της διασυµβολικής παρεµβολής του ασύρµατου καναλιού. Αυτές οι εξελίξεις έθεσαν καινούργιες απαιτήσεις στην σχεδίαση της κεραίας οδηγώντας στην ανάγκη κεραιών εξαιρετικά µικρών διαστάσεων, πολυσυχνοτικών, χαµηλού κόστους, υψηλής απόδοσης και επιθυµητών χαρακτηριστικών ακτινοβολίας κατά περίπτωση. Στα πλαίσια της διατριβής διερευνήθηκε η ικανότητα σµίκρυνσης και παραγωγής πολυσυχνοτικής συµπεριφοράς που παρουσιάζουν τα σχήµατα γεωµετρίας φράκταλ αν χρησιµοποιηθούν σαν κεραίες. Αρχικά προτείνεται µία καινούργια κατηγορία κεραιών, οι τυπωµένες µονοπολικές κεραίες γεωµετρίας φράκταλ και συγκρίνονται διάφορες γεωµετρίες φράκταλ τόσο ως προς την ικανότητα σµίκρυνσης όσο και ως προς τα χαρακτηριστικά εµπέδησης και ακτινοβολίας που παρουσιάζουν. Εξετάζεται ο καθοριστικός ρόλος του επιπέδου γείωσης αυτής της κατηγορίας κεραιών και εξάγονται γενικά συµπεράσµατα για την εκµετάλλευσή του µε τον βέλτιστο δυνατό τρόπο. Επιπλέον διερευνήθηκε η χρήση των σχηµάτων φράκταλ για την µείωση των διαστάσεων των µικροταινιακών κεραιών. Η φράκταλ ορθογώνια καµπύλη προτείνεται για εφαρµογές γραµµικής και κυκλικής πόλωσης, η οποία παρουσιάζει σηµαντική ικανότητα σµίκρυνσης και προσφέρει πολλούς σχεδιαστικούς βαθµούς ελευθερίας που µπορούν να χρησιµοποιηθούν είτε για περαιτέρω µείωση του µεγέθους της είτε για την διατήρηση του εύρους ζώνης της σε ικανοποιητικά επίπεδα. Λόγω του συµπαγούς σχήµατος και των επιθυµητών χαρακτηριστικών των τυπωµένων µονοπολικών και µικροταινιακών κεραιών φράκταλ, µελετάται περαιτέρω η χρησιµοποίησή τους για την υλοποίηση συστηµάτων πολλαπλών κεραιών µε σκοπό την βελτίωση της ποιότητας του λαµβανοµένου σήµατος. Ακόµη µελετάται η ικανότητα παραγωγής πολυσυχνοτικής συµπεριφοράς της µονοπολικής κεραίας Sierpinski και προτείνεται µία τροποποίηση η οποία µειώνει σηµαντικά το µέγεθος της κεραίας και καθίσταται δυνατόν να τυπωθεί σε ασύρµατες συσκευές µικρού µεγέθους. Επιπλέον, διερευνώνται διάφορες τεχνικές για να ελεγχθούν οι συχνότητες συντονισµού της κεραίας και να συµπέσουν µε τις εκάστοτε επιθυµητές µπάντες λειτουργίας. Τέλος εξετάζεται η επίδραση των διαστάσεων του επιπέδου γείωσης στα χαρακτηριστικά εµπέδησης του συστήµατος. / This Ph.D. thesis presents a comprehensive study on printed fractal antennas for wireless terminal devices, with emphasis on mobile and wireless local area network applications. The rapid evolution of wireless communications resulted in a decrease of terminal devices’ dimensions, in the integration of different services, operating in different spectra, in the same device and finally in the deployment of multiple antenna systems to mitigate the phenomena of fading and intersymbol interference of wireless channel. These evolutions, in turn, set new demands on antenna’s design leading to the necessity of exceptionally small, multiband and low cost radiators possessing high efficiency and desirable radiation characteristics. In the context of the present work, the miniaturization and multiband ability of fractal shaped antennas is examined. Initially a new antenna type is proposed, that of printed fractal monopole antennas, and several innovative fractal shaped monopoles are compared with respect to their miniaturization ability, input impedance and radiation characteristics. The important role of the ground plane is also investigated and general conclusions are drawn to exploit its effects in the most appropriate way. The application of fractals on microstrip antennas was further studied with the fractal rectangular curve (frc) microstrip antenna being proposed for linear and circular polarization applications. The frc microstrip antenna proved to possess a noticeable miniaturization ability and a geometry with several degrees of freedom that can be used either to reduce further its size, or to keep the bandwidth to a satisfactory level. Due to the compact size and desirable electrical characteristics of printed monopole and microstrip fractal antennas, they were further considered for the implementation of multi element antenna systems in order to improve the SNR of the received signal. Finally, the multiband ability of the Sierpinski monopole antenna is investigated and a modification is proposed to decrease the overall antenna height making it feasible to be printed in small terminal devices. Several techniques to allocate the desirable bands of interest are also discussed along with the effect the ground plane dimension’s on the system’s input impedance.
