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abstract: Measurement invariance exists when a scale functions equivalently across people and is therefore essential for making meaningful group comparisons. Often, measurement invariance is examined with independent and identically distributed data; however, there are times when the participants are clustered within units, creating dependency in the data. Researchers have taken different approaches to address this dependency when studying measurement invariance (e.g., Kim, Kwok, & Yoon, 2012; Ryu, 2014; Kim, Yoon, Wen, Luo, & Kwok, 2015), but there are no comparisons of the various approaches. The purpose of this master's thesis was to investigate measurement invariance in multilevel data when the grouping variable was a level-1 variable using five different approaches. Publicly available data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K) was used as an illustrative example. The construct of early behavior, which was made up of four teacher-rated behavior scales, was evaluated for measurement invariance in relation to gender. In the specific case of this illustrative example, the statistical conclusions of the five approaches were in agreement (i.e., the loading of the externalizing item and the intercept of the approaches to learning item were not invariant). Simulation work should be done to investigate in which situations the conclusions of these approaches diverge. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2016

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A restorative justice alternative to crime prevention termed reintegrative shaming theory by Braithwaite has seen increased attention as an alternative to retributive justice, although empirical investigations of its efficacy are limited. The purpose of the present study was to test confirmatory measurement and structural models of reintegrative shaming theory in order to assess the underlying theoretical model and the application of this theory in response to drunk driving offenses. Nine latent constructs were included in these models: reintegration, stigmatization, perceived fairness, self esteem, shame-guilt, embarrassment-exposure, unresolved shame, offender responsibility, and family support. Multigroup structural equation modeling was used to assess for measurement invariance of indicators used to measure these nine latent constructs between 724 drunk driving offenders randomly assigned to traditional court processing versus offenders assigned to reintegrative shaming conferencing following arrest. Partial metric and partial scalar invariance were found. Thus, analyses proceeded by conducting tests for significant differences in the latent means between groups. Offenders assigned to conferencing reported significantly higher mean values on the constructs reintegration, perceived fairness, self-esteem, shame-guilt, and family support, supporting Braithwaite's theory. Finally, a structural model was hypothesized based upon Braithwaite's theory to assess the relationships between the latent constructs. Three additional structural paths were included to achieve an acceptable model fit. This structural model was found to be partially invariant between groups. As predicted, a higher level of reintegration was associated with greater perceived fairness, while a higher level of stigmatization was related to decreased self-esteem and lower perceived fairness. In turn, greater self-esteem and perceived fairness were significantly related to higher reported experiences of shame-guilt and lower ratings of embarrassment exposure. Greater perceived fairness also corresponded to lower reported unresolved shame. Finally, greater shame-guilt was significantly related to greater offender responsibility and family support, while unresolved shame was significantly related to less offender responsibility acceptance. The findings from the current study support Braithwaite's hypotheses regarding the importance and benefits of disapproving of the criminal act and not the person, while allowing offenders to accept responsibility for their actions and attempt to remediate the wrong that they committed.

Hlavním cílem práce je studium radiačního přenosu energie v termálním plazmatu pomocí aproximační metody sférických harmonických funkcí (PN-aproximace). Práce má teoretický charakter. Pozornost je věnována především P1-aproximaci. Spektrální závislost absorpčních koeficientů byla zpracována pomocí multigroup aproximace. Byl vytvořen výpočetní program pro výpočet radiačních charakteristik v izotermickém válcovém plazmatu a ve válcovém plazmatu s daným teplotním profilem, a vypočteny radiační charakteristiky pro plazma vzduchu a směsí SF6 a PTFE. Získané výsledky umožňují zahrnout radiační ztráty energie do celkové energetické bilance plazmatu elektrického oblouku. Jsou využívány v matematických modelech elektrického oblouku, které vytváří naši spolupracovníci z Ústavu fyziky plazmatu AV ČR v Praze a také ze zahraničních pracovišť (ABB Corporate Research ve Švýcarsku a Siemens AG Corporate Technology v Německu).

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Neste trabalho, relatam-se soluções analíticas para as equações da cinética da teoria de difusão de nêutrons. Para a solução das equações da cinética pontual consideram-se seis grupos de precursores de nêutrons atrasados e assume-se reatividade variável como uma função arbitrária do tempo. A ideia principal consiste inicialmente na determinação da solução das equações da cinética pontual com reatividade constante apenas usando os resultados bem conhecidos para a solução de sistemas de equações diferenciais matriciais lineares de primeira ordem com entradas constantes. Com a aplicação do método de Decomposição, é possível transformar as equações da cinética pontual com reatividade variável com o tempo em um conjunto de problemas recursivos semelhantes às equações da cinética pontual com reatividade constante, o que pode ser resolvido diretamente com a técnica mencionada anteriormente. Para ilustração, apresentam-se simulações para as funções com reatividade constante, linear e senoidal, bem como comparações com resultados na literatura. Já com relação às equações da cinética espacial, consideram-se um e seis grupos de precursores de nêutrons atrasados, modelo multigrupo de energia, meio homogêneo e dimensões espaciais bi e tridimensionais. O formalismo do procedimento da solução é geral em relação ao número de grupos de energia, famílias de precursores de nêutrons atrasados e regiões com diferentes composições químicas. O fluxo rápido e térmico e as concentrações de nêutrons atrasados são expandidos em uma série de termos de autofunções que, pela aplicação da técnica da GITT, resulta em uma equação diferencial matricial de primeira ordem semelhante às equações de cinética pontual. Por esse motivo, a solução deste problema transformado segue o formalismo do método da Decomposição aplicado às equações da cinética pontual. Por fim, apresentam-se simulações numéricas e comparações com resultados disponíveis na literatura. / In this work we report analytical solutions for the neutron kinetics diffusion equations. For the solution of the point kinetics equations we consider six groups of delayed neutron precursors and assume that the reactivity is an arbitrary function of time. The main idea initially consists in the determination of the solution of the point kinetics equations with constant reactivity by just using the well-known results of the solution of systems of first-order linear ordinary differential equations in matrix form with constant matrix entries. Applying the decomposition method, we are able to transform the point kinetics equations with time dependent reactivity into a set of recursive problems similar to the point kinetics equations with constant reactivity, which can be directly solved by the above mentioned technique. For illustration, we also report simulations for constant, linear and sinusoidal reactivity time functions of time as well as comparisons with results published in the literature. As for the space kinetics equations we consider six groups of delayed neutron precursors, energy multigroup model, homogeneous media and two and three-dimensional geometries. The solution procedure formalism is general with respect to the number of energy groups, neutron precursor families and regions with different chemical compositions. The fast and thermal flux and the delayed neutron precursors concentrations are expanded in a series in terms of eigenfunctions that, upon insertion into the kinetics equation and upon taking moments, result in a first order linear differential matrix equation with source terms similar to the point kinetics equations. The solution of this transformed problem follows the formalism of the decomposition method applied to the point kinetics equations. We present numerical simulations and comparisons with available results in the literature.

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Neste trabalho, relatam-se soluções analíticas para as equações da cinética da teoria de difusão de nêutrons. Para a solução das equações da cinética pontual consideram-se seis grupos de precursores de nêutrons atrasados e assume-se reatividade variável como uma função arbitrária do tempo. A ideia principal consiste inicialmente na determinação da solução das equações da cinética pontual com reatividade constante apenas usando os resultados bem conhecidos para a solução de sistemas de equações diferenciais matriciais lineares de primeira ordem com entradas constantes. Com a aplicação do método de Decomposição, é possível transformar as equações da cinética pontual com reatividade variável com o tempo em um conjunto de problemas recursivos semelhantes às equações da cinética pontual com reatividade constante, o que pode ser resolvido diretamente com a técnica mencionada anteriormente. Para ilustração, apresentam-se simulações para as funções com reatividade constante, linear e senoidal, bem como comparações com resultados na literatura. Já com relação às equações da cinética espacial, consideram-se um e seis grupos de precursores de nêutrons atrasados, modelo multigrupo de energia, meio homogêneo e dimensões espaciais bi e tridimensionais. O formalismo do procedimento da solução é geral em relação ao número de grupos de energia, famílias de precursores de nêutrons atrasados e regiões com diferentes composições químicas. O fluxo rápido e térmico e as concentrações de nêutrons atrasados são expandidos em uma série de termos de autofunções que, pela aplicação da técnica da GITT, resulta em uma equação diferencial matricial de primeira ordem semelhante às equações de cinética pontual. Por esse motivo, a solução deste problema transformado segue o formalismo do método da Decomposição aplicado às equações da cinética pontual. Por fim, apresentam-se simulações numéricas e comparações com resultados disponíveis na literatura. / In this work we report analytical solutions for the neutron kinetics diffusion equations. For the solution of the point kinetics equations we consider six groups of delayed neutron precursors and assume that the reactivity is an arbitrary function of time. The main idea initially consists in the determination of the solution of the point kinetics equations with constant reactivity by just using the well-known results of the solution of systems of first-order linear ordinary differential equations in matrix form with constant matrix entries. Applying the decomposition method, we are able to transform the point kinetics equations with time dependent reactivity into a set of recursive problems similar to the point kinetics equations with constant reactivity, which can be directly solved by the above mentioned technique. For illustration, we also report simulations for constant, linear and sinusoidal reactivity time functions of time as well as comparisons with results published in the literature. As for the space kinetics equations we consider six groups of delayed neutron precursors, energy multigroup model, homogeneous media and two and three-dimensional geometries. The solution procedure formalism is general with respect to the number of energy groups, neutron precursor families and regions with different chemical compositions. The fast and thermal flux and the delayed neutron precursors concentrations are expanded in a series in terms of eigenfunctions that, upon insertion into the kinetics equation and upon taking moments, result in a first order linear differential matrix equation with source terms similar to the point kinetics equations. The solution of this transformed problem follows the formalism of the decomposition method applied to the point kinetics equations. We present numerical simulations and comparisons with available results in the literature.