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Wideband Active and Passive Antenna Solutions for Handheld TerminalsLindberg, Peter January 2007 (has links)
This thesis presents solutions and studies related to the design of wideband antennas for wireless handheld terminal applications. A method of electrically shortening the terminal chassis length to obtain resonance at high frequencies has been proposed and evaluated, thereby increasing the antennas impedance bandwidth. No significant effect on the lower frequency band in a dual-band antenna prototype has been observed, making the method suitable for multi-band applications. The chassis has further been utilized as a zero-thickness 0.9 - 2.7 GHz high efficiency antenna by inserting a notch in the chassis center, and a feasibility study for typical phones has been performed. Additionally, the effect of talk position on the chassis wave-mode has been investigated, where the standard equivalent circuit model for terminal antennas has been modified to include the presence of the users head. The model has been used to explain measured and simulated effects concerning frequency detuning, efficiency reduction and bandwidth enhancements when the terminal is placed in talk position. The use of a hands-free earpiece cord is currently mandatory for FM radio reception as the cord is utilized as antenna. However, there is currently a market driven demand for removing the cord requirement since many modern phones are equipped with speakers and Bluetooth headsets. In this thesis, an active ferrite loop antenna is proposed as an internal replacement/complement with a performance of -23 dB (G/T degradation) compared to a full-size lossless dipole in urban environments. Also, a modification to the cord is suggested for DVB H reception. Complex matching networks have been investigated to increase the bandwidth of dual band PIFA antennas, and a printed dual band dipole has been integrated with a modified Marchand balun for dual resonance at two separate frequency bands, thus covering the commercial cellular bands 824-960 and 1710-2170 MHz with a single antenna.
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Wideband Active and Passive Antenna Solutions for Handheld TerminalsLindberg, Peter January 2007 (has links)
<p>This thesis presents solutions and studies related to the design of wideband antennas for wireless handheld terminal applications. A method of electrically shortening the terminal chassis length to obtain resonance at high frequencies has been proposed and evaluated, thereby increasing the antennas impedance bandwidth. No significant effect on the lower frequency band in a dual-band antenna prototype has been observed, making the method suitable for multi-band applications. The chassis has further been utilized as a zero-thickness 0.9 - 2.7 GHz high efficiency antenna by inserting a notch in the chassis center, and a feasibility study for typical phones has been performed. Additionally, the effect of talk position on the chassis wave-mode has been investigated, where the standard equivalent circuit model for terminal antennas has been modified to include the presence of the users head. The model has been used to explain measured and simulated effects concerning frequency detuning, efficiency reduction and bandwidth enhancements when the terminal is placed in talk position.</p><p>The use of a hands-free earpiece cord is currently mandatory for FM radio reception as the cord is utilized as antenna. However, there is currently a market driven demand for removing the cord requirement since many modern phones are equipped with speakers and Bluetooth headsets. In this thesis, an active ferrite loop antenna is proposed as an internal replacement/complement with a performance of -23 dB (G/T degradation) compared to a full-size lossless dipole in urban environments. Also, a modification to the cord is suggested for DVB H reception.</p><p>Complex matching networks have been investigated to increase the bandwidth of dual band PIFA antennas, and a printed dual band dipole has been integrated with a modified Marchand balun for dual resonance at two separate frequency bands, thus covering the commercial cellular bands 824-960 and 1710-2170 MHz with a single antenna.</p>
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